We thank Lesley McCollum, PhD, from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (www.liwenbianji.cn), for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

The experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at Yantai University (No. YTDX20220425). The procedures followed the National Institutes of Health Guidelines for the Use of Laboratory Animals.
1. Animals
<ol>
	<li>Use ICR female mice weighing 20-25 g for the experiments.</li>
	<li>Allow the animals to acclimate to the environment of the experimental room for 3 days before starting the experiments.</li>
	<li>Maintain the experimental ...

Dual Hind Paw Injection for Enhanced Analgesic Testing

<ol>
	<li>Deuis, J. R., Dvorakova, L. S., Vetter, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methods+used+to+evaluate+pain+behaviors+in+rodents.">Methods used to evaluate pain behaviors in rodents.</a> Front Mol Neurosci. 10, 284 (2017).</li><li>Men&#233;ndez, L., Lastra, A., Hidalgo, A., Baamonde, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unilateral+hot+plate+test:+a+simple+and+sensitive+method+for+detecting+central+and+peripheral+hyperalgesia+in+mice.">Unilateral hot plate test: a simple and sensitive method for detecting central and peripheral hyperalgesia in mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 113 (1), 91-97 (2002).</li><li>Li, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rotigotine-loaded+microspheres+exerts+the+antinociceptive+effect+via+central+dopaminergic+system.">Rotigotine-loaded microspheres exerts the antinociceptive effect via central dopaminergic system.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 910, 174443 (2021).</li><li>Kambur, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitors+of+catechol-+O+-methyltransferase+sensitize+mice+to+pain.">Inhibitors of catechol- O -methyltransferase sensitize mice to pain.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 161 (7), 1553-1565 (2010).</li><li>Micheli, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+Posidonia+oceanica+extract+against+inflammatory+pain:+In+vivo+studies+in+mice.">Efficacy of Posidonia oceanica extract against inflammatory pain: In vivo studies in mice.</a> Mar Drugs. 19 (2), 48 (2021).</li><li>McCarson, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+inflammation:+Carrageenan-+or+complete+Freund's+adjuvant+(CFA)-induced+edema+and+hypersensitivity+in+the+rat.">Models of inflammation: Carrageenan- or complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced edema and hypersensitivity in the rat.</a> Curr Protoc Pharmacol. 70, 5.4.1-5.4.9 (2015).</li><li>Fehrenbacher, J. C., Vasko, M. R., Duarte, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+Inflammation:+Carrageenan-+or+Complete+Freund's+Adjuvant+(CFA)-Induced+Edema+and+Hypersensitivity+in+the+Rat.">Models of Inflammation: Carrageenan- or Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-Induced Edema and Hypersensitivity in the Rat.</a> Curr Protoc Pharmacol. Chapter 5 (Unit 5.4), (2012).</li><li>Asl, M. K., Nazariborun, A., Hosseini, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analgesic+effect+of+the+aqueous+and+ethanolic+extracts+of+clove.">Analgesic effect of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of clove.</a> Avicenna J Phytomed. 3 (2), 186-912 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analgesic+effects+of+glycoproteins+from+Panax+ginseng+root+in+mice.">Analgesic effects of glycoproteins from Panax ginseng root in mice.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 148 (3), 946-950 (2013).</li><li>Zia, F. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+psychedelic+medicines+the+reset+for+chronic+pain?+Preliminary+findings+and+research+needs.">Are psychedelic medicines the reset for chronic pain? Preliminary findings and research needs.</a> Neuropharmacology. 233, 109528 (2023).</li><li>Sa&#322;at, K., Furga&#322;a, A., Sa&#322;at, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+cebranopadol,+a+dually+acting+nociceptin/orphanin+FQ+and+opioid+receptor+agonist+in+mouse+models+of+acute,+tonic,+and+chemotherapy-induced+neuropathic+pain.">Evaluation of cebranopadol, a dually acting nociceptin/orphanin FQ and opioid receptor agonist in mouse models of acute, tonic, and chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain.</a> Inflammopharmacology. 26 (2), 361-374 (2018).</li><li>Wang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-inflammatory+and+analgesic+actions+of+bufotenine+through+inhibiting+lipid+metabolism+pathway.">Anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of bufotenine through inhibiting lipid metabolism pathway.</a> Biomed Pharmacother. 140, 111749 (2021).</li><li>Gong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antinociceptive+and+anti-inflammatory+potentials+of+Akebia+saponin+D.">Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory potentials of Akebia saponin D.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 845, 85-90 (2019).</li><li>Deng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+analgesic+activities+of+aconitine+in+different+mice+pain+models.">Comparison of analgesic activities of aconitine in different mice pain models.</a> PloS One. 16 (4), e0249276 (2021).</li><li>Penn, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potentiation+of+morphine+analgesic+action+in+mice+by+beta-carotene.">Potentiation of morphine analgesic action in mice by beta-carotene.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 284 (1-2), 191-193 (1995).</li><li>Akkol, E. K., G&#252;ven&#231;, A., Yesilada, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+study+on+the+antinociceptive+and+anti-inflammatory+activities+of+five+Juniperus+taxa.">A comparative study on the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of five Juniperus taxa.</a> J Ethnopharmacol. 125 (2), 330-336 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors do not have any potential conflicting interests to disclose.

