This work was supported by grants from the Novartis Foundation for Medical-Biological Research and from the Research Pool of the University of Fribourg (to MW). We thank Li Zhao, Zhan Xu, and Solange Kharoubi Hess for technical support, as well as Radu Aricescu and Yvonne Jones (Oxford University, UK) for providing the pHLsec plasmid, and Thomas Sch&#252;rpf (Harvard Medical School) for helpful discussions.

Sentezleme plasmidi pHLsec-Gzm 1. Üretim <ol><li> Insan NK hücrelerinden manufacturer` izlenerek uygun bir RNA izolasyon yöntemi ile ve bir birinci tür cDNA sentez kiti kullanılarak ters transkribe (26 ya da beş, insan Gzms ifade NK hücre hattı NK-92 gibi hazırlanmıştır birincil hücreler) ve toplam RNA&#39;nın hazırlanması s önerileri. 23 (Radu Aricescu Yvonne Jones, Oxford Üniversitesi, İngiltere tür bir hediye) &#39;de tarif edildiği gibi Gzm cDNA Agel ve Kpnl sitesi (Şekil 1) kullanılarak pHLsec PCR ve klon kullanılarak yükseltin. Not: Tablo 1 &#39;de gösterilen aşağıdaki primerler kullanın. </li><li> Dizileme ile doğru ekler onaylayın. DH5α hücrelerinde ifade plasmidlerini genişletin ve bir endotoksin içermeyen plazmid izolasyon kiti kullanılarak arındırmak ve üreticinin talimatlarına uyun. </li><li> Unti -20 ° C &#39;de 2 mg / ml ve saklamak bir konsantrasyonda endotoksin içermeyen, steril su içinde yeniden süspanse edilen saflaştırılmış plasmidler,l kullanımı. </li></ol> HEK293T hücrelerinde Gzms 2. İfade <ol><li> Reaktiflerin hazırlanması <ol><li> Standart kültür ortamı hazırlayın. Dulbecco Modifiye Edilmiş Eagle Ortamı (DMEM) içeren, yüksek glikoz (25 mM), Glutamax (4 mM), sodyum piruvat (1 mM) (standart fetal buzağı serumu (FCS), penisilin (100 birim / ml), streptomisin ve% 10 ilave 100 ug / ml). </li><li> Transfeksiyon ortamı hazırlayın. Penisilin-Streptomisin olmayan kültür ortamına 25 ug / ml miktarında klorokuin katılımının (-20 ° C&#39;de saklanan PBS 1,000x hisse senetleri, gelen transfeksiyon gününde taze olarak ilave) ekleyin. </li><li> Serumsuz kültür ortamı hazırlayın: serumsuz ortam için HEK293 hücreleri glutamin (4 mM), penisilin (100 birim / ml), streptomisin (100 ug / ml) ve 2,5 mg / L amfoterisin B add </li><li> Kullanmadan önce, bir 0.45 um filtre ile Tablo 2 ve filtre açıklanan çözümler hazırlayın: </li></ol></li><li> HEK293T hücreleri genişletme <ol><li> 20 ml kült HEK293T hücreleri büyütün150 x 25 mm doku kültürü yemekleri kullanarak ure orta. </li><li> % 80 confluency Split hücreleri (1 split oranı: 4, genellikle her 3. gün). Hücreler gevşek mekanik olarak titizlikle yukarı ve aşağı pipetleme tripsinleme olmadan ayrılabilir, ekleyin. </li><li> Levha hücreleri, transfeksiyondan önceki gece transfeksiyonu (tohum ekme yoğunluğu ~ 2 x 10 5 hücre / ml) günde% 60-70 konfluense elde edildi. Bir zamanki hazırlık boyutu 20-25 kültür kaplarına oluşmaktadır. </li></ol></li><li> Kalsiyum-fosfat transfeksiyonu <ol><li> Transfeksiyondan önce 1 saat, 20 ml transfeksiyon ortamı, standart kültür ortamı değiştirin. Bu 1 saat inkübasyon aşamasının sonuna doğru, 10.95 mi GKD 2 0 ve 50 ml tüpler içinde 2M CaCl2 1.55 ml (1 tüp / 5 yemekler) ile plazmid DNA, 400 ug karıştırın. </li><li> 1 transfeksiyondan önce, en az 2, DNA-kalsiyum çözeltisinin 12.5 ml 12.5 mi 2x HBS ekleyin tüpler ters çevirme ile karıştırın ve oda sıcaklığında 30 saniye boyunca inkübe edilir. </li><li> Th ekleE karışımı doğrudan hücreleri (tabak başına 5 mi), damla damla ortama 2.3.2 hazırlandı. Biraz turuncu renk orta dönüm tüm alana eşit serpin. </li><li> Bir doku kültürü kuluçka makinesi içinde 7-11 saat (37 ° C,% 5 nemlendirilmiş hava içinde CO2) için kültür kaplarına inkübe edin. İnkübasyondan sonra, ince bir çökelti görülebilir. Önceden ısıtılmış PBS ile dikkatle yıkayın, transfeksiyon Ortamı çıkarın ve 2.1.3 hazırlanmış 20 mi serumsuz kültür ortamı ilave edin. Bir doku kültürü kuluçka makinesi içinde 72 saat süreyle inkübe edilir. </li><li> SDS-PAGE üzerinde hücre yüzer bir numunesi (~ 20 ul) çalışan ve bir granzim bant görselleştirmek için Coomassie Brillant Blue ile soylara ile transfeksiyonu ve ekspresyonudur etkinliğini analiz edin. </li></ol></li><li> Nikel IMAC ile kültür süpernatanından Gzms saflaştırılması <ol><li> Kuluçkadan sonra, 250 ml tüpler içine hücre kültürü süpernatanları süzün ve santrifüj ile temiz. İlk bir spin yürütmek (400 xg, 10 dak, 4 °Müstakil hücrelerden orta silinir C). Kalan hücre debrisini uzaklaştırmak için 4 ° C sıcaklıkta 4000 x g&#39;de, 30 dakika taze 250 ml tüpler ve spin süpernatant aktarın. </li><li> 5 M NaCl 5 mi, temizlenmiş süpernatan, 250 ml başına 0.25 M N&#39;nin 4 6,25 2 M Tris-Base (pH 8) içinde çözdürülür ve 1 ml ilave edilir. 