Yazarlar Ander Lopez ve Miren Telletxea yardım video kayıt ve düzenleme için kabul. ACR Ikerbasque arkadaş grubu ve bir araştırma projesi Asociación de Celiacos Madrid (ACM) tarafından finanse edilmektedir. JRB proje ISCIII-PI16/00258 tarafından finanse edilen ve Avrupa Birliği ERDF/ESF tarafından "Avrupa nın yolunu" ortak finanse. Bu bir araştırma projesi hibe Bask Sağlık Bakanlığı tarafından 2015111068 finanse edilmektedir. IRG ve AJM HGUGM bursu hibe UPV/EHU ve Bask Department of Education, sırasıyla destekler.

Bu çalışmada Cruces Üniversitesi Hastane etik kurulu tarafından kabul edildi ve aydınlatılmış onam tüm konular ya da aileleri elde sonra analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir.
1. biyopsi koleksiyonu
Not: Biyopsi örnekleri hastaların distal duodenum dan bu aralıktaki arasında 2 ve 10 mg kilo biyopsi yönetme rutin tanı endoskopi sırasında elde edilir. Biyopsi doku, bağışıklık epitel ve endotel hücreleri de dahil olmak üzere farklı hücre türleri oluşan karmaşık bir dokudur. Klinik gastroenterologlar endoskopi gerçekleştirmek aşağıdaki kurulan klinik yönergeleri.
<ol><li>Biyopsi endoskopi sonra steril bir filtre kağıdı yerleştirin.</li>
	<li>Forseps biyopsi 1,5 mL tüpler transfer için PBS ile ıslatın ve bir cryotube koyun kullanın.</li>
	<li>Laboratuarda gelene tüpler buz üzerinde tutun.<ol>
<li>Taze biyopsileri hemen işleme başlayın.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Donmuş biyopsileri, flaş tüpler içeren biyopsi donma ve sıvı azot kadar kullanmak saklarız. Not: Soğuk desteklenmiştir arabellek 1 eklenene kadar donmuş örnek tutmak önemlidir.</li>
</ol>2. arabellek hazırlık
Not: başlamadan önce arabellekleri aşağıdaki gibi ek.
<ol><li>1 mM DTT (son konsantrasyonu) ekleyin ve proteaz ve fosfataz inhibitörü kokteyl (1 son konsantrasyonu x) 1 ve hipertonik hipotonik tampon tampon 2 (Tablo 1).<ol>
<li>Arabellek 1 ve 150 µL arabelleğinin 2 örnek başına 1,5 mL hazırlayın. DTT örnekleri oksidasyonunu engeller.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Çekirdeklerin yıkama arabellek % 1 deterjan (nonil phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) ekleyerek zaten desteklenmiştir arabelleğine %1 0.1 son bir konsantrasyon için hazır olun. 1 mL örnek başına çekirdek yıkama tamponunun hazırlayın.</li>
</ol>3. biyopsi homojenizasyon
<ol><li>
Taze biyopsi
	<ol>
<li>Tek kullanımlık havaneli motorlu Mikser yerleştirin. Havaneli tüp alt ulaştığından emin olmak.</li>
		<li>Biyopsi cryotube çıkar ve bir pipet ucu ile 1,5 mL tüp yerleştirebilirsiniz.</li>
		<li>200 µL desteklenmiştir arabelleği 1 1,5 mL tüp ekleyin.</li>
		<li>Doku tamamen bozulur kadar biyopsi havaneli ile homojenize ve buz üzerinde tutun.</li>
		<li>Bir kez tüm biyopsiler homojenize adım 4 ile devam edin. Not: Tek kullanımlık dibekler biyopsi arasında değiştirilmesi gerekir.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Donmuş biyopsi Dikkat: sıvı azot dikkatle ele; sıvı azot ile cilt veya gözlerle temas ciddi donma yaralanmalara neden olabilir. Eller ve gözler her zaman sıvı azot ile çalışırken korumak.<ol>
<li>Bazı sıvı azot azot tankından alındı cryotubes depolamak için bir kutu almak.</li>
		<li>Biyopsi azot depoda bulun ve sıvı azot ile kutusunda cryotube takın. Biyopsi için bu adımı yineleyin.</li>
		<li>Biyopsi cryotube 1.5 mL tüp aktarın. Not: Biyopsi için dondurulmuş Tüp bağlı olacak. Tüm tüpünden ayırarak biyopsiyi steril pipet ucu ile itmek.</li>
		<li>200 µL desteklenmiştir arabelleği 1 ekleyin.</li>
		<li>Doku havaneli ve harç doku tamamen bozulur kadar kullanarak, tüm prosedürü boyunca 4 ° C sıcaklıkta muhafaza lunaparkçı. Not: arabellek eklemeden önce çözülme biyopsi izin vermeyin.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. sitoplazma yalıtım
<ol><li>10 dakika buzda homojenize biyopsi kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Her örnek % 0.05 son bir konsantrasyon için 10 µL % 1 deterjan (nonil phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) ekleyin. Not: Hücreleri şişmeye ve hafif deterjan hücre zarı bozabilir olacaktır gibi ozmotik lizis tarafından patladı.</li>
	<li>Buz üzerinde 5 dakika kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Kısaca girdap ve 2 min için 4 ˚C'de 400 x g, santrifüj.</li>
	<li>Vortexing sonra süpernatant kaldırmak ve yeni bir temiz 1.5 mL tüp transferi; Bu sitoplazmik kesir olacak. Pelet atmayın.</li>
</ol>5. nükleer yalıtım
<ol><li>Pelet 200 µL çekirdeği yıkama arabelleği ile önceki adımdaki resuspend.</li>
	<li>Tüp 400 x g ve 4 ° c de 2 dk santrifüj kapasitesi</li>
	<li>Süpernatant atın ve iki kez daha çamaşır yordamı yineleyin. Not: Yıkar nükleer kesir sitoplazmik kirlenme kaldırmak olacaktır.</li>
	<li>Sonra üçüncü yıkama, Pelet arabellek 2 100 µL içinde resuspend.</li>
