Yazarlar tarama yazılımını geliştirerek onların sürekli destek için ana referans modeli ve ALICONA Şirketi üretmek için diş teknisyeni Nicola Lanfranconi teşekkür ederim.

1.. Numune Hazırlama / Base <ol><li> Numune etrafında düz taban uygulayın. Tarama masaya numune yerleştirin. Yatay düzlemde (Şekil 1) oklüzal yüzeyi yönlendirmek. </li></ol> 2.. Yazılım Analizi <ol><li> Programını başlatın ve sonra Laboratuvarı Ölçüm Modülü (Şekil 2) </li><li> Tarama tablosunun merkezinde numune yerleştirin. </li><li> Doğru büyütme objektifi seçin. Büyük nesneler için, tam kemer taramaları gibi, 5X objektif kullanın. </li><li> Numunenin yüzeyi canlı görünüm penceresinde (Şekil 3) görüntülenir kadar 3D fare kullanarak tarama optik taşıyın. </li><li> Optimal tarama parametrelerini elde etmek için pozlama ve kontrastı ayarlamak için sensör kontrolü kullanın. Metal yüzeyler için, 400 ve 800 mikro saniye olduğu ve 0.3 ve 0.8 arasında bir kontrast arasında bir pozlama (Şekil 4) kullanın. </li><li> Düğmesini kontrol ederek görüntü kalitesini kontrol edin&quot;Canlı Önizleme Göster Görüntü Kalitesi&quot;. </li><li> Bölümünde &quot;Ölçü Kontrol&quot; doğru parametreleri ayarlayın. Ölçüm tipi &quot;3D Dataset&quot; dir; ImageField Type &quot;General ImageField&quot; (Şekil 5) &#39;dir. </li><li> &quot;Yeni ImageField&quot; üzerine tıklayın. </li><li> Tarama seviyesini tanımlar. Yazılım tedbir hacminin sınırlayıcı koordinatlarını gerekiyor. <ol><li> En yüksek ve en düşük tarama seviyesine örneği taşımak ve hem noktada &quot;Ekle Pozisyonu&quot; üzerine tıklayın. &quot;Z Range&quot; değer tarama hacmi asıl yüksekliğini (Şekil 6) göstermektedir. </li><li> Tarama hacim XY boundings için numune getirin. X-ekseni ve Y ekseni uzunlukları tanımlamak için &quot;Ekle Pozisyonu&quot; üzerine tıklayın. Tarama hacim boyut &quot;Veriler&quot; sekmesi gösterilir ve X-ekseni ve Y-ekseni 1 cm numune boyutlarını aşmalıdır. </li></ol></li><li> &quot;Nokta&quot; numarasını kontrol edin. Yazılım bir &quot;ImageField&quot; tarama tarama 100,000,000 yüzey noktaları yeteneğine sahiptir. Gerçek sayınoktaları bu sınırı aşıyor. Nokta boyutu bir &quot;Yanal altörnekleme&quot; tarafından tedbir noktanın numarası &quot;korkut&quot;. <ol><li> (Şekil 7) &quot;Gelişmiş Ayarlar&quot; seçeneğini tıklayın. </li><li> &quot;Nokta&quot; sayısı 100 M (Şekil 7) altına kadar sağa doğru &quot;Lateral Altörnekleme&quot; sürgüsünü hareket ettirin. Aşağı Örnekleme taranan nesnenin büyük piksel boyutu ile sonuçlanır yüzey noktalarının yan çözünürlüğünü azaltır. Optimum tarama