Name: a 3d spheroid model as a more physiological system for cancer-associated fibroblasts differentiation and invasion in vitro studies
Uploaded: 2019-08-08T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies at JoVE.com

We acknowledge Barbara Schedding&#39;s help in preparing the BM2 and lebein-1. We acknowledge &#192;gnes Noel for sharing her expertise in spheroid assays. We thank Sonja Schelhaas and Michael Sch&#228;fers for their help in handling lentiviral transfection under S2 conditions. We acknowledge Sabine von R&#252;den&#39;s assistence in preparing CAFs from pancreatic cancer tissue.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union&#39;s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under the REA grant agreement n&#9702; (316610) to J.A.E. Moreover, J.A.E. and A.C.M.C. was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM). This project was also supported by Wilhelm Sander Stiftung (grant: 2016.113.1 to J.A.E.).

1. 3D spheroids as an in vitro model for fibroblast/CAF differentiation using different TGF-&#946;1 inhibiting compounds of cell-matrix interaction
<ol>
	<li>Mix 1 part of 6 mg/mL methylcellulose solution and 3 parts of cell culture media, MEM supplemented with 1% of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin to obtain the spheroid formation solution.</li>
	<li>Resuspend freshly thawed immortalized normal fibroblasts (iNFs), immortalized CAF (iCAFs) or integrin &#945;3&#946;1 KO iCAF (pass...

<ol>
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To develop an appropriate in vitro model to study CAF differentiation is a challenging task. After employing different approaches, we concluded that a 3D spheroid model is the more practical, physiological and clinically relevant model, in which the interplay between pancreatic carcinoma cells with immortalized CAFs can be studied. This model prevented spontaneous differentiation of fibroblasts, due to artefactual stressors such as stiffness of the cell culture plastic, at least in short-term culture conditions (up to 48...

