Name: driving under the influence: how music listening affects driving behaviors
Uploaded: 2019-03-27T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors at JoVE.com

This study was supported by the LABEX CORTEX (ANR-11-LABX-0042) of Universit&#233; de Lyon, within the program &#8216;&#8216;Investissements d&#8217;Avenir&#8217;&#8217; (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR).

All methods described here have been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Psychology of University Lyon 2 and informed consent was obtained from all participants.
NOTE: Participants were recruited by means of notices posted in the local community and at the University.
1. Participants
<ol>
	<li>Ensure that participants have a driving license and at least two years of driving experience.</li>
	<li>Ensure that participants have normal or corrected t...

<ol>
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The proposed method is well suited for cognitive ergonomic investigations as it offers an excellent compromise between experimental control and ecological vailidity16. If a strong experimental control is required to ensure that the collected results are related to the experimental manipulations, no results are of interest if restricted to the experimental conditions. Indeed, scientific results are of interest if transferable to real life situations. These assertions do not mean that only real-life...

Car driving activity has increased quickly over the last decades and is now a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. In line with this growth, car-driving activity has become a hot topic of investigation for the human factor community1.
There is an extremely limited number of major cultural activities that typically define humankind regardless of the population and the period of history considered2. Music is one of these activities along with tool use and symbolic reasoning underpinning language abilities3. Playing and listening to music is therefore a crucial individual and social activity. Based on an exhaustive literature review, Sch&#228;fer et al.4 found about 130 different non-redundant functions associated to music listening and three music listening meta-functions were then identified: (1) arousal and mood regulation, (2) self-awareness achievement, and (3) social relatedness expression. As a consequence, people are frequently listening to music in a variety of situations and locations5. Among those situations, listening to music while driving is extremely common with drivers reporting listening to music during about three quarters of their driving time6.
Music listening is known to impact the listener&#8217;s emotional state7 and thus to induce mood changes in a variety of situations and research areas8. According to the mood congruency theory, a person&#8217;s behavior is related to his/her mood9 with evidence gained from both neuroimaging10 and behavioral experiments11. Following this rationale, music listening can change drivers&#8217; mood, which in turn can change driving behaviors.
Musically-induced mood changes while driving were found to result in performance improvements under certain conditions or impairments under other conditions. On the one hand, in complex and highly demanding driving environments, calm music was found to mitigate affective states:&#160; it has a softening effect on negative emotions, reduces the level of stress, and improves driver&#8217;s relaxation and calm12. This relaxing effect was reported to be more efficient when using abrupt music changes compared to gradual music changes13. On the other hand, people were slower to detect hazards in driving scenes when anger was previously induced through music and guided imagery compared with neutral mood performances14. Happy music listening while driving was also found to be detrimental to lateral control efficiency, while sad music had no significant effect on lateral control of the vehicle15. In brief, drivers&#8217; mood can impact driving performances in opposite ways depending on the music and associated mood induction and on the driving situation considered.
The purpose of the method reported here is to offer an experimentally well-controlled driving situation to investigate the impact of music listening on driving behaviors. To ensure the reproducibility of the driving situation, a method based on driving simulation has been implemented. At the first glance, a driving simulation might be considered as a degraded version of real driving investigations. However, the reality is more complex, and a given experimental setup cannot be considered as the best experimental solution in absolute terms. Rather the best experimental setup is the one that suits the most accurately the needs of the investigation concerned16. If real car-driving is the experimental setup that best reproduces the everyday life driving situations, it also comes with some drawbacks: driver safety in case of experimental manipulations, potential impairments in terms of driving performances, and difficulties in the control of the driving environment, including traffic, weather conditions, light conditions, level of ambient noise, etc. Conversely, if driving simulators are not as realistic as real vehicles, experimental conditions and manipulations can be strictly controlled and replicated17. As a result, different participants can be exposed to the exact same experimental conditions. In addition, experimental manipulations potentially impairing driving performances are made possible as only virtual safety (and not real safety) is engaged. Altogether, a driving simulation offers an excellent compromise between the need to conserve the driving activity natural (i.e., external validity) and the need for a strong experimental control (i.e., internal validity).

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		<col />
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="33">
			<td height="33" style="height:33px;width:216px;">Audacity software</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Audacity</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Open source</td>
			<td style="width:435px;">https://www.audacityteam.org</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Driving simulator</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Universit&#233; de Sherbrooke</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">BB sim</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Polar watch with heart rate monitor</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Polar</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">RC3</td>
			<td>https://www.polar.com/fr</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Speakers</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Yamaha</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">MSP3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Steering wheel and pedals</td>
			<td style="width:271px;">Logitech</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">G27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

driving under the influence: how music listening affects driving behaviors

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here investigates how listening to music influences driving behaviors. A driving simulation was selected because it offers both a well-controlled environment and a good level of ecological validity. Driving behaviors were assessed through a car-following task. In practice, participants were instructed to follow a lead vehicle as they would do in real life. The lead vehicle speed changed over time requiring constant speed adjustments for the participants. The inter-vehicular time was used to assess driving behaviors. To complement the driving behaviors, the subjective mood and physiological level of arousal were also collected. As such, the results collected using this method offer insights on both the human internal state (i.e., subjective mood and physiological arousal) and driving behaviors in the car following task.

The main comparisons are based on the following experimental conditions. The first experimental condition is No Music versus Music, a comparison between the No Music background and the individual preferred Music background using a pairwise t-test. These analyses were meant to assess the influence of listening to preferred music compared to a control condition without music. The second experimental condition is four different musical backgrounds, a comparison between No Music, Music, Music +10 and Music -10 corre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors at JoVE.com

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Here, we present a protocol to assess driving behaviors while following a vehicle in a simulated driving environment. The presented protocol is used to compare the impact of different auditory backgrounds on driving behaviors.

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here ...

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