	<li>Örnek 4 ˚C 30 dakika süreyle, alternatif olarak shake şiddetle, örnek buz ve girdap her 5 dk üzerinde kuluçkaya.</li>
	<li>Sallayarak sonra örnek üst hızda 10 dk santrifüj kapasitesi (> 12.000 x g) ve 4 ° c</li>
	<li>Vortexing sonra yeni bir temiz 1.5 süpernatant aktarın. mL tüp. Bu nükleer kesir olacak.</li>
</ol>6. protein miktar
Not: bir bicinchoninic asit (BCA) protein tahlil kiti ile proteinler ölçmek. Kesirler proteinlerin konsantrasyonu 0.5 ve 5 µg/µL, nükleer kesir daha düşük olma arasındaki aralığı olacaktır (bkz. protein konsantrasyonları 2 mg biyopsi sonuç için Tablo 2 ).
<ol><li>Aşağıdaki Sığır serum albumin (BSA) tutarların (µg)12ile standart bir eğri hazırlamak: 0-0.5-1-2-3-4-5-6.</li>
	<li>Son BCA Mix örnek başına 100 µL kullanmak için gerekli reaktifler hazırlayın.</li>
	<li>Her protein fraksiyonu 96 iyi plaka 2 µL pipet, BCA karışımı ekleyin ve okumak için üreticinin yönergelerini izleyin.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Cox, B., Emili, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+subcellular+fractionation+and+protein+extraction+for+use+in+mass-spectrometry-based+proteomics.">Tissue subcellular fractionation and protein extraction for use in mass-spectrometry-based proteomics.</a> Nature Protocols. 1 (4), 1872-1878 (2006).</li><li>Itzhak, D. N., Tyanova, S., Cox, J., Borner, G. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global,+quantitative+and+dynamic+mapping+of+protein+subcellular+localization.">Global, quantitative and dynamic mapping of protein subcellular localization.</a> eLife. 5, (2016).</li><li>Preedy, V. R., Watson, R. R., Ronald, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Methods in disease investigating the gastrointestinal tract. , (1998).</li><li>Alex, P., Gucek, M., Li, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Applications+of+proteomics+in+the+study+of+inflammatory+bowel+diseases:+Current+status+and+future+directions+with+available+technologies.">Applications of proteomics in the study of inflammatory bowel diseases: Current status and future directions with available technologies.</a> Inflammatory bowel diseases. 15 (4), 616-629 (2009).</li><li>Ericsson, C., Franz&#233;n, B., Nist&#233;r, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frozen+tissue+biobanks.+Tissue+handling,+cryopreservation,+extraction,+and+use+for+proteomic+analysis.">Frozen tissue biobanks. Tissue handling, cryopreservation, extraction, and use for proteomic analysis.</a> Acta oncologica (Stockholm, Sweden). 45 (6), 643-661 (2006).</li><li>Hoffmann, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+application+of+a+subcellular+fractionation+method+to+kidney+and+testis+for+the+determination+of+conjugated+linoleic+acid+in+selected+cell+organelles+of+healthy+and+cancerous+human+tissues.">New application of a subcellular fractionation method to kidney and testis for the determination of conjugated linoleic acid in selected cell organelles of healthy and cancerous human tissues.</a> Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 381 (6), 1138-1144 (2005).</li><li>Foster, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mammalian+Organelle+Map+by+Protein+Correlation+Profiling.">A Mammalian Organelle Map by Protein Correlation Profiling.</a> Cell. 125 (1), 187-199 (2006).</li><li>Baghirova, S., Hughes, B. G., Hendzel, M. J., Schulz, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+fractionation+and+isolation+of+subcellular+proteins+from+tissue+or+cultured+cells.">Sequential fractionation and isolation of subcellular proteins from tissue or cultured cells.</a> MethodsX. 2, e440-e445 (2015).</li><li>B&#246;rner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+protein+extraction+from+human+pancreatic+cancer+tissues.">Subcellular protein extraction from human pancreatic cancer tissues.</a> BioTechniques. 46 (4), 297-304 (2009).</li><li>Antalis, T. M., Shea-Donohue, T., Vogel, S. N., Sears, C., Fasano, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+disease:+protease+functions+in+intestinal+mucosal+pathobiology.">Mechanisms of disease: protease functions in intestinal mucosal pathobiology.</a> Nature clinical practice. Gastroenterology. 4 (7), 393-402 (2007).</li><li>Cutler, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Protein purification protocols. , (2004).</li><li>Walker, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bicinchoninic+Acid+(BCA)+Assay+for+Protein+Quantitation.">The Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) Assay for Protein Quantitation.</a> The Protein Protocols Handbook. , 11-14 (1996).</li><li>McLane, L. 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Yazarlar ifşa gerek yok.

