Name: expression and purification of nuclease-free oxygen scavenger protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase
Uploaded: 2019-11-08T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression and Purification of Nuclease-Free Oxygen Scavenger Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase at JoVE.com

This work was supported by NIH GM121284 and AI126742 to KEY.

1. Induce PCD expression in E. coli
<ol>
	<li>Combine 1 &#956;L pVP91A-pcaHG PCD expression plasmid (20 ng/&#956;L, Figure 1A) and 20 &#956;L of E.coli BL21 (20 &#956;L commercially available cells, &#62; 2 x 106 cfu/&#956;g plasmid) in a tube. Flick the tube to mix. Place the tube on ice 5 min.</li>
	<li>Place transformation at 42 &#176;C for 30 s. Then ice 2 min.</li>
	<li>Add 80 &#956;L SOC media (super optimal broth with catabolite repressi...

<ol>
	<li>Shera, E. B., Seitzinger, N. K., Davis, L. M., Keller, R. A., Soper, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+single+fluorescent+molecules.">Detection of single fluorescent molecules.</a> Chemical Physics Letters. 174 (6), 553-557 (1990).</li><li>Zheng, Q., Jockusch, S., Zhou, Z., Blanchard, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+reactive+oxygen+species+to+the+photobleaching+of+organic+fluorophores.">The contribution of reactive oxygen species to the photobleaching of organic fluorophores.</a> Photochemistry and Photobiology. 90 (2), 448-454 (2014).</li><li>Ha, T., Tinnefeld, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photophysics+of+fluorescent+probes+for+single-molecule+biophysics+and+super-resolution+imaging.">Photophysics of fluorescent probes for single-molecule biophysics and super-resolution imaging.</a> Annual Review of Physical Chemistry. 63, 595-617 (2012).</li><li>Dixit, R., Cyr, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+damage+and+reactive+oxygen+species+production+induced+by+fluorescence+microscopy:+effect+on+mitosis+and+guidelines+for+non-invasive+fluorescence+microscopy.">Cell damage and reactive oxygen species production induced by fluorescence microscopy: effect on mitosis and guidelines for non-invasive fluorescence microscopy.</a> The Plant Journal: for Cell and Molecular Biology. 36 (2), 280-290 (2003).</li><li>Davies, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactive+species+formed+on+proteins+exposed+to+singlet+oxygen.">Reactive species formed on proteins exposed to singlet oxygen.</a> Photochemical &#38; Photobiological Sciences. 3 (1), 17-25 (2004).</li><li>Sies, H., Menck, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Singlet+oxygen+induced+DNA+damage.">Singlet oxygen induced DNA damage.</a> Mutation Research. 275 (3-6), 367-375 (1992).</li><li>Aitken, C. E., Marshall, R. A., Puglisi, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+oxygen+scavenging+system+for+improvement+of+dye+stability+in+single-molecule+fluorescence+experiments.">An oxygen scavenging system for improvement of dye stability in single-molecule fluorescence experiments.</a> Biophysical Journal. 94 (5), 1826-1835 (2008).</li><li>Harada, Y., Sakurada, K., Aoki, T., Thomas, D. D., Yanagida, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+coupling+in+actomyosin+energy+transduction+studied+by+in+vitro+movement+assay.">Mechanochemical coupling in actomyosin energy transduction studied by in vitro movement assay.</a> Journal of Molecular Biology. 216 (1), 49-68 (1990).</li><li>Shi, X., Lim, J., Ha, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acidification+of+the+oxygen+scavenging+system+in+single-molecule+fluorescence+studies:+in+situ+sensing+with+a+ratiometric+dual-emission+probe.">Acidification of the oxygen scavenging system in single-molecule fluorescence studies: in situ sensing with a ratiometric dual-emission probe.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 82 (14), 6132-6138 (2010).</li><li>Brown, C. K., Vetting, M. W., Earhart, C. A., Ohlendorf, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biophysical+analyses+of+designed+and+selected+mutants+of+protocatechuate+3,4-dioxygenase1.">Biophysical analyses of designed and selected mutants of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase1.</a> Annual Review of Microbiology. 58, 555-585 (2004).</li><li>Senavirathne, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Widespread+nuclease+contamination+in+commonly+used+oxygen-scavenging+systems.">Widespread nuclease contamination in commonly used oxygen-scavenging systems.</a> Nature Methods. 12 (10), 901-902 (2015).</li><li>Senavirathne, G., Lopez, M. A., Messer, R., Fishel, R., Yoder, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+purification+of+nuclease-free+protocatechuate+3,4-dioxygenase+for+prolonged+single-molecule+fluorescence+imaging.">Expression and purification of nuclease-free protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase for prolonged single-molecule fluorescence imaging.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 556, 78-84 (2018).</li><li>Jones, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retroviral+intasomes+search+for+a+target+DNA+by+1D+diffusion+which+rarely+results+in+integration.">Retroviral intasomes search for a target DNA by 1D diffusion which rarely results in integration.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11409 (2016).</li><li>Liu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cascading+MutS+and+MutL+sliding+clamps+control+DNA+diffusion+to+activate+mismatch+repair.">Cascading MutS and MutL sliding clamps control DNA diffusion to activate mismatch repair.</a> Nature. 539 (7630), 583-587 (2016).</li></ol>