500 ml Vakum filtre ünitesi (0.45 mm) kullanılarak süpernatant süzün. </li><li> Uygun bir FPLC sistemi kullanılarak His-bağlama tamponu A (10 kolon hacim, CV) bir nikel-IMAC sütunu dengelenmesi. </li><li> 4 ° C de, 0.5 ml / dk&#39;lık bir akış oranında dengelenen kolona süpernatant uygulanır. </li><li> Süpernatan tatbik edilmesinden sonra UV emilimi temel (genellikle 10 CV) ulaşana kadar, His-bağlama tamponu ile kolondan yıkanır. </li><li> Elute Gzms 0.5 ml bir akış hızında doğrusal bir 20 ml&#39;lik gradyanı (0-250 mM imidazol) ile 2 ml / dakika-fraksiyonlar toplanırken. SDS-PAGE ve Coomassie boyama ile elüsyon fraksiyonları analiz edin. </li></ol></li><li> Enterokinaz (EK)işleme ve katyon değişim kromatografisi ile son temizlik <ol><li> ≤10 MWCO bir dializ tüpü içinde kısımlar içeren havuz Gzm. Ön-EK kontrol olarak -20 ° C&#39;de küçük bir örnek saklayın. </li><li> Diyaliz tüpü içinde doğrudan toplanmış fraksiyonuna 0.02 birim / ilk süpernatan 50 ml EK ekleyin ve O / N EK-tampon maddesi içinde oda sıcaklığında (en az 16 saat) (4 L, bir kez değiştirme tamponu) diyaliz. </li><li> Ertesi gün, EK, SDS-PAGE ve Coomassie boyama ile ön-EK kontrol ile karşılaştırıldığında Gzms tedavi analiz eder. </li><li> N-terminal işlem tamamlandığında, bir (4 L) tampon S diyaliz tamponu değiştirmek ve oda sıcaklığında bir 4 saat diyaliz. Filtre diyalizat (0.45 mikron). </li><li> 4 ° C de, 0.5 ml / dk&#39;lık bir akış oranında sütunun üzerinde örnek kuvveti S tampon maddesi A ile S-sütunu dengelenmesi. </li><li> UV absorbans taban (10 CV) ulaşılana kadar numunesi yüklemesinden sonra, S tampon A ile bir sütun yıkayın. 30 mi lineer gradyan (150 ila 1000 mM NaCI) ile Gzms yıkayın. GzmA E~ 750 mM NaCl&#39;de ~ 700 mM NaCI ve GzmM de ~ 650 mM NaCI, GzmB de dolgu maddeleri. </li><li> SDS-PAGE ve kolorimetrik analizler (aşağıya bakınız) ile elüsyon fraksiyonları analiz edin. Gzms ve konsantre içeren havuz kısımlar (yaklaşık 30 kat, 100 uM bir konsantrasyona kadar), eğirme filtresi (15 mi, 10 MWCO). -80 ° C &#39;de konsantre edilir Gzm preparatlar ve mağaza kısım. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Test Gzm etkinliği <ol><li> Reaktiflerin hazırlanması <ol><li> 50 mM Tris-Base, pH 7: kolorimetrik deney tamponu hazırlayın. <ol><li> GzmA ölçülmesi için, 0.2 mM ve 5,5&#39;-ditiyo-bis (2-nitrobenzoik asit) &#39;in bir nihai konsantrasyona kadar deney tamponu Na-CBZ-L-lisin tiyobenzil ester (S-Bzl) (BLT) ekleyin 0.22 mM bir konsantrasyona kadar (DTNB). GzmB için, 0.2 mM Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl (AAD) ve 0.22 mM DTNB bulunmaktadır. GzmM için, 0.2 mM Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-p-nitroanilid (pNA) (AAPL) içerir. Sentetik peptidler DMSO içinde (uygun ana çözeltilerden ilave edilmiştir, stored taze tahlil önce tampon -20 ° C). </li></ol></li><li> Klivaj deneyi tamponu hazırlayın: 100 mM NaCI, 50 mM Tris-baz, pH 7.5 </li></ol></li><li> Kolorimetrik analizler <ol><li> 96-gözlü düz dipli plakalarda elüsyon fraksiyonları küçük Gzm örnekleri (&lt;5 ul) veya konsantre stok dağıtın. Bir pozitif kontrol (test edilen Gzm müstahzarlar ya da ham olarak NK hücre lizatları) ve bir negatif kontrol (sadece tampon) içerir. </li><li> (Bir çok kanallı pipet kullanarak) her bir oyuğa, deney tamponu içinde 100 ul ekle. 37 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika süreyle inkübe edin. Mikroplaka okuyucu içinde 405 nm&#39;de OD&#39;yi ölçün. </li></ol></li><li> Klivaj deneyi <ol><li> Seri seyreltme ile; - saflaştırılmış maddeleri kullanarak bölünme tahlilleri için, (verimli Gzm yüzeylerde birkaç örnek bu bölümün sonundaki sonuç bölümünde ve notta sunulmuştur 400 nM doğal veya rekombinant, 100) bir protein substrat ko-inkübe Bir GZM çeşitli kez deney tamponu (400 nM&#39;de başlayarak).SDS-PAGE ve Coomassie ya da gümüş lekeleme ile analiz; ya da Batı spesifik antikorlar kullanılarak kurutma. </li><li> Hücre lizatları kullanılarak klivaj deneyleri için, 37 ° C olmak üzere üç kez, bir etanol / kuru buz banyosunda ve eritme dondurma ile deney tamponu ve parçalanmasıyla, 1 ml, 10 6 HeLa hücreleri (ya da herhangi bir uygun tümör hücre hattı) askıya. (4 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca 15,000 x g) santrifüj uygulanarak hücre kalıntıları uzaklaştırılmıştır. </li><li> Yukarıdaki gibi çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda ve zaman zaman Gzms ile temizlenir lizat Co-kuluçkaya yatmaktadır. Yarılma uygun antikorlar kullanılarak imünolekeleme ile tespit edilir. Not: iyi niyetli alt tabakalar bir kaç örnekleri ticari antikorlar mevcuttur: Teklif (BH3 etkileşen etki ölüm agonisti) ve GzmB 27,28 parçalanabilen kaspaz 3; GzmA 29 ile parçalanabilen çok heterojen bir çekirdek ribonükleoprotein (hnRNPA1, A2 ve U); GzmM 30 ile sitomegalovirüs phosphoprotein 71. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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P., Lieberman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+RNA+processing+during+immune-mediated+programmed+cell+death.">Alterations in RNA processing during immune-mediated programmed cell death.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109, 8688-8693 (2012).</li><li>Domselaar, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncytotoxic+inhibition+of+cytomegalovirus+replication+through+NK+cell+protease+granzyme+M-mediated+cleavage+of+viral+phosphoprotein+71.">Noncytotoxic inhibition of cytomegalovirus replication through NK cell protease granzyme M-mediated cleavage of viral phosphoprotein 71.</a> J Immunol. 185, 7605-7613 (2010).</li><li>Thiery, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perforin+activates+clathrin-+and+dynamin-dependent+endocytosis,+which+is+required+for+plasma+membrane+repair+and+delivery+of+granzyme+B+for+granzyme-mediated+apoptosis.">Perforin activates clathrin- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis, which is required for plasma membrane repair and delivery of granzyme B for granzyme-mediated apoptosis.</a> Blood. 115, 1582-1593 (2010).</li><li>Thiery, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perforin+pores+in+the+endosomal+membrane+trigger+the+release+of+endocytosed+granzyme+B+into+the+cytosol+of+target+cells.">Perforin pores in the endosomal membrane trigger the release of endocytosed granzyme B into the cytosol of target cells.</a> Nat Immunol. 12, 770-777 (2011).</li><li>Thomas, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leukocyte+protease+binding+to+nucleic+acids+promotes+nuclear+localization+and+cleavage+of+nucleic+acid+binding+proteins.">Leukocyte protease binding to nucleic acids promotes nuclear localization and cleavage of nucleic acid binding proteins.</a> J Immunol. 192, 5390-5397 (2014).</li><li>Jacquemin, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Granzyme+B-induced+mitochondrial+ROS+are+required+for+apoptosis.">Granzyme B-induced mitochondrial ROS are required for apoptosis.</a> Cell death and differentiation. , (2014).</li><li>Kummer, J. A., Kamp, A. M., Citarella, F., Horrevoets, A. J., Hack, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+human+recombinant+granzyme+A+zymogen+and+its+activation+by+the+cysteine+proteinase+cathepsin+C.">Expression of human recombinant granzyme A zymogen and its activation by the cysteine proteinase cathepsin C.</a> The Journal of biological chemistry. 271, 9281-9286 (1996).</li><li>Hagn, M., Sutton, V. R., Trapani, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+colorimetric+assay+that+specifically+measures+Granzyme+B+proteolytic+activity:+hydrolysis+of+Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl.">A colorimetric assay that specifically measures Granzyme B proteolytic activity: hydrolysis of Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl.</a> Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE. , e52419 (2014).</li><li>Huang, M. T., Gorman, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intervening+sequences+increase+efficiency+of+RNA+3'+processing+and+accumulation+of+cytoplasmic+RNA.">Intervening sequences increase efficiency of RNA 3' processing and accumulation of cytoplasmic RNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 18, 937-947 (1990).</li><li>Luthman, H., Magnusson, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+efficiency+polyoma+DNA+transfection+of+chloroquine+treated+cells.">High efficiency polyoma DNA transfection of chloroquine treated cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 1295-1308 (1983).</li><li>Magee, A. I., Grant, D. A., Hermon-Taylor, J., Offord, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specific+one-stage+method+for+assay+of+enterokinase+activity+by+release+of+radiolabelled+activation+peptides+from+alpha-N-[3H]acetyl-trypsinogen+and+the+effect+of+calcium+ions+on+the+enzyme+activity.">Specific one-stage method for assay of enterokinase activity by release of radiolabelled activation peptides from alpha-N-[3H]acetyl-trypsinogen and the effect of calcium ions on the enzyme activity.</a> Biochem J. 197, 239-244 (1981).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