sonuçlarını sağlamak için dikey çözünürlük artar. </li></ol></li><li> &quot;Başlat Ölçülmesine&quot; üzerine tıklayın. Bu &quot;Preview Mode&quot; başlayacaktır. Yazılım, seçilen X-ve Y-ekseni boyutlara sahip bir ön tarama gerçekleştirir. </li><li> Ön tarama tamamlandıktan sonra, ilgilenilen bölgeyi seçin. Bu dosya boyutu ve tarama süresi (Şekil 8) azaltmaya yardımcı olur. </li><li> Yassı bir tabanı içeren numune etrafında numune ve iki ölçü alan, (Şekil 9) dışında ön tarama tüm parçaları seçin. </li><li> Taramayı başlatmak için &quot;Başlat&quot; butonuna tıklayın. </li><li> Fareyi kullanarak &quot;Imageviewer&quot; in tarama kontrol ve sol fare düğmesini (Şekil 10) basın. </li><li> Penceresini kapatın ve &quot;Sadece Görüntüle Pseudo Color&quot; üzerine tıklayın. </li><li> &quot;Ayarlar&quot; ve &quot;Sözde Boyama&quot; üzerine tıklayın ve &quot;Tekrarlayabilme&quot; seçin. </li><li> &quot;Max.&quot; Set 0.2 için değer ve &quot;Uygula Aralığı&quot; üzerine tıklayın. </li><li> Tekrarlanabilirlik kontrol, aynı eğim ve malzeme ile alanlar için eşit olmalıdır. Özel olarak, numune etrafında taban homojen bir tekrarlanabilirlik (Şekil 11) göstermelidir. </li><li> &quot;Veritabanı&quot; üzerine tıklayın ve uygun klasöre tarama kaydetmek. </li><li> Gerekirse, farklı dosya formatlarına tarama verme. Tıklayın &quot;File/Export/3D Veri As / ....&quot; Protokol bu noktada durdu ve daha sonra devam edilebilir. </li></ol> 3.. Fark Analizi <ol><li> Tabanını kesip &quot;3D Editor&quot; kullanın. Bu alan fark kullanılmayacaktıranalizi. </li><li> Karşılaştırmak ve analiz iki taramaları, &quot;Fark Ölçümü&quot; yazılımı (Şekil 12) başlatın. </li><li> Karşılaştırmak için ikinci modelini seçin. </li><li> Modellerin ilk maçı gerçekleştirmek için &quot;Otomatik Rough Uyum&quot; üzerine tıklayın. </li><li> &quot;Manuel Ayarı&quot; tıklayın ve onlar aynı yönde (Şekil 13) gelene kadar döner ve hareketli modelleri hizalayın. </li><li> &quot;Otomatik Uyum&quot; üzerine tıklayın ve optimum modeli eşleştirme için en uygun algoritma başlatmak için &quot;Uygula&quot;. </li><li> Eşleştirilmiş iki model farkı haritasını görmek için &quot;Farklılıklar&quot; üzerine tıklayın. </li><li> (Şekil 14) sapmalarını görüntülemek için uygun bir renk aralığını seçin. Analizi için bir ekran gibi görsel sapma desen kaydedin. </li></ol> Farklılıkların istatistiksel değerler görüntülemek için &quot;İstatistik&quot; üzerine tıklayın. 1 mikron sınıf boyutunu seçin ve istatistiksel karşılaştırma için bir metin dosyasına histogram verileri kaydetmek (Şekil 15).

