Name: isolation, purification, and differentiation of osteoclast precursors from rat bone marrow
Uploaded: 2019-05-19T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81473692) to Yong Ma. The authors thank all the staff of the Medical Research Center of the First College of Clinical Medicine in Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.

All the methods involving the animals described here are approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine.
1. Setup
<ol>
	<li>Prepare several longitudinally cut 1 mL pipette tips (1 cm) and several 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tubes. Put the pipette tips and microcentrifuge tubes at 103 kPa and 121 &#176;C for 20 min and ensure that they are sterile.</li>
	<li>Prepare a box of ice and several sterile dishes to preserve the isolated tissu...

<ol>
	<li>Boyle, W. J., Simonet, W. S., Lacey, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast+differentiation+and+activation.">Osteoclast differentiation and activation.</a> Nature. 423 (6937), 337-342 (2003).</li><li>Kular, J., Tickner, J., Chim, S. M., Xu, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+overview+of+the+regulation+of+bone+remodelling+at+the+cellular+level.">An overview of the regulation of bone remodelling at the cellular level.</a> Clinical Biochemistry. 45 (12), 863-873 (2012).</li><li>Park, S. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis+of+the+reduced+enamel+epithelium+and+its+implications+for+bone+resorption+during+tooth+eruption.">Apoptosis of the reduced enamel epithelium and its implications for bone resorption during tooth eruption.</a> Journal Of Molecular Histology. 44 (1), 65-73 (2013).</li><li>Boyde, A., Ali, N. N., Jones, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resorption+of+dentine+by+isolated+osteoclasts+in+vitro.">Resorption of dentine by isolated osteoclasts in vitro.</a> British Dental Journal. 156 (6), 216-220 (1984).</li><li>Chambers, T. J., Revell, P. A., Fuller, K., Athanasou, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resorption+of+bone+by+isolated+rabbit+osteoclasts.">Resorption of bone by isolated rabbit osteoclasts.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 66, 383-399 (1984).</li><li>Takahashi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast-like+cell+formation+and+its+regulation+by+osteotropic+hormones+in+mouse+bone+marrow+cultures.">Osteoclast-like cell formation and its regulation by osteotropic hormones in mouse bone marrow cultures.</a> Endocrinology. 122 (4), 1373-1382 (1988).</li><li>Takahashi, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoblastic+cells+are+involved+in+osteoclast+formation.">Osteoblastic cells are involved in osteoclast formation.</a> Endocrinology. 123 (5), 2600-2602 (1988).</li><li>Suda, T., Takahashi, N., Martin, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+osteoclast+differentiation.">Modulation of osteoclast differentiation.</a> Endocrine Reviews. 13 (1), 66-80 (1992).</li><li>Yoshida, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+murine+mutation+osteopetrosis+is+in+the+coding+region+of+the+macrophage+colony+stimulating+factor+gene.">The murine mutation osteopetrosis is in the coding region of the macrophage colony stimulating factor gene.</a> Nature. 345 (6274), 442-444 (1990).</li><li>Yasuda, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoclast+differentiation+factor+is+a+ligand+for+osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory+factor+and+is+identical+to+TRANCE/RANKL.">Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL.</a> Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America. 95 (7), 3597-3602 (1998).</li><li>Lacey, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Osteoprotegerin+ligand+is+a+cytokine+that+regulates+osteoclast+differentiation+and+activation.">Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation.</a> Cell. 93 (2), 165-176 (1998).</li><li>Marino, S., Logan, J. G., Mellis, D., Capulli, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+and+culture+of+osteoclasts.">Generation and culture of osteoclasts.</a> BoneKEy Reports. 3, 570 (2014).</li><li>Pei, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluoride+decreased+osteoclastic+bone+resorption+through+the+inhibition+of+NFATc1+gene+expression.">Fluoride decreased osteoclastic bone resorption through the inhibition of NFATc1 gene expression.</a> Environmental Toxicology. 29 (5), 588-595 (2014).</li><li>Arnett, T. R., Dempster, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+pH+on+bone+resorption+by+rat+osteoclasts+in+vitro.">Effect of pH on bone resorption by rat osteoclasts in vitro.</a> Endocrinology. 119 (1), 119-124 (1986).</li><li>Arnett, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia+is+a+major+stimulator+of+osteoclast+formation+and+bone+resorption.">Hypoxia is a major stimulator of osteoclast formation and bone resorption.</a> Journal of Cellular Physiology. 196 (1), 2-8 (2003).</li><li>Orriss, I. R., Arnett, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+osteoclast+cultures.">Rodent osteoclast cultures.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 816, 103-117 (2012).</li><li>Quinn, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcitonin+receptor+antibodies+in+the+identification+of+osteoclasts.">Calcitonin receptor antibodies in the identification of osteoclasts.</a> Bone. 25 (1), 1-8 (1999).</li></ol>

The ability to obtain and study osteoclasts in vitro is a critical and fundamental skill for any researcher wishing to study bone metabolism, which may help understand the mechanisms of bone-absorbing diseases and develop novel therapeutic agents. The present study described a protocol with some modifications based on previous methods.
By using pipette tips and microcentrifuge tubes to obtain bone marrow, it largely reduced the operation time of obtaining bone marrow and the workload of labora...