GzmA ve GzmB klasik ve yaygın olarak çalışılan bir rol gözenek oluşturucu protein PFN 1 kendi sitosolik doğumdan sonra memeli hücrelerinde apoptosisin olduğu. Son zamanlarda, Gzms sitotoksik spektrumu bakteri 9,10, ve de bazı parazitler 11 için memeli hücrelerinden önemli ölçüde genişletildi. Ayrıca, GzmA ve GzmB olmayan klasik, hücre dışı fonksiyonları yanı sıra çeşitli yetim Gzms biyolojik önemi hala karanlıktır. Bu protokol tarafından sağlanan nedenle,...

Gzms özel CTL lizozomlar ve NK hücrelerinin 1 lokalize yüksek ölçüde homolog serin proteaz ailesidir. Bu katil hücreler ve sitotoksik zerreler, aynı zamanda ortadan kaldırılması 2,3 için olan bir hedef hücrenin tanınması üzerine Gzms ile eşzamanlı olarak serbest bırakılır membran kesintiye proteinleri PFN ve GNLY içerir. (- G, K, M ve N GzmA), insanlarda (GzmA, B, H, K ve M,), beş Gzms ve farelerde 10 Gzms vardır. GzmA ve GzmB en bol ve yaygın insan ve farelerde 1 çalışılmıştır bulunmaktadır. Ancak, daha yeni çalışmalar hücre ölümü yollar yanı sıra sağlık ve hastalık 4 diğer, sözde yetim Gzms aracılık ettiği ek biyolojik etkilerini araştırmak başladı. PFN 5,6 hedef hücrelere verilebilir olduğunda Gzms en iyi bilinen işlevi, GzmA ve GzmB, özellikle de memeli hücrelerinde programlanmış hücre ölümü meydana gelmesidir. AncakDaha yeni çalışmalar da PFN 7,8 bağımsız Sitozolik teslimat, bağışıklık düzenleme ve inflamasyon üzerinde derin etkisi olan Gzms dışı etkilerini göstermiştir. Gzms sitozolik girmesinden sonra verimli öldürüldüğü hücrelerin spektrumu yakın zamanda bakterilerin 9,10 ve hatta bazı parazitler 11 memeli hücrelerinden genişletilmiştir. Bu yeni keşifler Gzm araştırmacılar için yepyeni bir alan açtı. Bu nedenle, maliyet-etkin, yüksek verim memeli sentezleme sistemi önemli ölçüde o gelecek çalışmalar için yol kolaylaştıracaktır. Ana insan, fare ve sıçan Gzms başarılı bir CTL ve NK hücre hatları 12-14 granül fraksiyonundan saflaştırılmıştır. Bununla birlikte, elimizdeki tür saflaştırma tekniklerinin verimi daha az, 0.1 mg / L hücre kültürü (yayınlanmamış gözlem ve 12) aralığındadır. Bundan başka, tasarımlarıyla ile kirlenme olmadan, tek bir GZM kromatografik çözünürlüğür Gzms ve / veya granül halinde de mevcut proteinler (yayınlanmamış veriler ve 12,14) meydan okuyor. Rekombinant Gzms hatta HEK 293 18,19 gibi memeli hücrelerinde bakteriler 15, maya 16, böcek hücreleri 17 ve üretildi. Sadece, memeli ekspresyon sistemleri nativ sitotoksik protein aynı translasyon sonrası modifikasyonlar ile, rekombinan enzimler meydana potansiyeli taşımaktadır. Posttranslasyonel değişiklikler endositoz belirli alımı ve hedef hücrelerin 20-22 içinde proteaz hücre içi lokalizasyonu ile suçlanmıştır. Bu nedenle, pHLsec 23 kullanılarak Gzm ifade plazmid omurgası olarak (Radu Aricescu ve Yvonne Jones, Oxford, UK Üniversitesi bir tür hediye), biz yüksek verim protein üretimi için basit, zaman ve maliyet-etkin bir sistem kurdu HEK293T hücreleri. pHLsec tavuk Β-aktin promoteri ile bir CMV artırıcı birleştirir; Birlikte, bu elemanlar gösterilerted çeşitli hücre hatlarında 24 güçlü promotör aktivitesi. Buna ek olarak, plazmid, bir tavşan Β-globin intronu, optimize edilmiş bir Kozak ve sekresyon sinyalleri, bir Lys-6xHis-tag ve bir poli-A sinyali içerir. Uçlar sekresyon sinyali ve uygun N-terminal etki alanları yoksun proteinler için uygun bir ifade ve sekresyon etkinliğin sağlanması Lys-6xHis etiketi (Şekil 1) arasında uygun bir klonlanabilir. Gzms ekspresyonu sağlamak için, böylece EK tedavisi salgılanan Gzms (aktif Gzms N-terminali ile başlayan aktive bir enterokinaz (EK) Alanı (DDDDK) ve ardından vektör tarafından sağlanan salgılama sinyal ile endojen salgılama sinyal dizisi yerine amino asit sekansı IIGG 25). Buna ek olarak, bu yöntem için lehine HEK293T hücreleri, Dulbecco Modifiye Eagle Ortamı (DMEM) gibi düşük fiyatlı bir ortam içinde hızlı bir şekilde büyümesi ve maliyet-etkin bir kalsiyum fosfat transfeksiyon yöntemi için de uygundur.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td>Total RNA isolation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperScript II Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18064-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0530L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EX-CELL 293 Serum-Free Medium for HEK 293 Cells</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>14571C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX Supplement, pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>31966-021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SnakeSkin Dialysis Tubing, 10K MWCO</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>68100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enterokinase from bovine intestine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E4906</td>
			<td>recombinant, &#8805;20&#160;units/mg protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HisTrap Excel 5ml-column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-3712-06&#160;</td>
			<td>Nickel IMAC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HiTrap SP HP 5 ml-column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1152-01&#160;</td>
			<td>S column</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-&#945;-Cbz-L-lysine thiobenzylester (BLT)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3647</td>
			<td>GzmA substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boc-Ala-Ala-Asp-S-Bzl (AAD)</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>2193608 _10mg</td>
			<td>GzmB substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu-p-nitroanilide (AAPL)</td>
			<td>Bachem</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>GzmM substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5,5&#8242;-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8130</td>
			<td>Ellman`s reagent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a high yield and cost-efficient expression system of human granzymes in mammalian cells

When cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) or natural killer (NK) cells recognize tumor cells or cells infected with intracellular pathogens, they release their cytotoxic granule content to eliminate the target cells and the intracellular pathogen. Death of the host cells and intracellular pathogens is triggered by the granule serine proteases, granzymes (Gzms), delivered into the host cell cytosol by the pore forming protein perforin (PFN) and into bacterial pathogens by the prokaryotic membrane disrupting protein granulysin (GNLY). To investigate the molecular mechanisms of target cell death mediated by the Gzms in experimental in-vitro settings, protein expression and purification systems that produce high amounts of active enzymes are necessary. Mammalian secreted protein expression systems imply the potential to produce correctly folded, fully functional protein that bears posttranslational modification, such as glycosylation. Therefore, we used a cost-efficient calcium precipitation method for transient transfection of HEK293T cells with human Gzms cloned into the expression plasmid pHLsec. Gzm purification from the culture supernatant was achieved by immobilized nickel affinity chromatography using the C-terminal polyhistidine tag provided by the vector. The insertion of an enterokinase site at the N-terminus of the protein allowed the generation of active protease that was finally purified by cation exchange chromatography. The system was tested by producing high levels of cytotoxic human Gzm A, B and M and should be capable to produce virtually every enzyme in the human body in high yields.

Aşağıdaki bölümde yöntemi aydınlatmak için bir GzmA hazırlık tam bir dokümantasyon sunacak. Ayrıca başarılı saflaştırma etkinliği ve aktivitesi ile ilgili olarak benzer sonuçlar üreten GzmB ve GzmM saflaştırılmıştır. Ancak, bu daha sonraki hazırlıkları sadece verilerin birkaç seçilmiş parçaları gösterecektir. Mevcut protokolü takip eden 293T hücrelerinden elde GzmB preparatları çeşitli biyolojik deney sistemlerinde 9,29,31-34 etkinliklerini vurgulayarak Yayınlanmış b...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High Yield and Cost-efficient Expression System of Human Granzymes in Mammalian Cells at JoVE.com

A High Yield and Cost-efficient Expression System of Human Granzymes in Mammalian Cells

We describe here a cost-efficient granzyme expression system using HEK293T cells that produces high yields of pure, fully glycosylated and enzymatically active protease.

Memeli hücrelerinde İnsan Granzymes bir Yüksek Verimli ve Maliyet-etkin İfade Sistemi

When cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) or natural killer (NK) cells recognize tumor cells or cells infected with intracellular pathogens, they release their ...

a-high-yield-cost-efficient-expression-system-human-granzymes

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

9.7K Görüntüleme.  Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School. We describe here a cost-efficient granzyme expression system using HEK293T cells that produces high yields of pure, fully glycosylated and enzymatically active protease. 

Video: A High Yield and Cost-efficient Expression System of Human Granzymes in Mammalian Cells

Using the Gene Pulser MXcell Electroporation System to Transfect Primary Cells with High Efficiency

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system and Gene Pulser electroporation buffer (Bio-Rad) were specifically developed to easily transfect nucleic acids into mammalian cells and difficult-to-transfect cells, such as primary and stem cells. We will demonstrate how to perform a simple experiment to quickly identify the best electroporation conditions. We will demonstrate how to run several samples through a range of electroporation conditions so that an experiment can be conducted at the same time as optimization is performed. We will also show how optimal conditions identified using 96-well electroporation plates can be used with standard electroporation cuvettes, facilitating the switch from electroporation plates to electroporation cuvettes while maintaining the same electroporation efficiency. In the video, we will also discuss some of the key factors that can lead to the success or failure of electroporation experiments.

This procedure shows how to use the Gene Pulser MXcell electroporation system to rapidly and easily identify the best electroporation conditions for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or other primary cells. Considerations for troubleshooting are also discussed in the associated video.

Yüksek Verimli Primer Hücre Transfect Gen Verici MXcell Elektroporasyon Sistemi

It is becoming increasingly apparent that electroporation is the most effective way to introduce plasmid DNA or siRNA into primary cells. The Gene Pulser ...

Biyoloji

Using an Automated Cell Counter to Simplify Gene Expression Studies: siRNA Knockdown of IL-4 Dependent Gene Expression in Namalwa Cells

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only to study the effects of downregulating single genes, but also to interrogate signaling pathways and other complex interaction networks.  These pathway analyses require both the use of relevant cellular models and methods that cause less perturbation to the cellular physiology.  Electroporation is increasingly being used as an effective way to introduce siRNA and other nucleic acids into difficult to transfect cell lines and primary cells without altering the signaling pathway under investigation. There are multiple critical steps to a successful siRNA experiment, and there are ways to simplify the work while improving the data quality at several experimental stages.  To help you get started with your siRNA mediated gene knockdown project, we will demonstrate how to perform a pathway study complete from collecting and counting the cells prior to electroporation through post transfection real-time PCR gene expression analysis.  The following study investigates the role of the transcriptional activator STAT6 in IL-4 dependent gene expression of CCL17 in a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Namalwa).  The techniques demonstrated are useful for a wide range of siRNA-based experiments on both adherent and suspension cells.  We will also show how to streamline cell counting with the TC10 automated cell counter, how to electroporate multiple samples simultaneously using the MXcell electroporation system, and how to simultaneously assess RNA quality and quantity with the Experion automated electrophoresis system.