Burada açıklanan protokolü bağırsak biyopsisi nükleer ve sitoplazmik ayırma için kullanılır. Saf protein denatüre değil ve sadece Şekil 2 ve 3 ' te ama aynı zamanda immunoprecipitation, elektroforetik hareketlilik üst karakter tahlil (Emsan) gibi yerli katlanmış proteinlerin gerektiren deneyleri içinde gösterildiği gibi Batı leke analiz kullanılabilir veya yerli polyacrylamide jel elektroforez (sayfa).
Açıklanan yöntemi il...

Bir hücre içinde hemen hemen tüm biyolojik fonksiyonları proteinler katılmak ve herhangi bir varyasyon kendi yapısı, miktar veya konumu patojenik bir senaryo için neden olabilir. Doku örneği ayırma yöntemleri çoğu hastalık karmaşıklığını azaltmak için yararlı bir yaklaşım ile ilgili protein analizleri. Bazı çalışmalarda protein yerelleştirme bilgileri kullanın veya belirli bir hücresel bölme bir protein olduğu gibi proteinlerin tekrarlanabilir ayırma için bir protokol biyolojik bazı soruları cevaplamak yararlı bu yüzden zenginleştirmek. Proteinlerin hücre altı yerelleştirme belirleme ve kendi compartmental yeniden dağıtım veya etkileşimler, bazal izleme ve hastalık koşulları hastalığı tanımlamak yardımcı olacak ilgili işlevsel farklılıklar1,2. Bu nedenle, bu yöntem tekrarlanarak bağırsak doku biyopsisi, taze ve donmuş, sitoplazmik ve nükleer hücre altı bölmeleri içine fractionate amaçlamaktadır.
Bağırsak biyopsisi örnekleri rutin olarak endoskopi işlemleri3 sırasında (Şekil 1) elde edilen ve etkin bir şekilde protein miktar veya immunoprecipitation çalışmalar için kullanılabilir. Epitel doku örnekleri bağırsak üzerinden doğrudan hastalık patogenezinde4' te tutulabilir proteinler içerdiğinden, bağırsak biyopsisi bağırsak hastalığa özgü başarılı tanımlanması için çok değerli bir kaynak olduğu proteinler. Saklı donmuş, hasta doku örnekleri klinik bilgilerinin yanı sıra protein analizi için yararlı kaynak vardır ve bir basit ve tekrarlanabilir numune hazırlama sınırlayıcı miktarda kullanarak hücre compartmental bilgileri sağlamak için önemli bir konudur dondurulmuş doku5.
Hücresel kesirler ayrılması için birkaç piyasada kitleri vardır, ama bunlar daha pahalı ve genellikle daha fazla zaman alıcı burada sunulan protokolü daha. Birden fazla adımlı degrade Santrifüjü protokolleri temel ve sürekli degradeler da daha önce farklı dokuların6,7farklı hücresel kompartmanlarda ayırma için kullanılmıştır. Ancak, sürekli degradeler tutarlılığını sağlamak kez zor bir iştir. Membranlar sıralı lizis üzerinde dayalı benzer iletişim kuralları daha önce tarif var ama onlar genellikle ikiden fazla arabellekleri ve gerekir zaman ellerde uzun8 .
Doku örnekleri parçalanması zaman, o doku protein ayıklama için devam zaman kültürlü hücreleri mevcut hem önemli örnekleri mevcut hücre-hücre ve hücre-matris etkileşimleri unutmayın. Hücreleri ve hücre dışı matriks protein kalitesini etkilemeden arasında uygun arıza bağırsak dokusu protein yalıtım9kritik bir etken olacaktır. Bu protokol için hücre-hücre ve hücre-matris kişiler ilk kırık, hücreleri serbest ve tek tek hücreler ulaşmak için tampon izin vardır. Protein-yuvası ayırma önce karıştırma önlemek için kişileri dökümünü hücreleri veya nükleer membran bütünlüğü değiştirmeden bulunması gerekir.
