Name: synthesis and characterization of placental chondroitin sulfate a (plcsa)-targeting lipid-polymer nanoparticles
Uploaded: 2018-09-18T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Characterization of Placental Chondroitin Sulfate A plCSA-Targeting Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

This work was supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFC1000402), the National Natural Sciences Foundation (81571445 and 81771617) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2016A030313178) to X.F. and the Shenzhen Basic Research Fund (JCYJ20170413165233512) to X.F.

1. Preparation of Stock Solutions
<ol>
	<li>Prepare an aqueous solution of 4% ethanol by diluting 4 mL of absolute ethanol with 100 mL of ultrapure water. Store the solution at 4 &#176;C. 
	NOTE: Ultrapure water is defined as water without contaminants such as bacteria, particulates, ions, or nucleases. Ultrapure water was obtained from a water purification system with a target resistivity of up to 18.2 m&#937;&#183;cm, which means low anionic contamination.</li>
	<li>Prepare a 1 mg/mL soybean lecithin stock solut...

<ol>
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H., Aryal, S., Hu, C. -. M. J., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quick+synthesis+of+lipid&#8722;+polymer+hybrid+nanoparticles+with+low+polydispersity+using+a+single-step+sonication+method.">Quick synthesis of lipid&#8722; polymer hybrid nanoparticles with low polydispersity using a single-step sonication method.</a> Langmuir. 26 (22), 16958-16962 (2010).</li><li>Gu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Folate-modified,+indocyanine+green-loaded+lipid-polymer+hybrid+nanoparticles+for+targeted+delivery+of+cisplatin.">Folate-modified, indocyanine green-loaded lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of cisplatin.</a> Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 28 (7), 690-702 (2017).</li><li>Mandal, B., Mittal, N. 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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide+active+esters:+bis(N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide)+esters+of+two+dicarboxylic+acids+are+hydrophilic,+membrane-impermeant,+protein+cross-linkers.">N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide active esters: bis(N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide) esters of two dicarboxylic acids are hydrophilic, membrane-impermeant, protein cross-linkers.</a> Biochemistry. 21 (17), 3950-3955 (1982).</li><li>Valencia, P. 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This protocol provides an efficient and reproducible method for synthesizing plCSA-BP-conjugated lipid-polymer nanoparticles. The single-step sonication method to prepare lipid-polymer nanoparticles is fast, reproducible and different from typical nanoprecipitation methods that involve heating, vortexing, or evaporation. Hence, the developed method significantly reduces the synthesis time. In addition, the EDC/NHS bioconjugate used in this protocol is a commonly used and convenient technique to conjugate peptides and ant...