Pain is a protective response triggered by tissue damage or injury. However, it also has a negative impact on quality of life10. Therefore, the development of effective analgesics and exploration of pain mechanisms remain active areas of research. The methods for evaluating pain play a key role in the development of analgesic drugs. Single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan is a classic method for the hot plate test. The modified model induced by both-hind-paw injection of carrageenan we present he...

Pain is a public health problem worldwide. It is triggered by noxious thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimulation. It is difficult to perform pain studies in humans because of ethical concerns. Therefore, using animal pain models is a key approach to understanding pain mechanisms and research treatments1. The hot plate test has been widely used for the assessment of thermal nociception and hyperalgesia2. Currently, the model of inflammatory pain used for the hot plate test is induced with an intraplantar injection of carrageenan in one hind paw. For example, to investigate the antinociceptive effect of rotigotine-loaded microspheres, an animal model of inflammatory pain was prepared by a single-hind-paw injection3. To assess the effects of catechol-o-methyl-transferase inhibitors on thermal nociception in mice, carrageenan was administered into the plantar region of the right hind paw4. To investigate the analgesic role of the extract of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile, an inflammatory pain model was prepared in mice by intraplantar injection of carrageenan in the right hind paw5. However, the findings from our laboratory showed that a mouse with the single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan would lift its paw to avoid thermal nociception, which inaccurately extends the animal's response to a thermal stimulus in the hot plate test. Thus, we hypothesized that the inflammatory pain model with the single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan could not accurately reflect the thermal pain threshold. Therefore, we optimized the method by injecting carrageenan into both hind paws to establish a modified inflammatory pain model. 
The mice subjected to both-hind-paw injection of carrageenan had no way to avoid the thermal stimulus for both hind paws at the same time. The pain threshold was defined as the time from placing the mouse on the hot plate to the mouse licking either hind paw. The results confirmed that the modified inflammatory pain model is more suitable for evaluating the nociceptive temperature threshold. This may improve the efficacy of the hot plate test for the research and development of analgesic drugs.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AL204 electronic balance</td>
			<td>Yuheng Battery Co., Ltd&#160;</td>
			<td>YH-400A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carboxymethylcellulose</td>
			<td>Tianjin Chemical Co., Ltd&#160;</td>
			<td>20210326</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carrageenan</td>
			<td>Sigma, MO, USA</td>
			<td>29H0715</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Celecoxib</td>
			<td>Pfizer Inc.</td>
			<td>8142838</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot plate&#160;</td>
			<td>UGO Ltd. Co., Italy</td>
			<td>PB-200&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICR female mice</td>
			<td>Jinan Pengyue&#160; Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>SCXK20220007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal saline</td>
			<td>Kelun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd&#160;</td>
			<td>H51021157</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified inflammatory pain model to study the analgesic effect in mice

