Name: localization of sumo-modified proteins using fluorescent sumo-trapping proteins
Uploaded: 2019-04-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Localization of SUMO-modified Proteins Using Fluorescent Sumo-trapping Proteins at JoVE.com

We would like to thank all members of the Kerscher lab for their support, Nathalie Nguyen for critical reading of the manuscript, and Lidia Epp for sequencing. This work has been supported by the Commonwealth Research Commercialization fund MF16-034-LS to OK. Research support for W&#38;M students was provided by the Bailey-Huston Research fund, and Charles Center Honors Fellowships to RY and CH.

1. SUMO detection in fixed tissue culture cells using recombinant KmUTAG-FL SUMO-trapping protein
<ol>
	<li>Grow tissue culture cells of choice on 22 mm round cover slips in 6-well TC plates until 70%&#8211;80% confluent. Perform steps 1.2&#8211;1.8 in the 6-well plate.</li>
	<li>Wash cells briefly with 1 mL of DPBS (Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline)</li>
	<li>For fixation, prepare a fresh solution of 4% Paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution (diluted in DPBS). To fix cells, add 2 mL 4% PFA in DPBS to each well. Incub...

<ol>
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T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO:+a+history+of+modification.">SUMO: a history of modification.</a> Molecular Cell. 18 (1), 1-12 (2005).</li><li>Fu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+SUMO-specific+protease+2+induces+mitochondria+mediated+neurodegeneration.">Disruption of SUMO-specific protease 2 induces mitochondria mediated neurodegeneration.</a> PLoS Genetics. 10 (10), e1004579-e1004579 (2014).</li><li>Zhang, H., Kuai, X., Ji, Z., Li, Z., Shi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Over-expression+of+small+ubiquitin-related+modifier-1+and+sumoylated+p53+in+colon+cancer.">Over-expression of small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 and sumoylated p53 in colon cancer.</a> Cell biochemistry and biophysics. 67 (3), 1081-1087 (2013).</li><li>Wang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO-specific+protease+1+promotes+prostate+cancer+progression+and+metastasis.">SUMO-specific protease 1 promotes prostate cancer progression and metastasis.</a> Oncogene. 32 (19), 2493-2498 (2013).</li><li>Karami, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+SUMO-Protease+SENP7S+Regulates+&#946;-catenin+Signaling+and+Mammary+Epithelial+Cell+Transformation.">Novel SUMO-Protease SENP7S Regulates &#946;-catenin Signaling and Mammary Epithelial Cell Transformation.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 46477 (2017).</li><li>Pelisch, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+SUMO-Dependent+Protein+Network+Regulates+Chromosome+Congression+during+Oocyte+Meiosis.">A SUMO-Dependent Protein Network Regulates Chromosome Congression during Oocyte Meiosis.</a> Molecular Cell. 65 (1), 66-77 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, X. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO-2/3+modification+and+binding+regulate+the+association+of+CENP-E+with+kinetochores+and+progression+through+mitosis.">SUMO-2/3 modification and binding regulate the association of CENP-E with kinetochores and progression through mitosis.</a> Molecular Cell. 29 (6), 729-741 (2008).</li><li>Baker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+crisis:+Blame+it+on+the+antibodies.">Reproducibility crisis: Blame it on the antibodies.</a> Nature News. 521 (7552), 274-276 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., Prelich, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quality+control+of+a+transcriptional+regulator+by+SUMO-targeted+degradation.">Quality control of a transcriptional regulator by SUMO-targeted degradation.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 29 (7), 1694-1706 (2009).</li><li>Li, S. J., Hochstrasser, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+protease+required+for+cell-cycle+progression+in+yeast.">A new protease required for cell-cycle progression in yeast.</a> Nature. 398 (6724), 246-251 (1999).</li><li>Peek, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SUMO+targeting+of+a+stress-tolerant+Ulp1+SUMO+protease.">SUMO targeting of a stress-tolerant Ulp1 SUMO protease.</a> PLoS ONE. 13 (1), e0191391 (2018).</li><li>Edgar, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+13+Blastomere+Culture+and+Analysis.">Chapter 13 Blastomere Culture and Analysis.</a> Methods in Cell Biology. 48, 303-321 (1995).</li><li>Pelisch, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+SUMO+modification+regulates+mitotic+chromosome+assembly+and+cell+cycle+progression+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Dynamic SUMO modification regulates mitotic chromosome assembly and cell cycle progression in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Nature Communications. 5 (1), 769 (2014).</li><li>Dillingham, M. 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Inhibition of receptor binding and VEGF-induced vascular permeability through interactions requiring the exon 7-encoded domain.</a> The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (32), 20556-20567 (1998).</li><li>Hughes, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+specific+inhibitors+of+SUMO-1-+and+SUMO-2/3-mediated+protein-protein+interactions+using+Affimer+(Adhiron)+technology.">Generation of specific inhibitors of SUMO-1- and SUMO-2/3-mediated protein-protein interactions using Affimer (Adhiron) technology.</a> Science Signaling. 10 (505), eaaj2005 (2017).</li><li>Lopata, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Affimer+proteins+for+F-actin:+novel+affinity+reagents+that+label+F-actin+in+live+and+fixed+cells.">Affimer proteins for F-actin: novel affinity reagents that label F-actin in live and fixed cells.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 6572 (2018).</li><li>Gilbreth, R. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoform-specific+monobody+inhibitors+of+small+ubiquitin-related+modifiers+engineered+using+structure-guided+library+design.">Isoform-specific monobody inhibitors of small ubiquitin-related modifiers engineered using structure-guided library design.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (19), 7751-7756 (2011).</li><li>Berndt, A., Wilkinson, K. A., Heimann, M. J., Bishop, P., Henley, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+characterization+of+the+properties+of+SUMO1-specific+monobodies.">In vivo characterization of the properties of SUMO1-specific monobodies.</a> Biochemical Journal. 456 (3), 385-395 (2013).</li></ol>

