Name: nmr-based activity assays for determining compound inhibition, ic50 values, artifactual activity, and whole-cell activity of nucleoside ribohydrolases
Uploaded: 2019-06-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases at JoVE

We thank Dr. Dean Brown for providing compounds from the AstraZeneca fragment library and Dr. David Parkin for providing the AGNH and UNH enzymes. Research reported in this publication was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R15AI128585 to B. J. S. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.Research was also supported by a Horace G. McDonell Summer Research Fellowship awarded to S. N. M., a Landesberg Family Fellowship awarded to J. A. G., and Faculty Development Grants and Frederick Bettelheim Research Award from Adelphi University to B. J. S.

1. Initial test compound assays at 500 &#956;M and 250 &#956;M
<ol>
	<li>Prepare substrate and test compound for reactions.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare stock solutions of substrate (adenosine or 5-fluorouridine) in water and 50 mM test compound in deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Refer to the introduction section for concentrations of substrate solution to use.</li>
		<li>Add 12 &#956;L of substrate (adenosine or 5-fluorouridine ) to each of four 1.5 mL microfuge tubes, 1&#8211;4.</li>
		<li>Add 6 &#956;L of deuterated DM...

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+proton-pump+inhibitor+drugs+that+inhibit+Trichomonas+vaginalis+uridine+nucleoside+ribohydrolase.">Identification of proton-pump inhibitor drugs that inhibit Trichomonas vaginalis uridine nucleoside ribohydrolase.</a> Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 24, 1080-1084 (2014).</li><li>Beck, S., Muellers, S. N., Benzie, A. L., Parkin, D. W., Stockman, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenosine/guanosine+preferring+nucleoside+ribohydrolase+is+a+distinct,+druggable+antitrichomonal+target.">Adenosine/guanosine preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase is a distinct, druggable antitrichomonal target.</a> Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 25, 5036-5039 (2015).</li><li>Muellers, S. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligand-efficient+inhibitors+of+Trichomonas+vaginalis+adenosine/guanosine+preferring+nucleoside+ribohydrolase.">Ligand-efficient inhibitors of Trichomonas vaginalis adenosine/guanosine preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase.</a> ACS Infectious Diseases. 5, 345-352 (2019).</li><li>Veronesi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorine+nuclear+magnetic+resonance-based+assay+in+living+mammalian+cells.">Fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance-based assay in living mammalian cells.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 495, 52-59 (2016).</li><li>Holzgrabe, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+NMR+spectroscopy+in+pharmaceutical+applications.">Quantitative NMR spectroscopy in pharmaceutical applications.</a> Progress in NMR Spectroscopy. 57, 229-240 (2010).</li><li>Bharti, S. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+detergent-based+assay+for+the+detection+of+promiscuous+inhibitors.">A detergent-based assay for the detection of promiscuous inhibitors.</a> Nature Protocols. 1, 550-553 (2006).</li><li>Copeland, R. A., Basavapathruni, A., Moyer, M., Scott, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+enzyme+concentration+and+residence+time+on+apparent+activity+recovery+in+jump+dilution+analysis.">Impact of enzyme concentration and residence time on apparent activity recovery in jump dilution analysis.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. , 206-210 (2011).</li><li>Griveta, J. -. P., Delort, A. -. 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The protocols described are generally applicable to many enzymes, provided that the substrates and/or products have resolvable signals in the NMR spectrum. However, it is critical that the concentration of substrate is close to its Km value and high enough to be detected in an NMR experiment within a reasonable timeframe. A substrate concentration no higher than 2-3x the Km value is optimal for detecting competitive, noncompetitive, and uncompetitive inhibitors4</...

