The authors wish to recognize the technical assistance of Michelle Banes as well as Dr. Petrie-Hanson, Dr. Eels and Timothy Brown for their assistance developing and performing the immunohistochemistry. This project was funded by USDA CRIS project #MISV-0801310 and by the Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine.

1. Bacterial challenge
<ol>
<li>Grow bacteria overnight at 30&deg;C in shaking Brain Heart Infusion broth.</li> 
<li>Stop water circulation in the fish tanks and add broth in concentration of 1 in 100 (10 ml per liter, for example).</li> 
<li>After one hour incubation, restart water circulation in the tanks to flush out the remaining bacteria.</li> 
</ol>
2. Sampling
<ol>
<li>Sampling times and organs depends of the objective of the study but in our study, we used the following sampling points: 1, 6, 16, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 96, 110, 125 and 175 hours post-infection.</li> 
<li>At each time points, euthanize six fish by immersion in water containing MS222 and sample the following organs (selection of the organs sampled was based on what is known of the infection process): gills, posterior muscles along the lateral line, intestine, spleen, liver, stomach, heart, head kidney, and trunk kidney.</li>
<li>Upon sampling, immediately load the organs in histological cassettes and immerse them for two hours in 1% formalin.</li> 
<li>After two hours fixation, transfer the cassettes from formalin to 50% ethanol where they remain until embedding.</li>
<li>Paraffin embed organs overnight using a tissue-Tek VIP 3000 tissue processor (Sakura Tek, Torrance, California) and section at 5&mu;m using a Leica RM2255 microtone (Leica Microsystems, Bannockburn, Illinois).
</li>
</ol>
3. Dewaxing sections
<ol>
<li>Immerse the sections in a staining trough filled with clear-rite for approximately 5 minutes to allow for all the wax to dissolve. Lift the rack and drain off excess wax solvent.</li> 
<li>Immerse the sections in a second container of clear-rite for 5 minutes. After a few uses, replace the solvent in the first container and alternate between the first and second containers.</li>
<li>Immerse the sections in 100% alcohol to remove the wax solvent.</li> 
<li>Immerse the sections in a second trough of 100% alcohol.</li>
<li>Immerse the sections in a trough of 70% alcohol.</li> 
<li>Immerse the sections in running tap water to remove all traces of alcohol.</li> 
</ol>
4. Buffer preparation
<ol>
<li>Prepare phosphate buffered saline by dissolving 8.0 g NaCl, 0.2 g KCl, 1.15 g Na2HPO4 and 0.2 g KH2PO4 into 1 liter of distilled water and pH to 7.4.</li>
<li>Dilute PBS to 0.9X by adding 900 ml of PBS to 100 ml of distilled water.</li>
<li>Prepare blocking serum by adding 2 ml mouse serum; 200 &mu;l Triton-X 100 and 500 &mu;l BSA to 50 ml of 0.9X PBS.</li>
<li>Prepare 50 mM Bicarbonate Buffered Saline is prepared by dissolving 2.1 g NaHCO3 and 4 g NaCl in 500 ml distilled H2O and titrated to pH 8.2.</li> 
</ol>
5. Immunhistochemistry
<ol>
<li>Rehydrate sections by immersion in 0.9X PBS.</li> 
<li>Incubate the slides for 30 minutes in blocking serum.</li>
<li>Incubate sections in Ed9 (diluted 1 in 100 in the blocking serum) for two hours in an opaque moist chamber at room temperature.</li> 
<li>Rinse sections 4 times in PBS for 10 minutes each.</li>
<li>Incubate sections for two hours in 50 &mu;l of the secondary antibody (goat anti mouse FitC labeled antibodies; diluted 500 times in blocking serum) in an opaque moist chamber at room temperature.</li>
<li>Rinse sections 3 times in Bicarbonate buffered saline.</li> 
<li>Rinse sections briefly in deionized water.</li> 
</ol>
6. Mounting
<ol>
<li>Leave the slides to dry in darkness for a few minutes.</li>
<li>Mounting is performed using permafluor.</li> 
<li>Leave the mounting medium to dry, preferentially overnight, in a dark cool environment.</li>
</ol>
7. Microscope
<ol>
<li>Histological sections are ready to observe under a fluorescent microscope. In our experiment, we used an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with a triple (FitC; MCA Texas-Red) filter. The Picture Frame software (MicroFire, Goleta, California) was used.</li>
</ol>
8. Representative Results: 
Because the auto-fluorescence of fish tissues is so high, these tissues will appear orange under the Tri-filter, conveniently providing a background for the bacteria.
Against this background, the individual FitC stained bacteria will appear as bright green dots and, at 200X their rod shape will be recognizable (Fig 1).
Bad sections can constitute false positive (due to a problem in the rinsing phase), in which case a large number of bacteria will appear to be present uniformly on the slide.
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2687/2687fig1.jpg" alt="Figure 1"/> 
Figure 1.Micrograph of a muscle sections showing two E. ictaluri (arrows a and b) (200x).
<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2687/2687fig2.jpg" alt="Figure 2"/> 
Figure 2.Overall scheme of the experiment