This procedure describes a quick and easy workflow to introduce siRNA into difficult to transfect cell lines and follow gene expression by real-time PCR. Use of an automated cell counter, multi-well electroporation plate, and automated electrophoresis station provide quick and reliable results without the need for expensive robotic handling.

Gen İfadesi Çalışmaları basitleştirin Otomatik Hücre Sayıcı kullanma: Namalwa Hücreler IL-4 Bağımlı Gen İfadesi siRNA demonte

The use of siRNA mediated gene knockdown is continuing to be an important tool in studies of gene expression.  siRNA studies are being conducted not only ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (referred to as GIRK) channels, which are important for regulating the excitability of neurons. There are four different mammalian GIRK channel subunits (GIRK1-GIRK4) - we focus on GIRK2 because it forms a homotetramer. Stimulation of different types of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the muscarinic receptor (M2R), leads to activation of GIRK channels. Alcohol also directly activates GIRK channels. We will show how to mutate one amino acid by specifically changing one or more nucleotides in the cDNA for the GIRK channel. This mutated cDNA sequence will be amplified in bacteria, purified, and the presence of the point mutation will be confirmed by DNA sequencing. The cDNAs for the mutated and wild-type GIRK channels will be transfected into human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells cultured in vitro. Lastly, whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology will be used to study the macroscopic potassium currents through the ectopically expressed wild-type or mutated GIRK channels. In this experiment, we will examine the effect of a L257W mutation in GIRK2 channels on M2R-dependent and alcohol-dependent activation.

We will demonstrate how to study the effect of a single point mutation on the function of an ion channel.

İyon Kanalları ve Fonksiyonel Analiz Mutagenez Heterologously Memeli Hücreleri cinsinden ifade edilir

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Absolute Quantum Yield Measurement of Powder Samples

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and research of illumination, AV equipment, organic EL material, films, filters and fluorescent probes for bio-industry.
Quantum yield is calculated as the ratio of the number of photons absorbed, to the number of photons emitted by a material. The higher the quantum yield, the better the efficiency of the fluorescent material.
For the measurements featured in this video, we will use the Hitachi F-7000 fluorescence spectrophotometer equipped with the Quantum Yield measuring accessory and Report Generator program. All the information provided applies to this system. 
Measurement of quantum yield in powder samples is performed following these steps:
<ol>
 <li>Generation of instrument correction factors for the excitation and emission monochromators. This is an important requirement for the correct measurement of quantum yield. It has been performed in advance for the full measurement range of the instrument and will not be shown in this video due to time limitations.</li>
 <li>Measurement of integrating sphere correction factors. The purpose of this step is to take into consideration reflectivity characteristics of the integrating sphere used for the measurements.</li>
 <li>Reference and Sample measurement using direct excitation and indirect excitation.</li>
 <li>Quantum Yield calculation using Direct and Indirect excitation. Direct excitation is when the sample is facing directly the excitation beam, which would be the normal measurement setup. However, because we use an integrating sphere, a portion of the emitted photons resulting from the sample fluorescence are reflected by the integrating sphere and will re-excite the sample, so we need to take into consideration indirect excitation. This is accomplished by measuring the sample placed in the port facing the emission monochromator, calculating indirect quantum yield and correcting the direct quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Corrected quantum yield calculation.</li>
 <li>Chromaticity coordinates calculation using Report Generator program.</li>
</ol>
The Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measurement System offer advantages for this
application, as follows:
<ul>
 <li>High sensitivity (S/N ratio 800 or better RMS). Signal is the Raman band of water measured under the following conditions: Ex wavelength 350 nm, band pass Ex and Em 5 nm, response 2 sec), noise is measured at the maximum of the Raman peak. High sensitivity allows measurement of samples even with low quantum yield. Using this system we have measured quantum yields as low as 0.1 for a sample of salicylic acid and as high as 0.8 for a sample of magnesium tungstate.</li>
 <li>Highly accurate measurement with a dynamic range of 6 orders of magnitude allows for measurements of both sharp scattering peaks with high intensity, as well as broad fluorescence peaks of low intensity under the same conditions. </li>
 <li>High measuring throughput and reduced light exposure to the sample, due to a high scanning speed of up to 60,000 nm/minute and automatic shutter function. </li>
 <li>Measurement of quantum yield over a wide wavelength range from 240 to 800 nm.</li>
 <li>Accurate quantum yield measurements are the result of collecting instrument spectral response and integrating sphere correction factors before measuring the sample.</li>
 <li>Large selection of calculated parameters provided by dedicated and easy to use software.
</li>
</ul> 
During this video we will measure sodium salicylate in powder form which is known to have a quantum yield value of 0.4 to 0.5.

In this video we will demonstrate measuring and calculating absolute quantum yield and chromaticity coordinates directly in powder samples using the Hitachi F-7000 Quantum Yield Measuring System.

Toz numuneler mutlak Kuantum Verimi Ölçümü

Measurement of fluorescence quantum yield has become an important tool in the search for new solutions in the development, evaluation, quality control and ...