Bağırsak mukoza10çeşitli proteaz zenginleştirme nedeniyle, protein yıkımı ayıklama sırasında kontrol etmek önemlidir. Potansiyel protein yıkımı en aza indirmek için birden çok proteaz inhibitörü protein ayıklama arabellekleri içinde dahil edilmesi gerekir. Ayrıca, özleri fonksiyonel deneyleri için kullanılmak üzere kullanacaksanız, bu protein etkinliği11kaybına neden olur gibi proteinler veya proteolizis denatürasyon önlemek önemlidir. Bu amaçla, protokol 4 ° C'de gerçekleştirilir ve taze phenylmethylsulfonyl florür (PMSF) 0.1 mM daha fazla proteolizis etkisizleştirmek için kullanmak için sadece önceki son bir konsantrasyon, arabellekleri eklenir.
İlk hücre ayırma doku bozulması ve hücre lizis adımıdır. Daha önce de belirtildiği gibi hücreler ve onları en az hasar ile açık kırıldığını disaggregate hedefidir. Bağırsak doku örnekleri homojenize gerekir ve hücreleri hücre zarı maksimum kırılma elde etmek için lysed. Bu protokol için saniye içinde yüksek hızlı vortexing eylem yoluyla homojenize bağırsak dokusu kırmak için bir motorlu havaneli karıştırıcı kullanın. Homojenizasyon sonra doku hücreleri hücre zarı patlama olacak ama çekirdeklerin olduğu gibi bir sigara denaturing deterjan (nonil phenoxypolyethoxylethanol) ve çekirdekleri ayırmak için kısa bir girdap eklenmesi tarafından takip devam edecek hipotonik, arabellek içinde inkübe sitoplazmik kesir. Sitoplazma kaldırıldıktan sonra sallayarak ile hipertonik bir arabellek içine hücre çekirdek zarı patladı.
Burada sunulan yöntemi endoskopik yordamlar ve Aralık içinde ağırlık 2 ve 10 mg arasında sırasında elde edilen taze ve donmuş bağırsak biyopsisi hücre altı ayırma için uygun bir yöntemdir. İletişim kuralı kolay ve tekrarlanabilir ve temel laboratuvar donatım ve bir saat içinde reaktifler kullanarak gerçekleştirilebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:657px;" width="658">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H4034-1kg</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P9333-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E9884-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5588886-1kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">DTT</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10197777001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">PMSF</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">36978</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Proteinase and phosphatase inhibitors</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A32959</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">NP-40&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CA-630</td>
			<td>Detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">BCA assay</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23227</td>
			<td>Protein quantification kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Disposable plastic pestles</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z359947-100EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Dounce homogeneizer</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">431-0100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5415-R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:244px;">Shacker</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">IKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MS3 basic</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