<ol>
	<li>Plumb, J. A., Woo, P. T. K., Bruno, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fish Diseases and Disorders. , 479-479 (1998).</li><li>Roberts, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fish Pathology. , (2001).</li><li>Lawrence, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Louisiana State University. , (1997).</li><li>Nusbaum, K. E., Morrisson, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entry+of+35S-Labeled+Edwardsiella+ictaluri+into+Channel+Catfish.">Entry of 35S-Labeled Edwardsiella ictaluri into Channel Catfish.</a> Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 8, 146-146 (1996).</li><li>Karsi, A., Menanteau-Ledouble, S., Lawrence, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+bioluminescent+Edwardsiella+ictaluri+for+noninvasive+disease+monitoring.">Development of bioluminescent Edwardsiella ictaluri for noninvasive disease monitoring.</a> FEMS Microbiology Letters. 260, 286-286 (2006).</li><li>Miyazaki, T., Plumb, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histopathology+of+Edwardsiella+ictaluri+in+channel+catfish,+Ictalurus+punctatus+(Rafinesque).">Histopathology of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque).</a> Journal of Fish Diseases. 8, 839-839 (1985).</li><li>Areechon, N., Plumb, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenesis+of+Edwardsiella+ictaluri+in+Channel+Catfish,+Ictalurus+punctatus.">Pathogenesis of Edwardsiella ictaluri in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus.</a> Journal of the World Mariculture Society. 14, 249-249 (1983).</li><li>Dumpala, P. R., Lawrence, M. L., Karsi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteome+analysis+of+Edwardsiella+ictaluri.">Proteome analysis of Edwardsiella ictaluri.</a> Proteomics. 9, 1353-1353 (2009).</li><li>Thune, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signature-Tagged+Mutagenesis+of+Edwardsiella+ictaluri+Identifies+Virulence-Related+Genes,+Including+a+Salmonella+Pathogenicity+Island+2+Class+of+Type+III+Secretion+Systems.">Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis of Edwardsiella ictaluri Identifies Virulence-Related Genes, Including a Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Class of Type III Secretion Systems.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73, 7934-7934 (2007).</li><li>Karsi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+bioluminescence+mutant+screening+strategy+for+identification+of+bacterial+virulence+genes.">High-throughput bioluminescence mutant screening strategy for identification of bacterial virulence genes.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75, 2166-2166 (2009).</li><li>Hook, E. W., Mandell, G. L., Douglas, G., Bennett, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. , 1700-1700 (1990).</li><li>Ainsworth, J., Capley, G., Waterstreet, P., Munson, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+monoclonal+antibodies+in+the+indirect+fluorescent+antibody+technique+(IFA)+for+the+diagnosis+of+Edwardsiella+ictaluri.">Use of monoclonal antibodies in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFA) for the diagnosis of Edwardsiella ictaluri.</a> Journal of Fish Diseases. 9, 439-439 (1986).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

