Name: agrobacterium tumefaciens and agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of potato and the promoter activity of a suberin gene by gus staining
Uploaded: 2019-03-29T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining at JoVE.c

This work was supported by the Ministerio de Innovaci&#243;n y Ciencia (AGL2009-13745, FPI grant to PB), the Ministerio de Econom&#237;a y Competitividad and FEDER funding (AGL2012-36725, AGL2015-67495-C2-1-R), and the University of Girona (PhD grant to SF, and grant SING11/1). The authors are grateful to Dr. Inge Broer (Institute for Land Use, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany) and Dr. Salom&#233; Prat (Centro Nacional de Biotecnolog&#237;a, Madrid, Spain) for providing the A. rhizogenes and the A. tumefaciens strain, respectively, and Dr. Mar&#231;al Soler and Dr. Anna Plasencia for the help and support received in initiating the A. rhizogenes transformation experiments (Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University&#8212;CNRS, Plant Research Laboratory (LRSV), Castanet Tolosan, France). The authors thank Sara G&#243;mez (Departament de Biologia, UdG, Girona) for her valuable assistance in carrying out the laboratory work and taking care of plants, and Ferran Fontdecaba and Carla S&#225;nchez who assisted with some of the experiments while they were doing their final degree projects.&#160;

The A. rhizogenes transformation protocol was adapted and modified from Horn et al.7 and the genotype tested was S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum (cv. D&#233;sir&#233;e). The A. tumefaciens transformation protocol was adapted and modified from Banerjee et al.22 and the genotypes tested were S. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum (cv. D&#233;sir&#233;e) and S. tuberosum ssp. andigena. The main steps of both procedures a...

In potato, the most common system to obtain stable complete transgenic plants uses the transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains that require organogenesis using exogenous phytohormones. Although the Agrobacterium based protocols has the potential to integrate non-T-DNA vector sequence25, this methodology is still the easiest and less expensive available to transform potato plants. During last years, the interest in A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation has got...

Aside from economic interest, the generation of transgenic plants has its own relevance in research to demonstrate the ultimate function of genes and to better understand plant physiology and development. The most widely used method for plant DNA insertion is Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Agrobacterium tumefaciens is able to generate crown galls in the infected tissue of many plant species by the action of its tumour-inducing (Ti) plasmid. The plasmid contains a T-DNA region with a set of genes that will be integrated in the plant genome and induce tissue dedifferentiation1,2. The exchange of these genes within the T-DNA by the transgene has allowed the generation of specific plant modifications avoiding phenotypic effects3. To facilitate&#160;the transgene cloning into the T-DNA, the T-DNA region has been excised in an independent plasmid called a binary plasmid, while the rest of the genes of the Ti plasmid (the virulence genes that allow the T-DNA transfer and insertion mechanisms) have been placed in a helper plasmid. For plant biotechnology research, transformation by A. tumefaciens has several advantages: it does not need expensive devices, is able to generate both stable and transient plant transformation, and&#160;low numbers of gene copies are integrated into the chromosome4. However, for most plants, but not Arabidopsis, the generation of stable transformants requires plant regeneration from a single or a few cells using exogenous phytohormones, making this process laborious and time consuming. A. rhizogenes is also able to modify the plant genome, producing hairy roots or adventitious roots at the infection sites due to the expression of rol (root loci) genes encoded in the root-inducing (Ri) plasmid5. Although less studied than A. tumefaciens, A. rhizogenes is also used for obtaining transgenic roots. In this case, the A. rhizogenes contains the original T-DNA in the Ri plasmid and a binary plasmid with a second T-DNA carrying the transgene. When the infection site is in stems or hypocotyls, a composite plant can be obtained, with new hairy transgenic roots emerging from wild type shoots. Alternatively, hairy transformed roots can grow autonomously in vitro in media with carbon source inputs. The use of A. rhizogenes instead of A. tumefaciens to produce transgenic tissue is gaining relevance when the root is the target organ, because plant regeneration is not required and hence it is faster and less costly. Previous studies have demonstrated this methodology appropriated for the phenotypic characterization of root specific genes6,7,8,9.
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the fourth most important crop in the world according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) since the tuber has nutritional relevance for human consumption for being a good source of vitamins and minerals. For that reason, potato has been placed in the spotlight of agricultural biotechnology and also is considered as a good biological model for genetic and developmental studies10,11. Potato transformation significantly contributed to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying suberized tissues through the characterization of genes involved in suberin and wax biosynthesis12,13,14,15,16,17, suberin monomer transport18 and transcription regulation19. The suberin feruloyl transferase gene, FHT, is one of these characterized biosynthetic genes; its downregulation gives rise to a strong impairment of the periderm protection, which is correlated with a strong decrease in ferulate esters of suberin and waxes in potato tubers14. Concomitantly, in roots and seeds of Arabidopsis, the knockout of its putative orthologue (ASFT/RWP1) also demonstrated its role in producing alkyl ferulates in suberin20,21. In potato, the FHT transcriptional reporter line and the FHT antibody showed respectively that the promoter activity and the protein are located in the exodermis, the endodermis, the phellogen-derivatives and in wounded tissues15.
In this work, we detail a protocol using A. rhizogenes to produce transgenic hairy roots that are maintained in a wild type shoot, generating composite potato plants, or excised to grow autonomously in vitro. We also provide the protocol using A. tumefaciens to obtain complete transgenic potato plants. As a case study, A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens transformed with the same binary vector are used to obtain roots with the FHT promoter driving GUS reporter gene expression. The results are reported and compared.