subcellular fractionation from fresh and frozen gastrointestinal specimens

Bu iletişim kuralının amacı insan bağırsak dokusu tarafından endoskopi yerelleştirme analizi için nükleer ve sitoplazmik bölmeleri spesifik proteinlerin veya protein kompleksleri (Yani, sağlıklı farklı doku Birleşik Devletleri içine elde edilen fractionate etmektir hastalığı) vs . Bu yöntem her iki taze ve donmuş bağırsak doku örneği ayırma için yararlıdır; Tüm laboratuarlar için kolayca erişilebilir ve zaman alıcı.

Şekil 1 bir hematoksilen eozin boyama sağlam villus ve mezar yapıları ile bir bağırsak biyopsisi bölümünün gösterir.
Bu iletişim kuralını kullanan nükleer ve sitoplazmik ayırma temsilcisi sonuçları rakamlar 2 ve 3' te gösterilmiştir. Şekil 2, bir taze (Fh) ve dondurulmuş (Fz) gösterilen deneyinde biyopsi aynı and...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subcellular Fractionation from Fresh and Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens at JoVE.com

Subcellular Fractionation from Fresh and Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens

Burada, insan taze ve donmuş bağırsak biyopsisi sitoplazmik ve nükleer proteinlerin hücre altı ayrılması için basit bir hücresel ayırma gerçekleştirmek için bir iletişim kuralı mevcut.

Taze ve donmuş Gastrointestinal örnekleri üzerinden hücre altı ayırma

The purpose of this protocol is to fractionate human intestinal tissue obtained by endoscopy into nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments for the ...

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Unit 1

An Overview of the Gastrointestinal System: Anatomy, Physiology, and Assessment

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9.6K Görüntüleme.  University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Biocruces Health Research Institute. Burada, insan taze ve donmuş bağırsak biyopsisi sitoplazmik ve nükleer proteinlerin hücre altı ayrılması için basit bir hücresel ayırma gerçekleştirmek için bir iletişim kuralı mevcut.

Video: Subcellular Fractionation from Fresh and Frozen Gastrointestinal Specimens

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for rapid culture-independent detection of Salmonella spp. Cell-charged tapes can also be placed face-down on selective agar for solid-phase enrichment prior to detection. Alternatively, low-volume liquid enrichments (liquid surface miniculture) can be performed on the surface of the tape in non-selective broth, followed by FISH and analysis via flow cytometry. To begin, sterile adhesive tape is brought into contact with fresh produce, gentle pressure is applied, and the tape is removed, physically extracting microbes present on these surfaces. Tapes are mounted sticky-side up onto glass microscope slides and the sampled cells are fixed with 10% formalin (30 min) and dehydrated using a graded ethanol series (50, 80, and 95%; 3 min each concentration). Next, cell-charged tapes are spotted with buffer containing a Salmonella-targeted DNA probe cocktail and hybridized for 15 - 30 min at 55&deg;C, followed by a brief rinse in a washing buffer to remove unbound probe. Adherent, FISH-labeled cells are then counterstained with the DNA dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and results are viewed using fluorescence microscopy. For solid-phase enrichment, cell-charged tapes are placed face-down on a suitable selective agar surface and incubated to allow in situ growth of Salmonella microcolonies, followed by FISH and microscopy as described above. For liquid surface miniculture, cell-charged tapes are placed sticky side up and a silicone perfusion chamber is applied so that the tape and microscope slide form the bottom of a water-tight chamber into which a small volume (&le; 500 &mu;L) of Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB) is introduced. The inlet ports are sealed and the chambers are incubated at 35 - 37&deg;C, allowing growth-based amplification of tape-extracted microbes. Following incubation, inlet ports are unsealed, cells are detached and mixed with vigorous back and forth pipetting, harvested via centrifugation and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. Finally, samples are hybridized and examined via flow cytometry to reveal the presence of Salmonella spp. As described here, our "tape-FISH" approach can provide simple and rapid sampling and detection of Salmonella on tomato surfaces. We have also used this approach for sampling other types of fresh produce, including spinach and jalape&ntilde;o peppers.