The hot plate test is widely used to evaluate analgesic effects on inflammatory pain in mice. A commonly used model of inflammatory pain was induced with an intraplantar injection of carrageenan in one hind paw. However, the findings from our laboratory showed that mice with a single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan lifted their paws to avoid thermal nociception during the hot plate test. Because of this response,&#160;previous injection method cannot accurately reflect the thermal pain threshold. Thus, we investigated a new method to avoid this issue. In the present study, we modified the previous method by injecting carrageenan into both hind paws to establish the model of inflammatory pain. The results demonstrated that both-hind-paw injection with carrageenan was sensitive and a better method to induce inflammatory pain when using the hot plate test than single-hind-paw injection. On the basis of these findings, we designed further experiments in which mice with either both-hind-paw or single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan were treated intragastrically with celecoxib (30 mg/kg). The results of the hot plate test showed that celecoxib augmented the thermal pain threshold in mice with both-hind-paw injection of carrageenan but not in mice with single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan. In summary, we developed a superior method to induce a model of inflammatory pain to evaluate analgesic effect.

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Method for Evaluating Analgesic Effects &#8212; Dual Hind Paw Carrageenan Injection in Mice

A Modified Inflammatory Pain Model to Study the Analgesic Effect in Mice

Pain has a negative impact on quality of life. The method for evaluating pain plays a key role in developing analgesic drugs. The present study tried to provide a reliable and superior method to evaluate analgesic effects.The hot plate test is widely used to evaluate analgesic effects on inflammatory pain in mice. A commonly used method of inflammatory pain was induced with an intraplantar injection of carrageenin in one hind paw. We found that mice with a single hind paw carrageenin injection lifted their paws to avoid the during the hot plate test.Because of this response, the injection method cannot accurately the mouse's pain threshold. Thus, we modified the previous method by injecting carrageenin into both hind paws to establish the model of inflammatory pain. The results demonstrated that both hind paw injection with carrageenin are sensitive, and the better method to induce inflammatory pain when used in the hot plate test than single hind paw injection.In summary, we developed a superior method to induce a model inflammatory pain to evaluate analgesic effects. The present experiment used only ICR mice. To test the purposes in the future study, we will investigate whether this modified method accurately and consequently detects the pain associated in the other mouse's stress.

The pain threshold in inflammatory pain models 
The pain threshold of the inflammatory pain model with single-hind-paw injection of carrageenan was 32.23 &#177; 11.11&#160;s, whereas the pain threshold of the control group was 27.73 &#177; 7.08&#160;s. Compared with the control group, the pain threshold of the single-hind-paw injection model did not show a significant reduction (p &#62; 0.05, Figure 1A). The pain threshold of the inflammatory pain model with both-hind-p...

Here, we present a modified inflammatory pain model with the both-hind-paw carrageenan injection to evaluate the analgesic effect.

The hot plate test is widely used to evaluate analgesic effects on inflammatory pain in mice. A commonly used model of inflammatory pain was induced with ...

a-modified-inflammatory-pain-model-to-study-analgesic-effect

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

336 Görüntüleme.  Yantai University. Ağrının yaşam kalitesi üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi vardır. Ağrıyı değerlendirme yöntemi, analjezik ilaçların geliştirilmesinde anahtar rol oynar. Bu çalışmada analjezik etkilerin değerlendirilmesinde güvenilir ve üstün bir yöntem sunulmaya çalışılmıştır.Sıcak plaka testi, farelerde inflamatuar ağrı üzerindeki analjezik etkileri değerlendirmek için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Yaygın olarak kullanılan bir infla...