<ol>
	<li>Wettstein, F., Sailer, I., Roos, M., H&#228;mmerle, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+study+of+the+internal+gaps+of+zirconia+and+metal+frameworks+for+fixed+partial+dentures.">Clinical study of the internal gaps of zirconia and metal frameworks for fixed partial dentures.</a> Eur. J. Oral Sci. 116 (3), 272-279 (2008).</li><li>Persson, A. S., Oden, A., Andersson, M., Sandborgh-Englund, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digitization+of+simulated+clinical+dental+impressions:+virtual+three-dimensional+analysis+of+exactness.">Digitization of simulated clinical dental impressions: virtual three-dimensional analysis of exactness.</a> Dent. Mater. 25 (7), 929-936 (2009).</li><li>Del'Acqua, M. A., Arioli-Filho, J. N., Compagnoni, M. A., Mollo, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=de+A+Accuracy+of+impression+and+pouring+techniques+for+an+implant-supported+prosthesis.">de A Accuracy of impression and pouring techniques for an implant-supported prosthesis.</a> Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants. 23 (2), 226-236 (2008).</li><li>Schneider, D., Grunder, U., Ender, A., H&#228;mmerle, C. H. F., Jung, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Volume+gain+and+stability+of+peri-implant+tissue+following+bone+and+soft+tissue+augmentation:+1-year+results+from+a+prospective+cohort+study.">Volume gain and stability of peri-implant tissue following bone and soft tissue augmentation: 1-year results from a prospective cohort study.</a> Clinical Oral Implants Research. 22 (1), 28-37 (2011).</li><li>Windisch, S. I., Jung, R. E., Sailer, I., Studer, S. P., Ender, A., H&#228;mmerle, C. H. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+optical+method+to+evaluate+three-dimensional+volume+changes+of+alveolar+contours:+a+methodological+in+vitro+study.">A new optical method to evaluate three-dimensional volume changes of alveolar contours: a methodological in vitro study.</a> Clinical Oral Implants Research. 18 (5), 545-551 (2007).</li><li>Caputi, S., Varvara, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimensional+accuracy+of+resultant+casts+made+by+a+monophase,+one-step+and+two-step,+and+a+novel+two-step+putty/light-body+impression+technique:+an+in+vitro.">Dimensional accuracy of resultant casts made by a monophase, one-step and two-step, and a novel two-step putty/light-body impression technique: an in vitro.</a> 99 (4), 274-281 (2008).</li><li>Hoyos, A., Soderholm, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+tray+rigidity+and+impression+technique+on+accuracy+of+polyvinyl+siloxane+impressions.">Influence of tray rigidity and impression technique on accuracy of polyvinyl siloxane impressions.</a> Int. J. Prosthodont. 24 (1), 49-54 (2011).</li><li>Luthardt, R. G., Kuhmstedt, P., Walter, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+method+for+the+computer-aided+evaluation+of+three-dimensional+changes+in+gypsum+materials.">A new method for the computer-aided evaluation of three-dimensional changes in gypsum materials.</a> Dent. Mater. 19 (1), 19-24 (2003).</li><li>Mehl, A., Ender, A., M&#246;rmann, W., Attin, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+testing+of+a+new+intraoral+3D+camera.">Accuracy testing of a new intraoral 3D camera.</a> International Journal of Computerized Dentistry. 12 (1), 11-28 (2009).</li><li>Fickl, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dimensional+changes+of+the+ridge+contour+after+socket+preservation+and+buccal+overbuilding:+an+animal+study.">Dimensional changes of the ridge contour after socket preservation and buccal overbuilding: an animal study.</a> J. Clin. Periodontol. 36 (5), 442-448 (2009).</li><li>Vlaar, S. T., vander Zel, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+dental+digitizers.">Accuracy of dental digitizers.</a> Int. Dent. J. 56 (5), 301-309 (2006).</li><li>Ender, A., Mehl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+complete-arch+dental+impressions:+a+new+method+of+measuring+trueness+and+precision.">Accuracy of complete-arch dental impressions: a new method of measuring trueness and precision.</a> 109 (2), 121-128 (2013).</li><li>Ender, A., Mehl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+scanning+strategies+on+the+accuracy+of+digital+intraoral+scanning+systems.">Influence of scanning strategies on the accuracy of digital intraoral scanning systems.</a> Int. J. Comput. Dent. 16 (1), 11-21 (2013).</li><li>Ender, A., Mehl, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full+arch+scans:+conventional+versus+digital+impressions--an+in-vitro+study.">Full arch scans: conventional versus digital impressions--an in-vitro study.</a> Int. J. Comput. Dent. 14 (1), 11-21 (2011).</li><li>Meer, W. J., Andriessen, F. S., Wismeijer, D., Ren, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+intra-oral+dental+scanners+in+the+digital+workflow+of+implantology.">Application of intra-oral dental scanners in the digital workflow of implantology.</a> PLoS One. 7 (8), (2012).</li></ol>

