Name: comparing the frequency effect between the lexical decision and naming tasks in chinese
Uploaded: 2016-04-01T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese at JoVE.com

This research was supported by grants from the National Science Council of Taiwan (MOST 104-2410-H-002-058) to Jei-Tun Wu and (NSC 101-2410-H-002-093-MY2) to Tai-Li Chou. Our special gratitude goes to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments.

All subjects must give informed written consent before the administration of experimental protocols. All procedures, consent forms, and the experimental protocol were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of National Taiwan University.
1. Comparing the Frequency Effect between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese Character Recognition&#160;(Experiment 1)
<ol>
	<li>Recruit the Participants
	<ol>
		<li>Recruit forty-four students from National Taiwan University to participate i...

<ol>
	<li>Johnson, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Word-association+and+word+frequency.">Word-association and word frequency.</a> AJP. 69 (1), 125-127 (1956).</li><li>McGinnes, E., Comer, P. B., Lacey, O. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual-recognition+thresholds+as+a+frequency+of+word+length+and+word+frequency.">Visual-recognition thresholds as a frequency of word length and word frequency.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. 44 (2), 65-69 (1952).</li><li>Forster, K. I., Chambers, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lexical+access+and+naming+time.">Lexical access and naming time.</a> J. Mem. Lang. 12 (6), 627-635 (1973).</li><li>Whaley, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Word-nonword+classification+time.">Word-nonword classification time.</a> J. Mem. Lang. 17 (2), 143-154 (1978).</li><li>Becker, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allocation+of+attention+during+visual+word+recognition.">Allocation of attention during visual word recognition.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 2 (4), 556-566 (1976).</li><li>Becker, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semantic+context+and+word+frequency+effects+in+visual+word+recognition.">Semantic context and word frequency effects in visual word recognition.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 5 (2), 252-259 (1979).</li><li>Becker, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Semantic+context+effects+in+visual+word+recognition:+An+analysis+of+semantic+strategies.">Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies.</a> Mem. Cognit. 8 (6), 493-512 (1980).</li><li>Coltheart, M., Underwood, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lexical+access+in+simple+reading+tasks.">Lexical access in simple reading tasks.</a> Strategies of information processing. , 151-216 (1978).</li><li>Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., Haller, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+of+reading+aloud:+Dual-route+and+parallel+distributed-processing+approaches.">Model of reading aloud: Dual-route and parallel distributed-processing approaches.</a> Psychol. Rev. 100 (4), 589-608 (1993).</li><li>Frost, R., Katz, L., Bentin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+for+visual+word+comparison+and+orthographic+depth:+A+multilingual+comparison.">Strategies for visual word comparison and orthographic depth: A multilingual comparison.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 13 (1), 104-115 (1987).</li><li>Li, M. -. F., Lin, W. -. C., Chou, T. -. L., Yang, F. -. L., Wu, J. -. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+orthographic+neighborhood+size+effects+in+Chinese+word+recognition.">The role of orthographic neighborhood size effects in Chinese word recognition.</a> J. Psycholinguistic. Res. 44 (3), 219-236 (2015).</li><li>Liu, I. -. M., Wu, J. -. T., Chou, T. -. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Encoding+operation+and+transcoding+as+the+major+loci+of+the+frequency+effect.">Encoding operation and transcoding as the major loci of the frequency effect.</a> Cognition. 59 (2), 149-168 (1996).</li><li>Wu, J. -. T., Yang, F. -. L., Lin, W. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+phonology+matters+in+character+recognition.">Beyond phonology matters in character recognition.</a> Chin. J. Psychol. 55 (3), 289-318 (2013).</li><li>Wu, J. T., Chou, T. L., Liu, I. M., Chang, H. W., Huang, J. T., Hue, C. W., Tzeng, O. J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+locus+of+the+character/word+frequency+effect.">The locus of the character/word frequency effect.</a> Advances in the study of Chinese language processing. , 31-58 (1994).</li><li>Balota, D. A., Chumbley, J. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Are+lexical+decisions+a+good+measure+of+lexical+access?+The+role+of+word+frequency+in+the+neglected+decision+stage.">Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage.</a> J. Exp. Psychol. Human. 10 (3), 340-357 (1984).</li><li>Wu, J. T., Liu, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+counts+of+Chinese+characters,+words,+and+syllables.">Frequency counts of Chinese characters, words, and syllables.</a> National Science Council Technical Report (Rep. NO. NSC 75-0301-H002-024). , (1987).</li></ol>

This study demonstrates that the differences in frequency effects between the two tasks can help to elucidate the role of phonology on recognition such as pre-lexical and post-lexical phonology. In Chinese character recognition (Experiment 1), the phonology process may be post-lexical with a larger frequency effect in the naming task than in the LDT. This finding is different from the results reported in alphabetic languages. In Chinese word recognition (Experiment 2), a smaller frequency effect in the naming task may be...