Oxygen scavenging systems are commonly included in single molecule fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching3,7,8. These microscopy techniques are often used to observe nucleic acids or protein interactions with nucleic acids1,13,14. Contamination of OSSs with nucleases may lead to spurious results.
Co...

Single molecule (SM) biophysics is a rapidly growing field changing the way we look at&#160;biological phenomena. This field has the unique ability to link fundamental laws of physics and chemistry to&#160;biology. Fluorescence microscopy is one biophysical method that can achieve SM sensitivity. Fluorescence is used to detect biomolecules by linking them to small organic fluorophores or quantum dots1. These molecules can emit photons when excited by lasers before photobleaching irreversibly2. Photobleaching occurs when the fluorescent labels undergo chemical damage&#160;which destroys their ability to excite at the desired wavelength2,3. The presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aqueous buffer are a primary cause of photobleaching2,4. Additionally, ROS can damage biomolecules and lead to erroneous observations in SM experiments5,6. To prevent oxidative damage, oxygen scavenging systems (OSS) can be used3,7,8. The glucose oxidase/catalase (GODCAT) system is efficient at removing oxygen8, but it produces potentially damaging peroxides as intermediates. These may be damaging to biomolecules of interest in SM studies.
Alternatively, protocatechuate 3,4 dioxygenase (PCD) will efficiently remove O2 from an aqueous solution using its substrate protocatechuic acid (PCA)7,9. PCD is a metalloenzyme that uses nonheme iron to coordinate PCA and catalyze the catechol ring opening reaction using dissolved O210. This one step reaction is shown to be an overall better OSS for improving fluorophore stability in SM experiments7. Unfortunately, many commercially available OSS enzymes, including PCD, contain contaminating nucleases11. These contaminants can lead to the damage of nucleic acid-based substrates used in SM experiments. This work will elucidate&#160;a chromatography-based purification protocol for the use of recombinant PCD in SM systems. PCD can be broadly applied to any experiment where ROS are damaging substrates needed for data acquisition.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3148</td>
			<td>&#946;ME</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% acrylamide and bis-acrylamide solution, 29:1</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0156</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid, Glacial Certified ACS</td>
			<td>Fisherl Chemical</td>
			<td>A38C-212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar, Granulated</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>DF0145-17-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AKTA FPLC System</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>AKTA Purifier: Box-900, pH/C-900, UV-900, P-900, and Frac-920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amicon Ultra-2 Centrifugal Filter Unit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC201024</td>
			<td>10 kDa MWCO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium iron(II) sulfate hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F-2262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Persulfate (APS) Tablets</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>K833-100TABS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0339-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Tryptone</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>DF0123173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Bacto Dehydrated Culture Media Additive: Bottle Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>90004-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BIS-TRIS propane,&#62;=99.0% (titration)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6755-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B0126-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coomassie Brilliant Blue</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0472-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar 96&#8211;Well Flat&#8211;Bottom EIA Plate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>2240096EDU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DTT</td>
			<td>P212121</td>
			<td>SV-DTT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline 500ML</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537-500ML</td>
			<td>PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium bromide</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>G37-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Granulated LB Broth Miller</td>
			<td>EMD Biosciences</td>
			<td>1.10285.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hi-Res Standard Agarose</td>
			<td>AGTC Bioproducts</td>
			<td>AG500D1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imidazole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>I0250-250G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IPTG</td>
			<td>Goldbio</td>
			<td>I2481C25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leupeptin</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11017128001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lysozyme from Chicken Egg White</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L6876-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium Chloride Hexahydrate</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0288-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvolume Spectrophotometer, with cuvet capability</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>ND-2000C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>P212121</td>
			<td>RP-S23020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ni-NTA Superflow (100 ml)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>30430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Novagen BL21 Competent Cells</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>69-449-3</td>
			<td>SOC media included</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orange G</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>0-267</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pepstatin</td>
			<td>Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td>P-020-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0754-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protocatechuic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ICN15642110</td>
			<td>PCA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>P212121</td>
			<td>CI-00270-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpectraMax M2 Microplate Reader</td>
			<td>Molecular Devises</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Disposable Filter Units with PES Membrane &#62; 250mL</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-741-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Disposable Filter Units with PES Membrane &#62; 500mL</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-741-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superose 12 10/300 GL</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td>17517301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TEMED</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0761-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris Ultra Pure</td>
			<td>Gojira Fine Chemicals</td>
			<td>UTS1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Typhoon 9410 variable mode fluorescent imager</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen/Gibco</td>
			<td>15575</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>208086</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