Yazarlar, hiçbir rakip mali çıkarlarını veya diğer ilgi çatışmaları olmadığını beyan ederim.

Doğruluk diş hekimliğinde temel bir taleptir. Referans tarayıcı yüksek gerçekliği ve hassasiyet ile küçük ve büyük nesneleri tarama yeteneğine sahiptir. Optimum tarama yöntemi ile, hatta bireysel morfolojik detaylı diş yüzeyler yüksek çözünürlük ve tekrarlanabilirlik ile taranabilir. Tarayıcının farklı büyütme seviyeleri ile, makro ve mikro morfolojik yapılar elde edilebilir. Bu örnek, çeşitli malzemeleri taramak mümkündür. Referans tarayıcının doğrul...

Doğruluk diş hekimliğinde birçok alanda önemli bir ilgi olduğunu. Diş sert doku değiştirme düzgün çalışmasını sağlamak ve daha fazla kalan diş yapısı 1,2 bozmamak için tam bir uydurma protez ihtiyacı var. Sabit parsiyel protez ve total protez tam hazırlanmış diş veya implantların 3 gibi destek yapıları montaj için özellikle önemlidir. Son derece doğru bir üreme özellikle diş gösterim ve diş laboratuvar iş akışı alanında, ihtiyaç nedeni budur. Ancak, diş tedavisi, diğer alanlar da tedavi başarısını doğrulamak ve yeni tedavi stratejileri, örneğin yumuşak ve sert doku büyütme, erozyon ve aşınmaya izleme, periodontal tedaviler ve ortodontik tedaviler 4,5 değerlendirmek için, gerçek ve kesin bir vezin sonuca yarar. Bu alanların çoğunda, geçerli doğrulama prosedürleri kumpas veya mikroskoplar 6,7 ile doğrusal mesafe ölçümleri vardır. Bu metODS az sayıda ölçüm noktası ve test alanının üç boyutlu (3D) değişiklikleri sınırlı bilgi ile sınırlıdır. Daha yeni ölçüm yöntemleri, test nesnesi 8,9 tüm yüzeyinin, optik ya da radyografik yakalama içerir. Burada, tüm yüzey veya hacim ölçülür ve bilgisayar ekranında bir 3D nesne olarak görüntülenir. Doğrusal ölçüm mümkündür, hem de farklı tarama zamanlardan modelleri üstüste bindirme. Bu üst üste ile, her tarama noktada yüzey değişikliklerin değerlendirilmesi mümkündür. Bu belirli bir alanı izleme veya her üç koordinat ekseni deformasyonların görüntüleme olanağı sağlar. Ayrıca, hacim değişiklikleri 10 ölçülebilir. Bu yeni yöntem ile sınırlayıcı nokta testi nesneyi yakalamak için kullanılan tarayıcı doğruluk vardır. Referans tarayıcının doğruluğunu içinde değişikliklerin hiçbiri test nesne veya tarama hataları değişiklikler ayrılabilir. Tarama hassasiyeti genellikle İmalatçı tarafından verilen bir değerdirfacturer küçük kalibre nesneleri tarayarak 11 türetilmiştir. Bir diş kemer gibi büyük nesneleri tararken bu asgari tarama hata farklıdır. Doğruluk gerçekliği ve hassasiyet oluşur. Gerçeklik gerçek geometrisi taranan nesnenin sapmasıdır. Hassas tekrarlanan taramaları (ISO 5725-1) arasındaki sapma olduğunu. Bu çalışmada, odak varyasyon tarama tekniğine dayalı yeni bir optik referans tarayıcı, yüksek doğruluk ile tam kemer modellerine tek bir dişten numuneleri tarama tanıtıldı. Bu referans tarayıcı, geleneksel ve dijital tekniklerle 12-14 ve diş tıkanıklığı ve diş malzemeleri aşınmasına ilişkin gerçek projeler için diş izlenim doğruluğunu karşılaştıran çeşitli çalışmalar için bir üs olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, diş araştırma alanında bu cihazı kullanmak için temel referans tarayıcının doğruluğu bilgileri ve bazı olanaklar sağlamak oldu.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="669">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reference model</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>individual non-precious metal model, derived from a patient impression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Araldit repair</td>
			<td>Huntsmen Advanced Material, Basel, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for making the base of the reference model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CamBase</td>
			<td>Dentona, Dortmund, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Type IV dental ston for pouring conventional impressions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Identium</td>
			<td>Kettenbach, Eschenburg, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vinylsiloxanether impression material for conventional impression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>inEOS model holder</td>
			<td>Sirona Dental Systems, Bensheim, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for fixing stone models at the reference scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutrans</td>
			<td>Coltene Whaledent, Altst&#228;tten, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for making the base of thestone models</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>President putty</td>
			<td>Coltene Whaledent, Altst&#228;tten, Switzerland</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mix with accutrans for betterstability of the base</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alicona Infinite Focus</td>
			<td>Alicona Imaging, Graz, Austria</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reference scanner&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

accuracy in dental medicine, a new way to measure trueness and precision

Referans tarayıcılar prosedürlerin bir çok doğrulamak için dental tıpta kullanılmaktadır. Başlıca ilgi onlar dental restorasyonlar için bir üs olarak hizmet olarak izlenim yöntemleri doğrulamak içindir. Birçok referans tarayıcılar akım sınırlama tam diş kemerler, veya detaylı diş yüzeyleri değerlendirmek için sınırlı olasılık gibi doğruluk tarama büyük nesnelerin olmaması. Odak varyasyon tarama tekniğine dayalı bir yeni referans tarayıcı, yüksek yerel ve genel doğruluk açısından değerlendirildi. Belirli bir tarama protokolü diş gösterim orijinal diş yüzeyi taramak için test edilmiştir. Ayrıca, farklı model malzemeler doğrulandı. Sonuçlar ortalama gerçekliği için 5.3 ± 1.1 um sapma ve tam kemer taramaları halinde hassasiyet için 1.6 ± 0.6 um ile referans tarayıcı yüksek bir tarama doğruluğunu gösterdi. T Güncel diş izlenim yöntemler çok daha yüksek sapmalar (12.5 ± 2.5 mikron: 20.4 ± 2.2 mikron, hassasiyet doğruluk) gösterdihan referans tarayıcının iç tarama doğruluk. Tek diş yüzeyi gibi küçük nesneleri eroziv ve aşındırıcı diş yüzeyi kaybını değerlendirmek sistemini sağlayan, daha yüksek bir doğrulukla taranabilir. Referans Tarayıcı diş araştırma alanları bir sürü farklılıkları ölçmek için kullanılabilir. Yüksek bir lokal ve genel doğruluk ile birlikte farklı büyütme seviyeleri tam kemer değişikliklere kadar tek diş veya restorasyonların değişiklikleri değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.