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce

This protocol describes a simple adhesive-tape-based approach for sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by rapid whole cell detection of Salmonella using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Yapışkan bant tabanlı Örnekleme ve Floresans kombinasyonu In situ</emHızlı Algılama> Hibridizasyon Salmonella Taze üretin

This protocol describes a simple approach for adhesive-tape-based sampling of tomato and other fresh produce surfaces, followed by on-tape fluorescence in ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Competitive Homing Assays to Study Gut-tropic T Cell Migration

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and tissue extravasation is a multistep process controlled by different adhesion molecules (homing receptors) expressed on lymphocytes and their respective ligands (addressins) displayed on endothelial cells 1 2. Even though the function of these adhesion receptors can be partially studied ex vivo, the ultimate test for their physiological relevance is to assess their role during in vivo lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Two complementary strategies have been used for this purpose: intravital microscopy (IVM) and homing experiments. Although IVM has been essential to define the precise contribution of specific adhesion receptors during the adhesion cascade in real time and in different tissues, IVM is time consuming and labor intensive, it often requires the development of sophisticated surgical techniques, it needs prior isolation of homogeneous cell populations and it permits the analysis of only one tissue/organ at any given time. By contrast, competitive homing experiments allow the direct and simultaneous comparison in the migration of two (or even more) cell subsets in the same mouse and they also permit the analysis of many tissues and of a high number of cells in the same experiment.
Here we describe the classical competitive homing protocol used to determine the advantage/disadvantage of a given cell type to home to specific tissues as compared to a control cell population. We chose to illustrate the migratory properties of gut-tropic versus non gut-tropic T cells, because the intestinal mucosa is the largest body surface in contact with the external environment and it is also the extra-lymphoid tissue with the best-defined migratory requirements. Moreover, recent work has determined that the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) is the main molecular mechanism responsible for inducing gut-specific adhesion receptors (integrin a4b7and chemokine receptor CCR9) on lymphocytes. Thus, we can readily generate large numbers of gut-tropic and non gut-tropic lymphocytes ex vivoby activating T cells in the presence or absence of RA, respectively, which can be finally used in the competitive homing experiments described here.

Competitive homing experiments allow to directly assessing the migratory properties of two different cell populations in a single mouse. Here we illustrate this procedure by comparing the migration of ex vivo-generated gut-tropic versus non-gut tropic T cells.

Gut-tropik T Hücre Göç Eğitim Rekabetçi Homing Tahliller

In order to exert their function lymphocytes need to leave the blood and migrate into different tissues in the body. Lymphocyte adhesion to endothelial ...

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with leukemia, severe burn wounds, or organ transplants1. In patients at high-risk for developing PA bloodstream infections, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the main reservoir for colonization2, but the mechanisms by which PA transitions from an asymptomatic colonizing microbe to an invasive, and often deadly, pathogen are unclear. Previously, we performed in vivo transcription profiling experiments by recovering PA mRNA from bacterial cells residing in the cecums of colonized mice 3 in order to identify changes in bacterial gene expression during alterations to the host&#x2019;s immune status.
As with any transcription profiling experiment, the rate-limiting step is in the isolation of sufficient amounts of high quality mRNA. Given the abundance of enzymes, debris, food residues, and particulate matter in the GI tract, the challenge of RNA isolation is daunting. Here, we present a method for reliable and reproducible isolation of bacterial RNA recovered from the murine GI tract. This method utilizes a well-established murine model of PA GI colonization and neutropenia-induced dissemination4. Once GI colonization with PA is confirmed, mice are euthanized and cecal contents are recovered and flash frozen. RNA is then extracted using a combination of mechanical disruption, boiling, phenol/chloroform extractions, DNase treatment, and affinity chromatography. Quantity and purity are confirmed by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop Technologies) and bioanalyzer (Agilent Technologies) (Fig 1). This method of GI microbial RNA isolation can easily be adapted to other bacteria and fungi as well.

RNA Isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Colonizing the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract

A reliable method for the RNA isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from murine cecums is described. The RNA recovered is of sufficient quantity and quality for subsequent qPCR, transcription profiling, and RNA Seq experiments. This technique can be adapted for RNA isolation of other intestinal microbes.

RNA İzolasyonu Pseudomonas aeruginosa Murin Gastrointestinal Yolu koloniler

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) infections result in significant morbidity and mortality in hosts with compromised immune systems, such as patients with ...