Here we introduce the use of kmUTAG-fl, a recombinant protein, for functional studies of SUMO in fixed mammalian cells and dissected nematode gonads. KmUTAG-fl is a stress-tolerant pan-SUMO specific reagent that recognizes and traps native SUMO-conjugated proteins and SUMO chains. Since SUMO&#39;s tertiary structure is highly conserved it is very likely that SUMO variants from additional model and non-model systems can be analyzed with the kmUTAG-fl reagent. As such, KmUTAG-fl may represent a useful alternative or second...

The purpose of this method is to facilitate the study and analysis of SUMO-conjugated proteins using the recombinant SUMO-trapping UTAG (Ulp domain Tag) protein. As detailed below, UTAG can be used in lieu of other reagents and approaches to purify, detect, and visualize SUMO-modified proteins. Depending on growth conditions, cells may contain hundreds or thousands of proteins that are modified with SUMO or SUMO chains (for review see Kerscher et al. 20061 and Kerscher 20162). This represents a considerable difficulty for the functional analyses of specific SUMO-modified proteins, especially since only a fraction of a particular sumoylation target is actually modified3. In addition to their roles in essential cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, protein homeostasis, the response to cellular stress, and chromatin remodeling during mitosis and meiosis; it has now become sufficiently clear that SUMO, SUMO-modified proteins, and SUMO pathway components also have potential as biomarkers for pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders4,5,6,7. This underscores the need for robust, reliable, and readily available tools and innovative approaches for the detection and functional analysis of SUMO-modified proteins in a variety of cells and samples.
In many systems, SUMO-specific antibodies are the reagents of choice for the detection, isolation and functional analyses of SUMO-modified proteins8,9. However, some commercially available SUMO-specific antibodies are expensive, limited in quantity or availability, prone to exhibit wildly variable affinities and cross-reactivity, and in some instances lack reproducibility10. One alternative approach is the expression of epitope-tagged SUMO in transformed cells and organisms, but linking epitope tags to SUMO may artificially lower its conjugation to protein targets11. Additionally, epitopes are not useful when untransformed cells or tissues are evaluated.
Ulp1 is a conserved SUMO protease from S. cerevisiae that both processes the SUMO precursor and desumoylates SUMO-conjugated proteins12. We developed the UTAG reagent based on the serendipitous observation that a mutation of the catalytic Cysteine (C580S) in Ulp1&#39;s SUMO processing Ulp domain (UD) not only prevents SUMO cleavage but also traps SUMO-conjugated proteins with high avidity12. For simplicity, we referred to this carboxy-terminal SUMO-trapping Ulp1(C580S) fragment as UTAG (short for UD TAG). UTAG is a recombinant pan-SUMO trapping protein that represents a useful alternative to anti-SUMO antibodies used for the isolation and detection of SUMO-modified proteins. Importantly, it specifically recognizes natively-folded, conjugated SUMO and not just one or several epitopes on SUMO. To improve both the protein stability and SUMO binding strength of UTAG, we generated a variant of UTAG from the stress-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus (Km). KmUTAG tightly binds SUMO-conjugates with nanomolar affinity13. Additionally, kmUTAG is resistant to elevated temperatures (42 &#176;C), reducing agents (5 mM TCEP - Tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride), denaturants (up to 2 M Urea), oxidizing agents (0.6% hydrogen peroxide), and non-ionic detergents. This stress tolerance is beneficial during harsh purification condition and prolonged incubation times, ensuring its stability and SUMO-trapping activity. Not surprisingly, however, KmUTAG&#39;s SUMO-trapping activity is incompatible with cysteine-modifying reagents, ionic detergents and fully denatured protein extracts. The remarkable affinity and properties of KmUTAG indicate that this reagent may become part of the standard repertoire for the study of sumoylated proteins in multiple species.
Here we provide a simple method to detect SUMO-modified proteins in mammalian cells and nematodes using a recombinant fluorescent mCherry-KmUTAG fusion protein (kmUTAG-fl).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde (formaldehyde) aqueous solution</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>30525-89-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific/Olympus Plastics</td>
			<td>25-105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 AffiniPure Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-545-003</td>
			<td>Used as a secondary antibody for mouse monoclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, no calcium, no magnesium</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Gibco 14190144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dylight 488 conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Moue IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td>115-485-146</td>
			<td>Used as a secondary antibody for mouse monoclonal antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Coverglass for Growth Cover Glasses</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12545101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLUORO-GEL II with DAPI</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>50-246-93)</td>
			<td>Mounting media in step 1.11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FLUORO-GEL with DABCO</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>17985-02</td>
			<td>With DAPI added to 1 &#181;g/mL; mounting media in step 2.2.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine-HCl</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP3815</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine-HCl</td>
			<td>ACROS Organics</td>
			<td>6000-43-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KmUTAG-fl</td>
			<td>Kerafast</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>KmUTAG reagents are available on Kerafast.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oneblock Western-CL blocking buffer</td>
			<td>Prometheus</td>
			<td>20-313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS, Phosphate Buffered Saline, 10X Solution</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>BP3994</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PNT2 cell line</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>95012613</td>
			<td>Normal prostate epithelium immortalized with SV40.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pSPOT1</td>
			<td>(ChromoTek GmbH)</td>
			<td>ev-1</td>
			<td>https://www.chromotek.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pdfs/Datasheets/pSpot1_v1.pdf</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SUMO 6F2</td>
			<td>DSHB</td>
			<td>SUMO 6F2</td>
			<td>SUMO 6F2 was deposited to the DSHB by Pelisch, F. / Hay, R.T. (DSHB Hybridoma Product SUMO 6F2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SUMO protease buffer [10x]</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>500 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 2% NP-40, 1.5 M NaCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SUMO-2 Antibody 8A2</td>
			<td>DSHB</td>
			<td>SUMO-2 8A2</td>
			<td>SUMO-2 8A2 was deposited to the DSHB by Matunis, M. (DSHB Hybridoma Product SUMO-2 8A2)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCEP-HCL</td>
			<td>GoldBio</td>
			<td>51805-45-9</td>
			<td>Used as a reducing agent at a concentration of 5mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Fisher BioReagents</td>
			<td>9002-93-1</td>
			<td>Used for permeablization at 0.1% in DPBS/PBS(for worms)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