Şekil 16A, bir alçı numunenin tarama göstermektedir. Optimum tarama parametrelerini doğrulamak için, malzeme için tekrarlanabilirlik kontrol. Numunenin bir bölümü farklı kontrast ve parlaklık ayarları ile taranır ve tekrarlanabilirlik optimum tarama ayarlarını bulmak için her taramadan sonra kontrol edilir. Metal yüzeyler daha yüksek bir kontrast ile bir kontrast düşük 1.0 ve alçı veya reçine malzeme ile en iyi sonuçları göstermek. Şekil 16B testi tarama son...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision at JoVE.com

Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision

Doğruluk diş hekimliğinde önemli bir taleptir. Doğruluğunu kontrol etmek için, referans tarayıcılar ihtiyaç vardır. Bu makalede, yüksek gerçekliği ve hassasiyet ile diş morfolojileri geniş bir çeşitlilik elde etmek için ayarlanmış bir tarama yöntemi ile yeni bir referans tarayıcı sunuyor.

Gerçeklik ve kesinlik Tedbir Diş Hekimliği, A New Way Doğruluk

Reference scanners are used in dental medicine to verify a lot of procedures. The main interest is to verify impression methods as they serve as a base ...

accuracy-dental-medicine-new-way-to-measure-trueness

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Zürich.  Doğruluk diş hekimliğinde önemli bir taleptir. Doğruluğunu kontrol etmek için, referans tarayıcılar ihtiyaç vardır. Bu makalede, yüksek gerçekliği ve hassasiyet ile diş morfolojileri geniş bir çeşitlilik elde etmek için ayarlanmış bir tarama yöntemi ile yeni bir referans tarayıcı sunuyor. 

Video: Accuracy in Dental Medicine, A New Way to Measure Trueness and Precision

Technique to Collect Fungiform (Taste) Papillae from Human Tongue

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic processes that prepare the alimentary canal for digestion. Steady progress is being made towards understanding the early biochemical and molecular events underlying taste transduction (for a review, Breslin and Spector, 20081). However, progress to date has largely resulted from animal models. Yet, since marked differences in receptor specificity and receptor density vary among species, human taste transduction will only be understood by using human taste tissue. Here we describe a biopsy technique to collect human fungiform papillae, visible as rounded pink anterior structures, about 0.5 mm in diameter that contain taste buds. These biopsied papillae are used for several purposes including the isolation of viable taste bud cells, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and, through techniques of molecular biology, the identification of taste-specific novel proteins.

Technique to Collect Fungiform Taste Papillae from Human Tongue

Knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying gustatory transduction has recently enjoyed significant advances, largely due to using animal models. However, the wide diversity in taste sensitivity and specificity among mammals warrants studies in human tissue. We describe a biopsy technique to collect living taste cells from the papillae on human tongue.

İnsan Dil Mantar (Tat) papilla toplayın Tekniği

The sense of taste is critical for human life. It informs the body about the quality of food that will be potentially ingested and stimulates metabolic ...

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Rapid Point-of-Care Assay of Enoxaparin Anticoagulant Efficacy in Whole Blood

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH), enoxaparin. There are also urgent clinical situations where it would be important if this could be determined rapidly. The present assay is designed to accomplish this. We only assayed human blood samples that were spiked with known concentrations of enoxaparin. The essential feature of the present assay is the quantification of the efficacy of enoxaparin in a patient's blood sample by degrading it to complete inactivity with heparinase. Two blood samples were drawn into Vacutainer tubes (Becton-Dickenson; Franklin Lakes, NJ) that were spiked with enoxaparin; one sample was digested with heparinase for 5 min at 37 &deg;C, the other sample represented the patient's baseline anticoagulated status. The percent shortening of clotting time in the heparinase-treated sample, as compared to the baseline state, yielded the anticoagulant contribution of enoxaparin. We used the portable, battery operated Hemochron 801 apparatus for measurements of clotting times (International Technidyne Corp., Edison, NJ). The apparatus has 2 thermostatically controlled (37 &deg;C) assay tube wells. We conducted the assays in two types of assay cartridges that are available from the manufacturer of the instrument. One cartridge was modified to increase its sensitivity. We removed the kaolin from the FTK-ACT cartridge by extensive rinsing with distilled water, leaving only the glass surface of the tube, and perhaps the detection magnet, as activators. We called this our minimally activated assay (MAA). The use of a minimally activated assay has been studied by us and others. 2-4 The second cartridge that was studied was an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) assay (A104). This was used as supplied from the manufacturer. The thermostated wells of the instrument were used for both the heparinase digestion and coagulation assays. The assay can be completed within 10 min. The MAA assay showed robust changes in clotting time after heparinase digestion of enoxaparin over a typical clinical concentration range. At 0.2 anti-Xa I.U. of enoxaparin per ml of blood sample, heparinase digestion caused an average decrease of 9.8% (20.4 sec) in clotting time; at 1.0 I.U. per ml of enoxaparin there was a 41.4% decrease (148.8 sec). This report only presents the experimental application of the assay; its value in a clinical setting must still be established.