Optimized Protocols for Mycobacterium leprae Strain Management: Frozen Stock Preservation and Maintenance in Athymic Nude Mice

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is an important infectious disease that is still endemic in many countries around the world, including Brazil. There are currently no known methods for growing M. leprae in vitro, presenting a major obstacle in the study of this pathogen in the laboratory. Therefore, the maintenance and growth of M. leprae strains are preferably performed in athymic nude mice (NU-Foxn1nu). The laboratory conditions for using mice are readily available, easy to perform, and allow standardization and development of protocols for achieving reproducible results. In the present report, we describe a simple protocol for purification of bacilli from nude mouse footpads using trypsin, which yields a suspension with minimum cell debris and with high bacterial viability index, as determined by fluorescent microscopy. A modification to the standard method for bacillary counting by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and light microscopy is also demonstrated. Additionally, we describe a protocol for freezing and thawing bacillary stocks as an alternative protocol for maintenance and storage of M. leprae strains.

Optimized Protocols for Mycobacterium leprae Strain Management: Frozen Stock Preservation and Maintenance in Athymic Nude Mice

Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, does not grow in vitro. We describe an easy to follow protocol to prepare a bacillary suspension to ensure the maintenance of large quantities of M. leprae for a variety of applications. Protocols for propagation by mouse footpad inoculation, evaluation of viability, freezing and thawing bacillary stock are described in detail.

Için optimize Protokoller<em&gt; Mycobacterium leprae</em&gt; Gerilme Yönetimi: Atimik Çıplak Farelerde Dondurulmuş Hazır Koruma ve Bakım

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae, is an important infectious disease that is still endemic in many countries around the world, including Brazil. ...

A Simple and Rapid Protocol to Non-enzymatically Dissociate Fresh Human Tissues for the Analysis of Infiltrating Lymphocytes

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted as an important hallmark of cancer. Our research on breast cancer focuses on the active role that tumor infiltrating lymphocytes play in tumor progression and patient outcome. Toward this goal, we developed a methodology for the rapid isolation of intact lymphoid cells from normal and abnormal tissues in an effort to evaluate them proximate to their native state. Homogenates prepared using a mechanical dissociator show both increased viability and cell recovery while preserving surface receptor expression compared to enzyme-digested tissues. Furthermore, enzymatic digestion of the remaining insoluble material did not recover additional CD45+ cells indicating that quantitative and qualitative measurements in the primary homogenate likely genuinely reflect infiltrating subpopulations in the tissue fragment. The lymphoid cells in these homogenates can be easily characterized using immunological (phenotype, proliferation, etc.) or molecular (DNA, RNA and/or protein) approaches. CD45+ cells can also be used for subpopulation purification, in vitro expansion or cryopreservation. An additional benefit of this approach is that the primary tissue supernatant from the homogenates can be used to characterize and compare cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins and antigens present in normal and malignant tissues. This protocol functions extremely well for human breast tissues and should be applicable to a wide variety of normal and abnormal tissues.

This protocol describes the rapid non-enzymatic dissociation of fresh human tissue fragments for qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD45+ cells (lymphocytes/leukocytes) present in various normal and malignant human tissues. Additionally, the supernatant obtained from the primary tissue homogenate can be collected and stored for further analysis or experimentation.

İnfiltratif Lenfositlerinin Analiz Olmayan enzimatik ayırmak Taze İnsan Dokusuna Basit ve Hızlı Protokolü

The ability of malignant cells to evade the immune system, characterized by tumor escape from both innate and adaptive immune responses, is now accepted ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Efektör CD4 Evlatlık transferi ile Kemirgen Bağırsak Enflamasyon indüksiyonu<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Yüksek</sup&gt; Bağışık yetmezliği olan farelere içine T Hücreleri

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Transformation of Probiotic Yeast and Their Recovery from Gastrointestinal Immune Tissues Following Oral Gavage in Mice

Development of recombinant oral therapy would allow for more direct targeting of the mucosal immune system and improve the ability to combat gastrointestinal disorders. Adapting probiotic yeast in particular for this approach carries several advantages. These strains have not only the potential to synthesize a wide variety of complex heterologous proteins but are also capable of surviving and protecting those proteins during transit through the intestine. Critically, however, this approach requires expertise in many diverse laboratory techniques not typically used in tandem. Furthermore, although individual protocols for yeast transformation are well characterized for commonly used laboratory strains, emphasis is placed here on alternative approaches and the importance of optimizing transformation for less well characterized probiotic strains. Detailing these methods will help facilitate discussion as to the best approaches for testing probiotic yeast as oral drug delivery vehicles and indeed serve to advance the development of this novel strategy for gastrointestinal therapy.