Efficient Derivation of Human Cardiac Precursors and Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based transplantation or by cardiac tissue engineering1-3. Cardiomyocytes become terminally-differentiated soon after birth and lose their ability to proliferate. There is no evidence that stem/progenitor cells derived from other sources, such as the bone marrow or the cord blood, are able to give rise to the contractile heart muscle cells following transplantation into the heart1-3. The need to regenerate or repair the damaged heart muscle has not been met by adult stem cell therapy, either endogenous or via cell delivery1-3. The genetically stable human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have unlimited expansion ability and unrestricted plasticity, proffering a pluripotent reservoir for in vitro derivation of large supplies of human somatic cells that are restricted to the lineage in need of repair and regeneration4,5. Due to the prevalence of cardiovascular disease worldwide and acute shortage of donor organs, there is intense interest in developing hESC-based therapies as an alternative approach. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity6-8 (see a schematic in Fig. 1A). In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic9-11. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules12 (see a schematic in Fig. 1B). After screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered nicotinamide (NAM) sufficient to induce the specification of cardiomesoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to cardioblasts that generated human beating cardiomyocytes with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human cardiac cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of cardioblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human cardiac progenitors and functional cardiomyocytes for cardiovascular repair.

Küçük Molekül İndüksiyon Pluripotent İnsan Embriyonik Kök Hücreleri İnsan Kardiyak Öncüleri ve kardiyomiyositlerde Verimli türetilmesi

To date, the lack of a suitable human cardiac cell source has been the major setback in regenerating the human myocardium, either by cell-based ...

Analysis of Cell Cycle Position in Mammalian Cells

The regulation of cell proliferation is central to tissue morphogenesis during the development of multicellular organisms. Furthermore, loss of control of cell proliferation underlies the pathology of diseases like cancer. As such there is great need to be able to investigate cell proliferation and quantitate the proportion of cells in each phase of the cell cycle. It is also of vital importance to indistinguishably identify cells that are replicating their DNA within a larger population. Since a cell&prime;s decision to proliferate is made in the G1 phase immediately before initiating DNA synthesis and progressing through the rest of the cell cycle, detection of DNA synthesis at this stage allows for an unambiguous determination of the status of growth regulation in cell culture experiments.
DNA content in cells can be readily quantitated by flow cytometry of cells stained with propidium iodide, a fluorescent DNA intercalating dye. Similarly, active DNA synthesis can be quantitated by culturing cells in the presence of radioactive thymidine, harvesting the cells, and measuring the incorporation of radioactivity into an acid insoluble fraction. We have considerable expertise with cell cycle analysis and recommend a different approach. We Investigate cell proliferation using bromodeoxyuridine/fluorodeoxyuridine (abbreviated simply as BrdU) staining that detects the incorporation of these thymine analogs into recently synthesized DNA. Labeling and staining cells with BrdU, combined with total DNA staining by propidium iodide and analysis by flow cytometry1 offers the most accurate measure of cells in the various stages of the cell cycle. It is our preferred method because it combines the detection of active DNA synthesis, through antibody based staining of BrdU, with total DNA content from propidium iodide. This allows for the clear separation of cells in G1 from early S phase, or late S phase from G2/M. Furthermore, this approach can be utilized to investigate the effects of many different cell stimuli and pharmacologic agents on the regulation of progression through these different cell cycle phases.
In this report we describe methods for labeling and staining cultured cells, as well as their analysis by flow cytometry. We also include experimental examples of how this method can be used to measure the effects of growth inhibiting signals from cytokines such as TGF-&beta;1, and proliferative inhibitors such as the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, p27KIP1. We also include an alternate protocol that allows for the analysis of cell cycle position in a sub-population of cells within a larger culture5. In this case, we demonstrate how to detect a cell cycle arrest in cells transfected with the retinoblastoma gene even when greatly outnumbered by untransfected cells in the same culture. These examples illustrate the many ways that DNA staining and flow cytometry can be utilized and adapted to investigate fundamental questions of mammalian cell cycle control.

Determining the cell cycle position of a population of cells, or understanding how signals affect proliferation, can be readily measured by flow cytometry using this protocol. We report a simple experimental approach to staining cells and quantifying their position in the cell cycle.

Memeli Hücreler, Hücre Döngüsü Pozisyon Analizi

The regulation of cell proliferation is central to tissue morphogenesis during the development of multicellular organisms. Furthermore, loss of control of ...

Expression Analysis of Mammalian Linker-histone Subtypes

Linker histone H1 binds to the nucleosome core particle and linker DNA, facilitating folding of chromatin into higher order structure. H1 is essential for mammalian development1 and regulates specific gene expression in vivo2-4. Among the highly conserved histone proteins, the family of H1 linker histones is the most heterogeneous group. There are 11 H1 subtypes in mammals that are differentially regulated during development and in different cell types. These H1 subtypes include 5 somatic H1s (H1a-e), the replacement H10, 4 germ cell specific H1 subtypes, and H1x5. The presence of multiple H1 subtypes that differ in DNA binding affinity and chromatin compaction ability6-9 provides an additional level of modulation of chromatin function. Thus, quantitative expression analysis of individual H1 subtypes, both of mRNA and proteins, is necessary for better understanding of the regulation of higher order chromatin structure and function.
Here we describe a set of assays designed for analyzing the expression levels of individual H1 subtypes (Figure 1). mRNA expression of various H1 variant genes is measured by a set of highly sensitive and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) assays, which are faster, more accurate and require much less samples compared with the alternative approach of Northern blot analysis. Unlike most other cellular mRNA messages, mRNAs for most histone genes, including the majority of H1 genes, lack a long polyA tail, but contain a stem-loop structure at the 3' untranslated region (UTR)10. Therefore, cDNAs are prepared from total RNA by reverse transcription using random primers instead of oligo-dT primers. Realtime PCR assays with primers specific to each H1 subtypes (Table 1) are performed to obtain highly quantitative measurement of mRNA levels of individual H1 subtypes. Expression of housekeeping genes are analyzed as controls for normalization. 
The relative abundance of proteins of each H1 subtype and core histones is obtained through reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis of total histones extracted from mammalian cells11-13. The HPLC method and elution conditions described here give optimum separations of mouse H1 subtypes. By quantifying the HPLC profile, we calculate the relative proportion of individual H1 subtypes within H1 family, as well as determine the H1 to nucleosome ratio in the cells.