Demonstration of a rapid quantitative assay of the inhibition of blood coagulation by the low-molecular-weight-heparin, enoxaparin. The contribution of enoxaparin is assessed by removing its influence through digestion with heparinase. A fuller description of the assay is detailed in our published paper.1 The assay still requires clinical confirmation.

Tüm Kan enoksaparin Antikoagülan Etkinliğinin Rapid Point-of-Care Assay

There is the need for a clinical assay to determine the extent to which a patient's blood is effectively anticoagulated by the ...

Construction of Vapor Chambers Used to Expose Mice to Alcohol During the Equivalent of all Three Trimesters of Human Development

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). At the most severe end of the spectrum is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS), characterized by growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphology, and neurobehavioral deficits. Studies with animal models, including rodents, have elucidated many molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of FASDs. Ethanol administration to pregnant rodents has been used to model human exposure during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Third trimester ethanol consumption in humans has been modeled using neonatal rodents. However, few rodent studies have characterized the effect of ethanol exposure during the equivalent to all three trimesters of human pregnancy, a pattern of exposure that is common in pregnant women. Here, we show how to build vapor chambers from readily obtainable materials that can each accommodate up to six standard mouse cages. We describe a vapor chamber paradigm that can be used to model exposure to ethanol, with minimal handling, during all three trimesters. Our studies demonstrate that pregnant dams developed significant metabolic tolerance to ethanol. However, neonatal mice did not develop metabolic tolerance and the number of fetuses, fetus weight, placenta weight, number of pups/litter, number of dead pups/litter, and pup weight were not significantly affected by ethanol exposure. An important advantage of this paradigm is its applicability to studies with genetically-modified mice. Additionally, this paradigm minimizes handling of animals, a major confound in fetal alcohol research.

We demonstrate the construction of alcohol vapor chambers using readily available materials that simultaneously house 6 mouse cages. We further describe their use in a mouse model of fetal alcohol exposure equivalent to all 3&#160;trimesters of human pregnancy. This paradigm exposes animals during gestation and postnatal days 1-12.

İnsani Gelişim her üç trimesterde Eşdeğeri sırasında Alkol Fare Expose Kullanılan Buhar Odaları İnşaatı

Exposure to alcohol during development can result in a constellation of morphological and behavioral abnormalities that are collectively known as Fetal ...

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. Despite the discovery of key regulators of uterine contractility, this process is still not fully understood. Transgenic mice provide an ideal model in which to study parturition. Previously, the only method to study uterine contractility in the mouse was ex vivo isometric tension recordings, which are suboptimal for several reasons. The uterus must be removed from its physiological environment, a limited time course of investigation is possible, and the mice must be sacrificed. The recent development of radiometric telemetry has allowed for longitudinal, real-time measurements of in vivo intrauterine pressure in mice. Here, the implantation of an intrauterine telemeter to measure pressure changes in the mouse uterus from mid-pregnancy until delivery is described. By comparing differences in pressures between wild type and transgenic mice, the physiological impact of a gene of interest can be elucidated. This technique should expedite the development of therapeutics used to treat myometrial disorders during pregnancy, including preterm labor.

Intrauterine Telemetry to Measure Mouse Contractile Pressure In Vivo

This manuscript provides a protocol for implanting telemeters in the mouse for the purpose of measuring intrauterine pressures during pregnancy.

Rahim içi Telemetri Fare Kontraktil Basıncını Ölçmek<em&gt; İn Vivo</em

A complex integration of molecular and electrical signals is needed to transform a quiescent uterus into a contractile organ at the end of pregnancy. ...