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is well-established for characterizing and monitoring enzyme reactions1,2. Differences in chemical shifts and coupling patterns are used to distinguish substrate and product resonances, and relative resonance intensities are used to quantify the percent of reaction. Both the consumption of substrate and the creation of product are directly observed in the NMR spectrum. This contrasts with spectrophotometry or fluorescence spectroscopy, in which the reaction time course is indicated by a change in absorbance attributable to some chemical species being consumed or created. Just as with the other methods, NMR can be used to study enzyme reactions as a function of temperature, pH, or other solution conditions, and the effects of inhibitors can be determined.
More recently, NMR-based enzyme activity assays have been demonstrated for fragment screening3,4. NMR-based assays are ideally suited to work at the higher concentrations of test compounds (often as high as 1 mM) required to detect these weaker inhibitors. The dynamic range and chemical shift dispersion in the NMR experiment can easily resolve resonances from substrate, product, and test compounds. This compares favorably to spectrophotometric assays where read-out interference problems often arise from compounds with overlapping UV-vis absorption profiles. In addition, since they lack reporter enzymes, the single-enzyme NMR assays are not prone to coupled-assay false positives. This advantage makes them useful as orthogonal assays, complementing traditional high throughput screening assays and benchtop triage assays5.
In our research laboratory, NMR-based activity assays are used to identify and evaluate inhibitors of Trichomonas vaginalis nucleoside ribohydrolases. The T. vaginalis parasite causes the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted disease6. Increasing resistance to existing therapies7 is driving the need for novel, mechanism-based treatments, with essential nucleoside salvage pathway enzymes representing prime targets8. NMR-based activity assays have been developed for both pyrimidine- and purine-specific enzymes, uridine nucleoside ribohydrolase (UNH)9, and adenosine/guanosine preferring nucleoside ribohydrolase (AGNH)10. The reactions catalyzed by these two enzymes are shown in Figure 1. The NMR assays are being used to screen fragment libraries for chemical starting points, determine IC50 values, and weed out aggregation-based or covalent binding inhibitors11. The same assays are also being translated to assess enzyme activity in whole cells12.
Detailed protocols are provided for initial compound assays at 500 &#956;M and 250 &#956;M, dose-response assays for determining IC50 values, detergent counter screen assays, jump-dilution counter screen assays, and assays in E. coli whole cells. The protocols are generally applicable to any enzyme in which substrate and product resonances can be observed and distinguished by NMR spectroscopy. Three assumptions have been made for simplicity. First, the substrate is not specified. For NMR-based activity assays to be useful, the final concentration of substrate should be no more than 2-3x the Km value4. In the examples shown, the final concentrations of adenosine and 5-fluorouridine are 100 &#956;M (Km = 54 &#956;M) and 50 &#956;M (Km = 15 &#956;M), respectively. In the protocols, achieving these concentrations corresponds to 12 &#956;L of 5 mM adenosine or 12 &#956;L of 2.5 mM 5-fluorouridine.
Second, the amount of enzyme provided for in the protocols, 5 &#956;L, was chosen to correspond to the amount required to result in approximately 75% conversion of substrate to product in 30 min. This quantity typically represents a large dilution from a purified enzyme stock, and the dilution must be determined in advance for each enzyme. Purified AGNH and UNH enzyme stock solutions are stored at -80 &#176;C in aliquots that provide enough enzyme for several thousand reactions. Thus, the dilution factor ideally only needs to be determined or validated every few months. Third, the specific 1D NMR experiment is not specified. In the representative results, 1H NMR is shown for AGNH10 and 19F NMR is shown for UNH9, with the NMR experiment described in the corresponding references. The choice of NMR experiment depends on the enzyme reaction and substrates available as well as available NMR instrumentation. Finally, it should be pointed out that the experimental approach described does not adhere to the strict requirements of quantitative NMR (qNMR)13,14. In the protocol, a percent reaction is determined using the relative changes in intensity of the same resonance in each spectrum, rather than by determining absolute concentrations. This approach eliminates the need for data acquisition and processing modifications as well as internal or external standards, which are required for qNMR.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:825px;" width="825">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">AGNH</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Purified in-house</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">TVAG_213720</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">UNH</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Purified in-house</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">N/A</td>
			<td>TVAG_092730</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Adenosine</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">A9251</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">5-Fluorouridine</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">F5130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide-D6</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Cambridge Isotope Labs</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DLM-10-100</td>
			<td>D, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">P0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">P3786</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">P9541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Deuterium oxide</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Cambridge Isotope Labs</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DLM-4-100</td>
			<td>D, 99.9%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">A144212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:251px;">3-(Trimethylsilyl)propionic-2,2,3,3,-d4 acid sodium salt (TSP)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">269913</td>
			<td>D, 98%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol-1,1-d2</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">612197</td>
			<td>D, 99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">F123602</td>
			<td>PIPETMAN Classic P1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">F123601</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">PIPETMAN Classic P200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">F123600</td>
			<td style="width:215px;">PIPETMAN Classic P20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Microfuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">05-408-129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">352099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">5418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">02215365</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">NMR tubes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Norell</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">502-7</td>
			<td>Or as appropriate for the NMR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">NMR spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Bruker</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">N/A</td>
			<td>AvanceIII500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:251px;">Prism software</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">GraphPad</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Version 5.04</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nmr-based activity assays for determining compound inhibition, ic50 values, artifactual activity, and whole-cell activity of nucleoside ribohydrolases

NMR spectroscopy is often used for the identification and characterization of enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery, particularly in the context of fragment screening. NMR-based activity assays are ideally suited to work at the higher concentrations of test compounds required to detect these weaker inhibitors. The dynamic range and chemical shift dispersion in an NMR experiment can easily resolve resonances from substrate, product, and test compounds. This contrasts with spectrophotometric assays, in which read-out interference problems often arise from compounds with overlapping UV-vis absorption profiles. In addition, since they lack reporter enzymes, the single-enzyme NMR assays are not prone to coupled-assay false positives. This attribute makes them useful as orthogonal assays, complementing traditional high throughput screening assays and benchtop triage assays. Detailed protocols are provided for initial compound assays at 500 &#956;M and 250 &#956;M, dose-response assays for determining IC50 values, detergent counter screen assays, jump-dilution counter screen assays, and assays in E. coli whole cells. The methods are demonstrated using two nucleoside ribohydrolase enzymes. The use of 1H NMR is shown for the purine-specific enzyme, while 19F NMR is shown for the pyrimidine-specific enzyme. The protocols are generally applicable to any enzyme where substrate and product resonances can be observed and distinguished by NMR spectroscopy. To be the most useful in the context of drug discovery, the final concentration of substrate should be no more than 2-3x its Km value. The choice of NMR experiment depends on the enzyme reaction and substrates available as well as available NMR instrumentation.

Figure 2 shows the results for testing two compounds against AGNH using 1H NMR following section 1. The enzyme reaction is most easily observed and quantified by the disappearance of adenosine singlet and doublet resonances at 8.48 ppm and 6.09 ppm, respectively, and the appearance of an adenine singlet resonance at 8.33 ppm as observed in the 30 min control spectrum. In the presence of 500 &#956;M compound 1, no product is formed as evidenced by the lack of an adenine resonance a...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases at JoVE

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

NMR-based activity assays have been developed to identify and characterize inhibitors of two nucleoside ribohydrolase enzymes. Protocols are provided for initial compound assays at 500 &#956;M and 250 &#956;M, dose-response assays for determining IC50 values, detergent counter screen assays, jump-dilution counter screen assays, and assays in E. coli whole cells.

NMR-Based Activity Assays for Determining Compound Inhibition, IC50 Values, Artifactual Activity, and Whole-Cell Activity of Nucleoside Ribohydrolases

NMR spectroscopy is often used for the identification and characterization of enzyme inhibitors in drug discovery, particularly in the context of fragment ...

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