Bone homeostasis is a complex physiological process that is regulated by bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts1. A balance between osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity mediated through osteoblasts and osteoclasts, respectively, is highly essential for maintaining bone health and homeostasis, because perturbations in bone homeostasis might lead to bone diseases, such as abnormal bone growth or loss of bone density. As unique bone-resorption cells, osteoclasts are important in diseases related to abnormal bone destruction, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and periprosthetic osteolysis2,3.
The development of an osteoclast culture is mainly divided into two stages. The methods established by Boyde&#160;et al.4 and Chambers&#160;et al.5 composed the first stage in the 1980s. They obtained relatively abundant osteoclasts from the bones of newborn animals, which is the rapid remodeling period. Osteoclasts are released by fragmenting and stirring the bones in a special medium. However, the cells obtained by this method are low in quantity and purity. The second stage was the development of long-range cultures of osteoclast formation, using hematopoietic lineage cells derived from bone marrow6. Cytokines, such as 1&#945;,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, prostaglandin E2 (PGE-2), and parathyroid hormone (PTH), which are added into the culture medium, act through the system of osteoblasts/stromal cells to stimulate osteoclast formation7,8. However, the purity and quantity of osteoclasts obtained by this method cannot meet the needs of modern molecular biology research. Then, the discovery of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor-&#954;B ligand (RANKL) make osteoclastogenesis easier9,10,11, and the method of using M-CSF and RANKL to directly stimulate osteoclast formation is widely used around the world. However, there are still some details in the methodology that need to be improved.
Currently, the most commonly used osteoclast culture method, as described by Marino et al.12 and Pei et al.13, often requires the removal of the surrounding tissue around the bone and uses a sterilized needle to flush the marrow cavity with completed media. There are some drawbacks to this process, including the fact that (1) the removal of the surrounding tissue around the bone requires much time and great surgical technique, (2) the bones are fragile and can lead to bone marrow outflow, (3) the bone marrow cavity might be too tiny to flush, and (4) there is a risk of needle stick injury. To avoid these problems, we centrifuge the tubes containing the bones for bone marrow instead of needle-flushing the bone marrow. Here, we introduce a stable and safe method which isolates bone marrow in less time and with less effort compared to the traditional procedure. Together with the use of density gradient centrifugation, we obtain large amounts of fully differentiated osteoclasts&#160;in vitro.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Phosphatase, Lekocyte (TRAP) kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Automatic Hard Tissue Slicer</td>
			<td>Lecia</td>
			<td>RM2265</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine femoral bone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purchased by ourselves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Incubator</td>
			<td>Heraus</td>
			<td>BB16/BB5060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Sarana</td>
			<td>s-fbs-au-015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG H&#38;L (Alexa Fluor 488)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab150077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hard Tissue Grinders</td>
			<td>Lecia</td>
			<td>SP-2600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histopaque Kit</td>
			<td>TianJing Haoyang</td>
			<td>TBD2013DR</td>
			<td>Silicified centrifugal tube amd cell separation solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hochest33342</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B2261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Phase Contrast Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX31</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Lecia</td>
			<td>DMI-3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM, no Glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11090-081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin, Liquid</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit Anti-Calcitonin receptor</td>
			<td>Bioss</td>
			<td>bs-0124R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Rat M-CSF</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>400-28</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Rat sRANK Ligand</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>400-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cell Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Absin</td>
			<td>abs47014932</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>Quanta 200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluidine Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>89649</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation, purification, and differentiation of osteoclast precursors from rat bone marrow

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or macrophage precursors. Excessive bone resorption is one the most significant cellular mechanisms leading to osteolytic diseases, including osteoporosis, periodontitis, and periprosthetic osteolysis. The main physiological function of osteoclasts is to absorb both the hydroxyapatite mineral component and the organic matrix of bone, generating the characteristic resorption appearance on the surface of bones. There are relatively few osteoclasts compared to other cells in the body, especially in adult bones. Recent studies have focused on how to obtain more mature osteoclasts in less time, which has always been a problem. Several improvements in the isolation and culture techniques have developed in laboratories in order to obtain more mature osteoclasts. Here, we introduce a method that isolates bone marrow in less time and with less effort compared to the traditional procedure, using a special and simple device. With the use of density gradient centrifugation, we obtain large amounts of fully differentiated osteoclasts from rat bone marrow, which are identified by classical methods.

The purpose of the protocol was to isolate and purify large numbers of osteoclast precursors conveniently and induce osteoclasts successfully. By supplementing with M-CSF and RANKL, giant osteoclasts were seen on days 5&#8211;6. The formation of osteoclasts was successfully identified by TRAP staining (Figure 1A). Large and purple cells were regarded as TRAP-positive cells with multiple nuclei (typically &#8805; three nuclei). Through this method, it was typi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow at JoVE.com

Isolation, Purification, and Differentiation of Osteoclast Precursors from Rat Bone Marrow

Osteoclasts are tissue-specific macrophage polykaryons derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage of hematopoietic stem cells. This protocol describes how to isolate bone marrow cells so that large quantities of osteoclasts are obtained while reducing the risk of accidents found in traditional methods.

Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated, and bone-resorbing cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage that are formed by the fusion of monocytes or ...

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