This protocol details a technique for the in situ visualization of the catfish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri in histological sections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such protocol described.
The most critical step, in our experience, is the rinsing of the antibodies as described in the step 4.4 of the present protocol as insufficient washing may result in false positive.
The main problem with interpreting the results of this techn...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
 <tr>
 	<th>Name of the reagent</th>
 <th>Company</th>
 <th>Catalogue number</th>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Brain Infusion broth</td>
 <td>Becton Dickinson</td>
 <td>237200</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>MS222</td>
 <td>Argent Labs</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Whole mouse Serum</td>
 <td>Cappel</td>
 <td>55989</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Goat anti-mouse FitC</td>
 <td>Southern Biotech</td>
 <td>1010-04</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Permafluor</td>
 <td>Lab Vision</td>
 <td>Ta-030-FM </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Potassium chloride (KCl)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P-4504</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Triton-X</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>X100-6X500ML</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>85040C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Potassium phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>P-5379</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S-5761</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Sodium chloride (NaCal)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S-9625</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 	<td>Sodium phosphate dibasic(Na2HPO4)</td>
 <td>Sigma</td>
 <td>S-9390</td>
 </tr>
 
 </tbody>
</table>

use of fluorescent immuno-chemistry for the detection of edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish (i. punctatus) samples

While Edwardsiella ictaluri is a major pathogen of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and has been discovered nearly 
three decades ago 1,2, so far, to the best of these authors' knowledge, no method has been developed to allow for the in situ visualization of the 
bacteria in histological sections.
While bacterial localization has been determined in vivo in previous studies using plate counts 3, radiometric labeled 4, 
or bioluminescent bacteria 5, most of these studies have only been performed at the gross organ level, with one exception 6. This limitation 
is of particular concern because E. ictaluri has a complex infection cycle 1,7, and it has a variety of virulence factors 8,9. 
The complex interaction of E. ictaluri with its host is similar in many respects to Salmonella typhi 10, which is in the same taxonomic family.
Here we describe a technique allowing for the detection of bacteria using indirect immuno-histochemistry using the monoclonal Ed9 antibody described by Ainsworth et al.11.
Briefly, a blocking serum is applied to paraffin embedded histological sections to prevent non-specific biding. Then, the 
sections are incubated with the primary antibody: E. ictaluri specific monoclonal antibody Ed9. Excess antibodies are rinsed away and the FitC 
labeled secondary antibodies are added. After rinsing, the sections are mounted with a fluorescent specific mounting medium. 
This allowed for the detection of E. ictaluri in situ in histological sections of channel catfish tissues.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Fluorescent Immuno-Chemistry for the detection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish I. punctatus samples at JoVE.com

Use of Fluorescent Immuno-Chemistry for the detection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish I. punctatus samples

Here we describe a procedure allowing the labeling of Edwardsiella ictaluri in situ in histological sections from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus using indirect immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies Ed9 as a primary, and fluorescent FitC labeled antibodies as a secondary. This allowed for the detection of the bacterium using fluorescent microscopy.

Use of Fluorescent Immuno-Chemistry for the detection of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish (I. punctatus) samples

While Edwardsiella ictaluri is a major pathogen of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and has been discovered nearly 
three decades ago 1,2, so far, to ...

use-fluorescent-immuno-chemistry-for-detection-edwardsiella-ictaluri

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Immunology and Infection

10.4K Views.  Mississippi State University. Here we describe a procedure allowing the labeling of Edwardsiella ictaluri in situ in histological sections from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus using indirect immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibodies Ed9 as a primary, and fluorescent FitC labeled antibodies as a secondary. This allowed for the detection of the bacterium using fluorescent microscopy.