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			M0254.0050
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			Panreac
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			131679
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			NAA
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			Duchefa
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			N0903
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			Panreac
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			131659
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			NaH2PO4
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			Sigma
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			58282
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			NightSea Stereo
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			SFA Moonting Adapter
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			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Parafilm
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			Anorsa
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			PRFL-001-001
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			Peptone
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			1616
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			Petri dishes (90 x 14)
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			Anorsa
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			200200
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			Liebherr Medline
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			59007
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			Shimadzu
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			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			
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			Square plates (120 x 120)
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			Deltalab
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			200204
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			Streptomycin
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			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Sigma
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			S6501
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			Sucrose
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			<td style="width:161px;height:22px;">
			Panreac
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:22px;">
			131621
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:22px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Surgical blades
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Swann-Morton
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			201
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Surgical needle
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			NIPRO
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			015/0204
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Triptone
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Lab Conda
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			1612
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Triton
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Serva
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			37240
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Unimax 1010 shaker
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Heidolph
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Vacuum
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Dinko
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:63px;">
			x-GlcA (5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid, sodium salt anhydrous)
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:63px;">
			Biosynth
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:63px;">
			B-7398
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:63px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Yeast extract
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Lab Conda
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			1702.00
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td style="width:216px;height:21px;">
			Zeatin riboside
			</td>
			<td style="width:161px;height:21px;">
			Sigma
			</td>
			<td style="width:101px;height:21px;">
			1001042850
			</td>
			<td nowrap="nowrap" style="width:80px;height:21px;"></td>
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agrobacterium tumefaciens and agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of potato and the promoter activity of a suberin gene by gus staining

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into the plant&#39;s genome. Here, we present two transformation systems to genetically modify potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. In A. tumefaciens transformation, leaves are infected, the transformed cells are selected and a new complete transformed plant is regenerated using phytohormones in 18 weeks. In A. rhizogenes transformation, stems are infected by injecting the bacteria with a needle, the new emerged transformed hairy roots are detected using a red fluorescent marker and the non-transformed roots are removed. In 5-6 weeks, the resulting plant is a composite of a wild type shoot with fully developed transformed hairy roots. To increase the biomass, the transformed hairy roots can be excised and self-propagated. We applied both Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methods to obtain roots expressing the GUS reporter gene driven by a suberin biosynthetic gene promoter. The GUS staining procedure is provided and allows the cell localization of the promoter induction. In both methods, the transformed potato roots showed GUS staining in the suberized endodermis and exodermis, and additionally, in A. rhizogenes transformed roots the GUS activity was also detected in the emergence of lateral roots. These results suggest that A. rhizogenes can be a fast alternative tool to study the genes that are expressed&#160;in roots.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated potato transformation 
In this manuscript, the step-by-step procedure set up to obtain transformed root with A. rhizogenes is presented. Figure 1 presents an overview of the procedure, which altogether takes around 5-6 weeks (from injection of A. rhizogenes to obtaining fully developed hairy roots). Then, ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining at JoVE.c

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Here, we present two protocols to transform potato plants. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens transformation leads to a complete transgenic plant while the Agrobacterium rhizogenes produces transgenic hairy roots in a wild type shoot that can be self-propagated. We then detect promoter activity by GUS staining in the transformed roots.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of Potato and the Promoter Activity of a Suberin Gene by GUS Staining

Agrobacterium sp. is one of the most widely used methods to obtain transgenic plants as it has the ability to transfer and integrate its own T-DNA into ...

Research

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