In the reading experience, higher occurrence of a word increases the speed at which it will be identified, which is known as the frequency effect in the psycholinguistic field. Manipulating the variable of word frequency in psychophysical research, people observed lower thresholds of recognizing common words1,2. In the late 1970s, the word frequency has been widely regarded as one of most important variables influencing word identification3,4. Focusing on the word frequency and involving other related variables, most theories in explaining the word recognition had been constructed and spread5-9. Hence if it is claimed that one task can capture the process of word recognition effectively, it should be sensitive to the changes of word frequency. In the literature of written word recognition, both the lexical decision task (LDT) and naming tasks meet this criterion and researchers usually chose one of them to probe into the underlying mechanism of recognition.
Among research about word recognition in different languages, the LDT and naming task have been the classical experimental methods that use response-time measures to understand the mental processes of reading. In the LDT, researchers measure the time of the participant&#39;s decision making about whether a written stimulus is a word or not. As for the naming task, researchers measure how long it takes for the participant to speak a written word aloud. However, either of the two tasks has its own task demands and limitations. The LDT involves a discrimination process between words and non-words/pseudo-words, and a decision-making process of the participant. The naming task requires the participant to pronounce the stimuli, and phonological information must be used to fulfill the task requirement.
Results of the two tasks in previous research manifested different frequency effects in variety of scripts. In the alphabetic systems, the LDT manifested a larger frequency effect than the naming task3. In opinions of Balota and Chumbley (1984), the lower-frequency words have similar orthography with the non-words/pseudo-words. Thus, it takes longer for participants to discriminate the orthographic similarities to make the accurate response, which possibly exaggerates the frequency effect in the LDT. While in the naming task, especially when stimuli are from languages of shallow orthography, participants may pronounce the word using the orthography-to-phonology (O-P) conversion rules to make a response before they truly identify it. This naming demand has been taken as evidence of possible pre-lexical phonology on recognition in alphabetic languages. Such a naming strategy is argued to undermine the frequency effect10. In sum, although sensitive reflections to the manipulation of word frequency can be observed in both tasks, the LDT and the naming task may capture different stages and characteristics of the recognition process. To obtain a more precise and complete view, the proper way is adopting the two tasks meanwhile and comparing the patterns of their results.
Different from the alphabetic languages, Chinese has the characteristic of deeper orthography and involves the concept of characters in addition to words. In general, a Chinese word (e.g., <img alt="jiaren" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figJIAREN.jpg" />, ji&#257; r&#233;n, family member) is composed by two characters (&#34;<img alt="jia" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figJIA.jpg" />&#34;, ji&#257;, family; &#34;<img alt="ren" src="/files/ftp_upload/53815/53815figREN.jpg" />&#34;, r&#233;n, person). Before a word is identified, the recognition process of characters within the word should be finished11. In light of the unique psycholinguistic characteristics, the recognition process of a character or word in Chinese is quite distinct from the word recognition in alphabetic systems. If studies combine the LDT and the naming task in the same experiment to investigate frequency effect in Chinese, interesting revelations can be shown, e.g., phonological activation regarding visual character/word recognition. In processing Chinese characters, the use of the naming task shows a larger frequency effect than the LDT, which implies the existence of post-lexical phonology12, 13. Switching the stimuli to Chinese two-character words, a reversal pattern occurs. A larger frequency effect is found in the LDT than that in the naming, suggesting the existence of pre-lexical phonology. The participant produces the oral response according to the phonological information of the component characters, before the whole word is identified11, 14. Moreover, results after manipulating the regularity of the characters in the stimuli can reveal valuable information about phonological processing, and help researchers make inferences about when the retrieval of phonology occurs. The following experiments showed how the researchers combined the LDT and the naming task to investigate the frequency effect of Chinese characters and words to elaborate the underlying logic.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="859">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:147px;">Standard PC</td>
			<td style="width:140px;"></td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:407px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:147px;">E-Prime (version 2.0)</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td style="width:165px;"></td>
			<td style="width:407px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="75">
			<td height="75" style="height:75px;width:147px;">Serial Response Box</td>
			<td style="width:140px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:407px;">The serial response box includes the voice key, which&#160; allows researchers to collect vocal latencies with confidence.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="50">
			<td height="50" style="height:50px;">Microphone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:407px;">It can be used to detect the incoming sound by the participant</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

comparing the frequency effect between the lexical decision and naming tasks in chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

The frequency effect was observed to be robust in both the two tasks, the evidence of which was significantly shorter RT for the high-frequency characters. More importantly, a frequency by task interaction was found. Post-hoc comparisons showed a larger frequency effect in the naming task than in the LDT, which was different from those reported by the studies in the alphabetic systems.
Moreover, a regularity by frequency interac...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese at JoVE.com

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

Assessing Forelimb Function after Unilateral Cervical SCI using Novel Tasks: Limb Step-alternation, Postural Instability and Pasta Handling

Cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI) can cause devastating neurological deficits, including impairment or loss of upper limb and hand function. A majority ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

Testing Tactile Masking between the Forearms

Masking, in which one stimulus affects the detection of another, is a classic technique that has been used in visual, auditory, and tactile research, ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

The (Spatial) Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The Spatial Memory Game: Testing the Relationship Between Spatial Language, Object Knowledge, and Spatial Cognition

The memory game paradigm is a behavioral procedure to explore the relationship between language, spatial memory, and object knowledge. Using two different ...

Evaluating the Anti-depression Effect of Xiaoyaosan on Chronically-stressed Mice

In addition to the standardized use of antidepressant medications and psychotherapy, the usage of traditional Chinese medicine has lead to an overall ...

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is ...

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...