Presented here is a unified description of techniques that can be used to develop, transform, administer, and test heterologous protein expression of the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii.

Farelerde oral sonda ardından Probiyotik Maya Dönüşümü ve Gastrointestinal Bağışıklık Dokular Onların Kurtarma

Development of recombinant oral therapy would allow for more direct targeting of the mucosal immune system and improve the ability to combat ...

High-throughput Detection of Respiratory Pathogens in Animal Specimens by Nanoscale PCR

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of combining reactions together. We designed and evaluated a panel based on this principle to rapidly identify the presence of common disease agents in dogs and horses with acute respiratory illness. This manuscript describes a nanoscale diagnostic PCR workflow for sample preparation, amplification, and analysis of target pathogen sequences, focusing on procedures that are different from microliter scale reactions. In the respiratory panel presented, 18 assays were each set up in triplicate, accommodating up to 48 samples per plate. A universal extraction and pre-amplification workflow was optimized for high-throughput sample preparation to accommodate multiple matrices and DNA and RNA based pathogens. Representative data are presented for one RNA target (influenza A matrix) and one DNA target (equine herpesvirus 1). The ability to quickly and accurately test for a comprehensive, syndrome-based group of pathogens is a valuable tool for improving efficiency and ergonomics of diagnostic testing and for acute respiratory disease diagnosis and management.

High-throughput testing of DNA and RNA based pathogens by nanoscale PCR is described using a syndromic canine and equine respiratory PCR panel.

Nano PCR ile Hayvan Örnekler Solunum Patojenler yüksek verimlilik Algılama

Nanoliter scale real-time PCR uses spatial multiplexing to allow multiple assays to be run in parallel on a single plate without the typical drawbacks of ...

Live-Cell Fluorescence Microscopy to Investigate Subcellular Protein Localization and Cell Morphology Changes in Bacteria

Investigations of factors influencing cell division and cell shape in bacteria are commonly performed in conjunction with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy as observations made at a population level may not truly reflect what occurs at a single cell level. Live-cell timelapse microscopy allows investigators to monitor the changes in cell division or cell morphology which provide valuable insights regarding subcellular localization of proteins and timing of gene expression, as it happens, to potentially aid in answering important biological questions. Here, we describe our protocol to monitor phenotypic changes in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus using a high-resolution deconvolution microscope. The objective of this report is to provide a simple and clear protocol that can be adopted by other investigators interested in conducting fluorescence microscopy experiments to study different biological processes in bacteria as well as other organisms.

This article provides a step-by-step guide to investigate protein subcellular localization dynamics and to monitor morphological changes using high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus.

Bakterilerde Hücre Altı Protein Lokalizasyonu ve Hücre Morfolojisi Değişikliklerini Araştırmak Için Canlı Hücre Floresan Mikroskobu

Investigations of factors influencing cell division and cell shape in bacteria are commonly performed in conjunction with high-resolution fluorescence ...

Isolation of Macrophage Subsets and Stromal Cells from Human and Mouse Myocardial Specimens

Macrophages represent the most heterogeneous and abundant immune cell populations in the heart and are central in driving inflammation and reparative responses after cardiac injury. How various subsets of macrophages orchestrate the immune responses after cardiac injury is an active area of research. Presented here is a simple protocol that our lab performs routinely, for the extraction of macrophages from mouse and human myocardium specimens obtained from healthy and diseased individuals. Briefly, this protocol involves enzymatic digestion of cardiac tissue to generate a single cell suspension, followed by antibody staining, and flow cytometry. This technique is suitable for functional assays performed on sorted cells as well as bulk and single cell RNA sequencing. A major advantage of this protocol is its simplicity, minimal day to day variation and wide applicability allowing investigation of macrophage heterogeneity across various mouse models and human disease entities.

Presented here is a protocol to isolate various subsets of macrophages and other non-immune cells from human and mouse myocardium by preparing a single cell suspension through enzymatic digestion. Gating schemes for flow cytometry based identification and characterization of isolated macrophages are also presented.

Makrofaj Alt Kümelerinin ve Stromal Hücrelerinin İnsan ve Fare Miyokardiyal Örneklerden İzolasyon

Macrophages represent the most heterogeneous and abundant immune cell populations in the heart and are central in driving inflammation and reparative ...