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor initiation, metastasis and resistance to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we describe a specific methodology for culturing primary human pancreatic CSCs as tumor spheres in anchorage-independent conditions. Cells are grown in serum-free, non-adherent conditions in order to enrich for CSCs while their more differentiated progenies do not survive and proliferate during the initial phase following seeding of single cells. This assay can be used to estimate the percentage of CSCs present in a population of tumor cells. Both size (which can range from 35 to 250 micrometers) and number of tumor spheres formed represents CSC activity harbored in either bulk populations of cultured cancer cells or freshly harvested and digested tumors 1,2. Using this assay, we recently found that metformin selectively ablates pancreatic CSCs; a finding that was subsequently further corroborated by demonstrating diminished expression of pluripotency-associated genes/surface markers and reduced in vivo tumorigenicity of metformin-treated cells. As the final step for preclinical development we treated mice bearing established tumors with metformin and found significantly prolonged survival. Clinical studies testing the use of metformin in patients with PDAC are currently underway (e.g., NCT01210911, NCT01167738, and NCT01488552). Mechanistically, we found that metformin induces a fatal energy crisis in CSCs by enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and reducing mitochondrial transmembrane potential. In contrast, non-CSCs were not eliminated by metformin treatment, but rather underwent reversible cell cycle arrest. Therefore, our study serves as a successful example for the potential of in vitro sphere formation as a screening tool to identify compounds that potentially target CSCs, but this technique will require further in vitro and in vivo validation to eliminate false discoveries.

Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) can be expanded in vitro using the anchorage-independent sphere culture technique, which represents a powerful tool to study CSC biology and can serve as the first step to develop novel CSC-targeting therapies. Here the methodology for expanding, analyzing and targeting of pancreatic CSCs is provided.

Pankreas Kanseri Yeni Tedavi Stratejileri Geliştirme Hücre Özellikleri Kök incelenmesi

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) contains a subset of exclusively tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) which have been shown to drive tumor ...

A Simple Device to Rapidly Prepare Whole Mounts of the Mouse Intestine

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe the use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations of superior and uniform quality to that which can be achieved by hand. The device comprises a base that holds 4 stainless steel rods and a top, which acts a cutting guide. The rods are inserted into the lumen of the small intestine [divided into thirds] and the colon. The rods and samples are then placed over a piece of filter paper or card into the holding slots in the base of the device. The top of the device is then positioned and serves as a cutting guide. The two angled sections in the center of the top piece are used to guide a knife or scalpel and cut the intestines longitudinally on the top of the rods. Once the intestinal sections have been cut, the top is removed and the card,&#160;tissue and rods gently removed from the device and placed on the bench. The rods are then gently rolled sideways to flatten and stick the intestinal segments onto the underlying piece of filter paper or card. The final preparation can then be examined or fixed and stored for later analysis. The preparations are invaluable for the study of intestinal changes in normal or genetically modified mouse models. The preparations have been used for the study and quantification of the effects of inflammation (colitis), damage, pre-cancerous lesions (aberrant crypt foci (ACFs) and mucin depleted foci (MDFs)) and polyps or tumors.

The use of a simple device to cut and &#8216;roll&#8217; mouse intestines to rapidly prepare whole mount preparations is described.

Basit Aygıt Hızla Fare Bağırsak Tüm Mounts Hazırlanır

Preparing whole mounts of the mouse small intestine and colon for subsequent analysis or quantification can be time consuming and difficult. We describe ...

Boldness, Aggression, and Shoaling Assays for Zebrafish Behavioral Syndromes

A behavioral syndrome exists when specific behaviors interact under different contexts. Zebrafish have been test subjects in recent studies and it is important to standardize protocols to ensure proper analyses and interpretations. In our previous studies, we have measured boldness by monitoring a series of behaviors (time near surface, latency in transitions, number of transitions, and darts) in a 1.5 L trapezoidal tank. Likewise, we quantified aggression by observing bites, lateral displays, darts, and time near an inclined mirror in a rectangular 19 L tank. By dividing a 76 L tank into thirds, we also examined shoaling preferences. The shoaling assay is a highly customizable assay and can be tailored for specific hypotheses. However, protocols for this assay also must be standardized, yet flexible enough for customization. In previous studies, end chambers were either empty, contained 5 or 10 zebrafish, or 5 pearl danios (D. albolineatus). In the following manuscript, we present a detailed protocol and representative data that accompany successful applications of the protocol, which will allow for replication of behavioral syndrome experiments.

This manuscript describes the setup, implementation, and analysis of boldness, aggression, and shoaling in zebrafish and testing for the presence of a behavioral syndrome. A standardized approach for behavioral quantification will allow for easier comparison across studies. Modifications to this protocol are possible as each assay can be run individually.