localization of sumo-modified proteins using fluorescent sumo-trapping proteins

Here we are presenting a novel method to study the sumoylation of proteins and their sub-cellular localization in mammalian cells and nematode oocytes. This method utilizes a recombinant modified SUMO-trapping protein fragment, kmUTAG, derived from the Ulp1 SUMO protease of the stress-tolerant budding yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. We have adapted the properties of the kmUTAG for the purpose of studying sumoylation in a variety of model systems without the use of antibodies. For the study of SUMO, KmUTAG has several advantages when compared to antibody-based approaches. This stress-tolerant SUMO-trapping reagent is produced recombinantly, it recognizes native SUMO isoforms from many species, and unlike commercially available antibodies it shows reduced affinity for free, unconjugated SUMO. Representative results shown here include the localization of SUMO conjugates in mammalian tissue culture cells and nematode oocytes.

KmUTAG-fl is a recombinant, mCherry-tagged SUMO-trapping protein. To produce kmUTAG-fl, we cloned a codon-optimized mCherry-kmUTAG into the pSPOT1 bacterial overexpression plasmid (Figure 1). After induction, the kmUTAG-fl protein was purified on Spot-TRAP, eluted, and frozen until further use. To ensure the SUMO-trapping activity of KmUTAG-fl, we confirmed binding to SUMO1-conjugated beads and precipitation of a SUMO-CAT fusion protein (data not shown, but s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Localization of SUMO-modified Proteins Using Fluorescent Sumo-trapping Proteins at JoVE.com

Localization of SUMO-modified Proteins Using Fluorescent Sumo-trapping Proteins

SUMO is an essential and highly conserved, small ubiquitin-like modifier protein. In this protocol we are describing the use of a stress-tolerant recombinant SUMO-trapping protein (kmUTAG) to visualize native, untagged SUMO conjugates and their localization in a variety of cell types.

Here we are presenting a novel method to study the sumoylation of proteins and their sub-cellular localization in mammalian cells and nematode oocytes. ...

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