expression and purification of nuclease-free oxygen scavenger protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase

Single molecule (SM) microscopy is used in the study of dynamic molecular interactions of fluorophore labeled biomolecules in real time. However, fluorophores are prone to loss of signal via photobleaching by dissolved oxygen (O2). To prevent photobleaching and extend the fluorophore lifetime, oxygen scavenging systems (OSS) are employed to reduce O2. Commercially available OSS may be contaminated by nucleases that damage or degrade nucleic acids, confounding interpretation of experimental results. Here we detail a protocol for the expression and purification of highly active Pseudomonas putida protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase (PCD) with no detectable nuclease contamination. PCD can efficiently remove reactive O2 species by conversion of the substrate protocatechuic acid (PCA) to 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid. This method can be used in any aqueous system where O2 plays a detrimental role in data acquisition. This method is effective in producing highly active, nuclease free PCD in comparison with commercially available PCD.

Commercially available oxygen scavenger PCD is frequently contaminated with a DNA nuclease. Contaminating nuclease activity could lead to spurious results in fluorescent studies, particularly studies that analyze DNA or DNA interacting proteins.We have found that recombinant PCD, a heterodimer of hexahistidine tagged pcaH and pcaG, may be expressed in E. coli (Figure 1). The heterodimer is first purified by nickel affinity chromatography (<strong class="xfig"...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Expression and Purification of Nuclease-Free Oxygen Scavenger Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase at JoVE.com

Expression and Purification of Nuclease-Free Oxygen Scavenger Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase

Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PCD) can enzymatically remove free diatomic oxygen from an aqueous system using its substrate protocatechuic acid (PCA). This protocol describes the expression, purification, and activity analysis of this oxygen scavenging enzyme.

Single molecule (SM) microscopy is used in the study of dynamic molecular interactions of fluorophore labeled biomolecules in real time. However, ...

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