Zebra balığı Davranış Sendromlardaki için cesaret, Saldırganlık ve shoaling Tahliller

A behavioral syndrome exists when specific behaviors interact under different contexts. Zebrafish have been test subjects in recent studies and it is ...

Open Tracheostomy Gastric Acid Aspiration Murine Model of Acute Lung Injury Results in Maximal Acute Nonlethal Lung Injury

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by neutrophilic alveolitis, and injury to both alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium. Clinically, ARDS is defined by acute onset of hypoxemia, bilateral patchy pulmonary infiltrates and non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Human studies have provided us with valuable information about the physiological and inflammatory changes in the lung caused by ARDS, which has led to various hypotheses about the underling mechanisms. Unfortunately, difficulties determining the etiology of ARDS, as well as a wide range of pathophysiology have resulted in a lack of critical information that could be useful in developing therapeutic strategies.
Translational animal models are valuable when their pathogenesis and pathophysiology accurately reproduce a concept proven in both in vitro and clinical settings. Although large animal models (e.g., sheep) share characteristics of the anatomy of human trachea-bronchial tree, murine models provide a host of other advantages including: low cost; short reproductive cycle lending itself to greater data acquisition; a well understood immunologic system; and a well characterized genome leading to the availability of a variety of gene deletion and transgenic strains. A robust model of low pH induced ARDS requires a murine ALI that targets mainly the alveolar epithelium, secondarily the vascular endothelium, as well as the small airways leading to the alveoli. Furthermore, a reproducible injury with wide differences between different injurious and non-injurious insults is important.
The murine gastric acid aspiration model presented here using hydrochloric acid employs an open tracheostomy and recreates a pathogenic scenario that reproduces the low pH pneumonitis injury in humans. Additionally, this model can be used to examine interaction of a low pH insult with other pulmonary injurious entities (e.g., food particles, pathogenic bacteria).

This protocol induces acute lung injury in a mouse that has close fidelity to the pathogenesis of acid pneumonitis observed in humans. We generate a maximal acute nonlethal low pH lung injury and account for differences in rodent-human anatomic respiratory structure using an open tracheostomy coupled with circumferential pressure release.

Akut Akciğer Hasarı Açık Trakeostomi Gastrik Asit Aspirasyon Fare Modeli Maksimal Akut Ölümcül olmayan Akciğer Hasarı Sonuçlar

Acid pneumonitis is a major cause of sterile acute lung injury (ALI) in humans. Acid pneumonitis spans the clinical spectrum from asymptomatic to acute ...

Oral Biofilm Sampling for Microbiome Analysis in Healthy Children

Oral biofilm and its molecular analysis provide a basis for investigating various dental research and clinical questions. Knowledge of biofilm composition leads to a better understanding of cariogenic and periopathogenic mechanisms. Microbial changes taking place in the oral cavity during childhood are of interest for several reasons. The evolution of the child oral microbiota and shifts in its composition need to be analyzed further to understand and possibly prevent the onset of disease. At the same time, advanced knowledge of the natural composition of oral biofilm is needed. Early stages of caries-free permanent dentition with healthy gums provide a widely unaffected subgingival habitat that can serve as an in situ baseline for studying features of oral health and disease. Analysis of children's oral biofilm during different stages in life is thus an important theme in the field. Modern molecular analysis methods can provide comprehensive information about the bacterial diversity of such biofilms. To enable microbiota data comparison, it is important to standardize each step in the procedure for molecular data generation. This procedure spans from clinical sampling, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), bioinformatic data processing, to taxonomic interpretation. One of the most critical factors here is biofilm sampling. Sampling in children is even more challenging in particular due to limited space in subgingival areas. We thus focus on the use of paper points for subgingival sampling. This article provides a detailed protocol for oral biofilm sampling of the subgingival sulcus, the mucosa, and saliva in children.

Changes in the oral microbiome throughout childhood are of growing interest. Comparison of different microbiome studies reveals a lack of standardized sampling protocols. Limited space makes sampling the sound subgingival sulcus of children challenging. Paper point sampling is presented here in detail as the method of choice for this area.

Sağlıklı çocuklarda Microbiome analiz için sözlü biyofilm örnekleme

Oral biofilm and its molecular analysis provide a basis for investigating various dental research and clinical questions. Knowledge of biofilm composition ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

Maksimal ve Submaximal dayanıklılık egzersiz akut egzersiz insanlarda biyolojik ve fizyolojik yanıtlarını ölçmek için test iletken

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...