We describe a set of assays to analyze expression levels of H1 linker histones. mRNA of individual H1 genes are quantitatively measured by random primer based reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR, whereas protein quantification of H1 histones is achieved by HPLC analysis.

Memeli Linker-histon Alttipleriyle İfadesi Analizi

Linker histone H1 binds to the nucleosome core particle and linker DNA, facilitating folding of chromatin into higher order structure.  H1 is essential ...

Visualization of Endoplasmic Reticulum Localized mRNAs in Mammalian Cells

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, the visualization of these mRNAs can be challenging. This is especially true when only a fraction of the mRNA is ER-associated and their distribution to this organelle is obstructed by non-targeted (i.e. "free") transcripts. In order to monitor ER-associated mRNAs, we have developed a method in which cells are treated with a short exposure to a digitonin extraction solution that selectively permeabilizes the plasma membrane, and thus removes the cytoplasmic contents, while simultaneously maintaining the integrity of the ER. When this method is coupled with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), one can clearly visualize ER-bound mRNAs by fluorescent microscopy. Using this protocol the degree of ER-association for either bulk poly(A) transcripts or specific mRNAs can be assessed and even quantified. In the process, one can use this assay to investigate the nature of mRNA-ER interactions.

Here we describe a method to visualize endoplasmic reticulum-associated mRNAs in mammalian tissue culture cells. This technique involves the selective permeabilization of the plasma membrane with digitonin to remove cytoplasmic contents followed by fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect either bulk poly(A) mRNA or specific transcripts.

Memeli hücrelerinde endoplazmik retikulum lokalize mRNA&#39;ların görselleştirilmesi

In eukaryotes, most of the messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that encode secreted and membrane proteins are localized to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum ...

siRNA Screening to Identify Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like System Regulators of Biological Pathways in Cultured Mammalian Cells

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that regulates diverse biological pathways including the hypoxia response, proteostasis, the DNA damage response and transcription.&#160; To better understand how UBLs regulate pathways relevant to human disease, we have compiled a human siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; library consisting of 1,186 siRNA duplex pools targeting all known and predicted components of UBL system pathways. This library can be screened against a range of cell lines expressing reporters of diverse biological pathways to determine which UBL components act as positive or negative regulators of the pathway in question.&#160; Here, we describe a protocol utilizing this library to identify ubiquitome-regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia using a transcription-based luciferase reporter.&#160; An initial assay development stage is performed to establish suitable screening parameters of the cell line before performing the screen in three stages: primary, secondary and tertiary/deconvolution screening. &#160;The use of targeted over whole genome siRNA libraries is becoming increasingly popular as it offers the advantage of reporting only on members of the pathway with which the investigators are most interested.&#160; Despite inherent limitations of siRNA screening, in particular false-positives caused by siRNA off-target effects, the identification of genuine novel regulators of the pathways in question outweigh these shortcomings, which can be overcome by performing a series of carefully undertaken control experiments.

Here, we describe a methodology to perform a targeted siRNA &#8220;ubiquitome&#8221; screen to identify novel ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like regulators of the HIF1A-mediated cellular response to hypoxia.&#160; This can be adapted to any biological pathway where a robust read out of reporter activity is available.

Kültür Memeli Hücrelerde Biyolojik tanımında ubikitin ve Ubiquitin benzeri Sistemi Regülatörleri tanımak siRNA Eleme

Post-translational modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules (UBLs) is emerging as a dynamic cellular signaling network that ...

Efficient Mammalian Cell Expression and Single-step Purification of Extracellular Glycoproteins for Crystallization

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time and cost efficient protocol for secreted protein expression in mammalian cells and one step purification using nickel affinity chromatography. The system is based on large scale transient transfection of mammalian cells in suspension, which greatly decreases the time to produce protein, as it eliminates steps, such as developing expression viruses or generating stable expressing cell lines. This protocol utilizes cheap transfection agents, which can be easily made by simple chemical modification, or moderately priced transfection agents, which increase yield through increased transfection efficiency and decreased cytotoxicity. Careful monitoring and maintaining of media glucose levels increases protein yield. Controlling the maturation of native glycans at the expression step increases the final yield of properly folded and functional mammalian proteins, which are ideal properties to pursue X-ray crystallography. In some cases, single step purification produces protein of sufficient purity for crystallization, which is demonstrated here as an example case.

This is a quick, cost-efficient protocol for the production of secreted, glycosylated mammalian proteins and subsequent single-step purification with sufficient yields of homogenous protein for X-ray crystallography and other biophysical studies.

Verimli memeli hücre ekspresyon ve Kristalizasyon için hücre dışı Glikoproteinlerin Tek aşamalı saflaştırma

Production of secreted mammalian proteins for structural and biophysical studies can be challenging, time intensive, and costly. Here described is a time ...

Methods Article

Memeli hücrelerinde İnsan Granzymes bir Yüksek Verimli ve Maliyet-etkin İfade Sistemi