An effective cancer therapeutic method reduces and eliminates tumors with minimal systemic toxicity. Hence, selective tumor targeting is the key to exploring successful therapeutic methods. Nanoparticles offer a promising opportunity for cancer therapy, and molecular assemblies with different functional groups will enhance drug efficacy and reduce associated side effects1,2. Moreover, nanoparticle systems mainly utilize passive and active targeting to reach target tumors3.
Passive targeting exploits the innate characteristics of nanoparticles and enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects to reach tumor cells. Cationic liposomes have been successfully used to deliver various anticancer drugs to tumors in clinical applications4,5,6. Despite the potential effective cancer therapeutic effect, a low drug concentration in the tumor region and an inability to distinguish tumor cells from normal tissues are two major limitations of passive-targeting nanoparticles7.
Active targeting strategies take advantage of antigen-antibody, ligand-receptor and other molecular recognition interactions to specifically deliver drugs to tumors8. The glycosaminoglycan placental chondroitin sulfate A (plCSA) is broadly expressed on most cancer cells and placental trophoblasts. Moreover, the malarial protein VAR2CSA can specifically bind to plCSA9,10. Hence, VAR2CSA can be a tool for targeting human cancer cells. However, when VAR2CSA is conjugated to nanoparticles, the full-length protein may limit the penetration of nanoparticles into tumor cells. Recently, we discovered a plCSA binding peptide (plCSA-BP), derived from the malarial protein VAR2CSA. plCSA-BP-conjugated lipid-polymer nanoparticles rapidly bonded to choriocarcinoma cells and significantly increased doxorubicin (DOX) anticancer activity in vivo11; these particles also specifically bonded to placental trophoblasts and could serve as a tool for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta12.
Lipid-polymer nanoparticles consist of a lipid monolayer shell and a hydrophobic polymeric core and represent a new carrier for drug delivery. These nanoparticles combine the advantages of liposomes and polymeric nanocarriers, such as controllable nanoparticle size, high biocompatibility, sustained drug release, high drug loading efficiency (LE), and excellent stability13. In this work, we used a single-step sonication method to synthesize lipid-polymer nanoparticles. This method is fast, convenient and suitable for scale-up and has been widely used to prepare lipid-polymer nanoparticles by our group11,14 and others15,16,17,18.
1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) is a popular carbodiimide used as a crosslinking agent for conjugating biomolecules containing amines and carboxylates19. In addition to EDC, N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHS) is the most common conjugation reagent in surface and nanoparticle conjugation reactions20,21. NHS can reduce the number of side reactions and enhance the stability and yield of ester intermediates22,23.
Here, we describe a protocol for synthesizing plCSA-targeted lipid-polymer nanoparticles. First, the single-step sonication synthesis of DOX-loaded lipid-polymer nanoparticles (DNPs) is described. Then, an EDC/NHS bioconjugate technique for generating plCSA-BP-conjugated lipid-polymer nanoparticles is introduced. This bioconjugate technique can also be used to conjugate other antibodies and peptides to nanoparticles. Finally, we describe the physicochemical properties and in vitro assay used to characterize the plCSA-targeted lipid-polymer nanoparticles. We believe that these plCSA-targeted lipid-polymer nanoparticles could constitute an effective system for the targeted delivery of drugs to most human cancers and the targeted delivery of payloads to the placenta to treat placental disorders.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>plCSA peptide</td>
			<td>Shanghai GL Biochem</td>
			<td>573518</td>
			<td>for peptide synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol absolute</td>
			<td>Sinopharm Chemical</td>
			<td>10009218</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soybean lecithin</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>441601</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DSPE-PEG-COOH</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>880125</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Doxorubicin</td>
			<td>JKChemical</td>
			<td>113424</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Shanghai Lingfeng</td>
			<td>1008621</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLGA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>719897</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic processor</td>
			<td>Sonics</td>
			<td>VCX130</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge filter (MWCO 10 kDa)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC801024</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>3-18KS</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-[morpholino]ethanesulfonic acid(MES)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3671</td>
			<td>for peptide conjugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3450</td>
			<td>for peptide conjugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>56480</td>
			<td>for peptide conjugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dialysis bags</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>132592T</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30028.01</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL centrifuge tubes, polypropylene</td>
			<td>Aladdin</td>
			<td>S-025</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tubes, polypropylene</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430791</td>
			<td>for various applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#956;m sterile syringe filter</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGV033RB</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringe, polypropylene</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>328421</td>
			<td>for nanoparticles synthesis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malvern Zetasizer</td>
			<td>Malvern</td>
			<td>Nano ZS</td>
			<td>for particle size analyer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphotungstic acid</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>for TEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEM grid</td>
			<td>EMCN</td>
			<td>BZ10024a</td>
			<td>for TEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV-VIS spectrometer</td>
			<td>Leagene</td>
			<td>DZ0035</td>
			<td>for TEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transmission 
			electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td>JEM-100CXII</td>
			<td>for particle size analyer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA reagent A</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23228</td>
			<td>for BCA assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BCA reagent B</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>23224</td>
			<td>for BCA assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-Well Plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3599</td>
			<td>for BCA assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plate reader</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Multiskan&#8482; GO</td>
			<td>for BCA assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>12-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3513</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEG3 cell</td>
			<td>Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</td>
			<td>TCHu195</td>
			<td>Human placenta</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30272.01</td>
			<td>phenol red-free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>10100</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>GIBCO</td>
			<td>15070063</td>
			<td>for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscope</td>
			<td>OLYMPUS</td>
			<td>CKK53</td>
			<td>for celluar uptake</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Shanghai Lingfeng</td>
			<td>1372021</td>
			<td>for celluar uptake</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A606584</td>
			<td>for celluar uptake</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting medium</td>
			<td>Life</td>
			<td>P36961</td>
			<td>for celluar uptake</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis and characterization of placental chondroitin sulfate a (plcsa)-targeting lipid-polymer nanoparticles

An effective cancer therapeutic method reduces and eliminates tumors with minimal systemic toxicity. Actively targeting nanoparticles offer a promising approach to cancer therapy. The glycosaminoglycan placental chondroitin sulfate A (plCSA) is expressed on a wide range of cancer cells and placental trophoblasts, and malarial protein VAR2CSA can specifically bind to plCSA. A reported placental chondroitin sulfate A binding peptide (plCSA-BP), derived from malarial protein VAR2CSA, can also specifically bind to plCSA on cancer cells and placental trophoblasts. Hence, plCSA-BP-conjugated nanoparticles could be used as a tool for targeted drug delivery to human cancers and placental trophoblasts. In this protocol, we describe a method to synthesize plCSA-BP-conjugated lipid-polymer nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin (plCSA-DNPs); the method consists of a single sonication step and bioconjugate techniques. In addition, several methods for characterizing plCSA-DNPs, including determining their physicochemical properties and cellular uptake by placental choriocarcinoma (JEG3) cells, are described.

In this protocol, PLGA, DSPE-PEG-COOH and soybean lecithin are a representative polymer, lipid-PEG-COOH conjugate and lipid, respectively. The synthesis of plCSA-targeted lipid-polymer nanoparticles via a single-step sonication method and an EDC/NHS technique is illustrated in Figure 1. First, under sonication conditions, soybean lecithin, PLGA and DSPE-PEG-COOH self-assemble to form core-shell structured DNPs. The core consists of PLGA and encapsula...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis and Characterization of Placental Chondroitin Sulfate A plCSA-Targeting Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Synthesis and Characterization of Placental Chondroitin Sulfate A plCSA-Targeting Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles

Here, we present a protocol for the synthesis of placental chondroitin sulfate A binding peptide (plCSA-BP)-conjugated lipid-polymer nanoparticles via single-step sonication and bioconjugate techniques. These particles constitute a novel tool for the targeted delivery of therapeutics to most human tumors and placental trophoblasts to treat cancers and placental disorders.

Synthesis and Characterization of Placental Chondroitin Sulfate A (plCSA)-Targeting Lipid-Polymer Nanoparticles

An effective cancer therapeutic method reduces and eliminates tumors with minimal systemic toxicity. Actively targeting nanoparticles offer a promising ...

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