The tumor microenvironment is a very complex niche and extremely important for the maintenance and progression of the tumor cells1. It is formed not only by the cancer cells but also by stromal fibroblasts. The tumor cells are surrounded by a stroma that is specific and different from the stroma of normal tissues2. Laminin-332 is an extracellular matrix protein ectopically expressed in the stroma of different tumors, such as of pancreatic adenocarcinoma3. Moreover, the biochemical composition of the ECM and also its biophysical properties, such as rigidity and tension, change within the tumor bulk4. This tumor stroma, or &#34;reactive stroma&#34;, is caused by an adaptation of fibroblasts to the neighboring cancer cells and by the recruitment of other very important players that develop a favorable and supportive environment for tumor progression. The differentiation of stromal fibroblasts results in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). These cells can be identified using different markers such as &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;SMA)5 or neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)6.
The most suitable&#160;in vitro model to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) with CAFs is difficult to select. The method to mimic physiological parameters of the TME in a cost-efficient and reproducible way must be considered for such a model system. Within the TME, different processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion of the different cell types occur. These cellular processes can be performed individually with different methods. However, the experimental conditions must consider the cellular interactions with the tumor stroma ECM, since the stiffness of the substratum influences the CAF differentiation process. R.G. Wells commented on the impact of matrix stiffness on cell behavior and highlighted that cytoskeletal organization and differentiation status observed in in vitro cultured cells might be artefactual7. Different stimuli seem to be involved in CAF differentiation, including mechanical tension5,7. To avoid this, 2D soft substrates could be possible approaches for differentiation studies, as they circumvent the problem of the stiff culture dish plastic. A soft 2D surface, on which fibroblasts can be grown, can be collagen-I coated polyacrylamide gels, whereby the gel stiffness can be manipulated by the concentration of polyacrylamide and the gel cross-linker. The adhesion and formation of &#945;SMA-rich stress fibers are enhanced in fibroblasts along with the gel stiffness8. These results stress the importance of soft substrate scaffolds for more physiological in vitro differentiation models. However, in our hands the experimental reproducibility and imaging of these gels were challenging. To overcome these shortcomings, we changed the 2D soft substrate system for a 3D spheroid model for differentiation and invasion studies. This model is more clinically relevant and, similar to an in vitro organoid, recapitulates in vivo cell-cell interactions, ECM production and deposition, as well as cell behavior9.
Spheroids are formed when cells lack a substrate to adhere to. When the cells are left without an adhesive surface, they aggregate to form a more or less spherical structure. If the spheroids are composed of one type of cell, they are called homospheroids; if composed of two or more different cell types they form heterospheroids.
Among the different methods for spheroid preparation, we perform the protocol using non-adherent round bottom 96-well plates. It is very effective with respect to the costs. Here, we produce both homospheroids of fibroblasts, CAF or CAFs lacking the integrin &#945;3 subunit to examine the differentiation process and heterospheroids of CAFs or integrin &#945;3 KO CAFs and pancreatic duct carcinoma cells (AsPC-I and PANC-I) to study the invasion into the surrounding matrix.
The aim for these studies was to use primary CAFs isolated from human pancreatic carcinoma biopsies. However, the biopsies to obtain the cells are scarce and for this reason, the CAFs used in these studies have been immortalized using lentivirus containing HTERT. They are called iCAFs, and their normal counterparts, primary human pancreatic fibroblasts, are termed iNFs. The human pancreatic fibroblasts and the pancreatic duct carcinoma cells, AsPC-I and PANC-I, are commercially available.
This protocol was used to study the effect of the laminin-332-integrin interaction in the CAF differentiation process. To prove specificity of this interaction and its function, inhibitor compounds were used: BM2, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the integrin binding site the laminin-332 &#945;3 chain10, or lebein 1, a snake venom derived compound that blocks the laminin-binding integrins &#945;3&#946;1, &#945;6&#946;1 and &#945;7&#946;111,12.
For the invasion assay, cells had been transduced with lentivirus containing cDNA encoding either mCherry (iCAFs and integrin &#945;3 KO iCAFs) or GFP (AsPC-I and PANC-I) to distinguish the different cell types in the heterospheroids. The transduction of the cells to immortalize them and/or to label them with fluorescent protein (mCherry and GFP) expression is described in a previous study13, that should be consulted for further information.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride (DAPI)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>D9542-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6F12 anti-Laminin &#946;3 subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A3IIF5 Anti-&#945;3 integrin subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly provided by Prof. M. Hemler, Dana Faber-Cancer Institute, Boston</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>32201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin Fraction V - BSA</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A1391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488 Goat (polyclonal) anti-Mouse</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488 Goat (polyclonal) Rabbit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-laminin &#947;2 subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-28330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NG2 Rabbit (polyclonal) Millipore, AB5320</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-&#945;-SMA-Cy3 Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AsPC-1 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly given by prof. Jorg Haier&#39;s Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench centrifuge</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-589-620</td>
			<td>Sprout</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BM2 anti-laminin &#945;3 subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly provided by Prof. Patricia Rousselle, CNRS, Lyon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>21074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multifuge 1S-R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes 50 mL</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase B</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11088831001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-I, rat tail</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A10483-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LSM 700 and 800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (High glucose 4.5 g/L)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dnase I</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FACSCaliburTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelifying matrix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1413202</td>
			<td>Matrigel, Geltrex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat IgG, isotype</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>X 0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>12449-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Primary Pancreatic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>PELOBiotech</td>
			<td>PB-H-6201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>B6060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin-332</td>
			<td>Biolamina</td>
			<td>LN332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>M4655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate, 96 wells, U-bottom</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>650101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>J1800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG, isotype</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>I8765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi axle rotating mixer</td>
			<td>CAT</td>
			<td>RM5 80V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PANC-I</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly given by Prof. Jorg Haier&#39;s Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Riedel-de Ha&#235;n</td>
			<td>16005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>205310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG, isotype</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reaction tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>616201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real-time PCR cycler</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rotor-Gene Q</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor Gene SYBR Green PCR Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>204074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-702F</td>
			<td>Add glucose to 4.5 g (0.2 um filter) and 1% sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TritonX-100</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>X100RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V&#243;rtex</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vortex-Genie 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#956;-Slide Angiogenesis, uncoated</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>81501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a 3d spheroid model as a more physiological system for cancer-associated fibroblasts differentiation and invasion in vitro studies

Defining the ideal model for an in vitro study is essential, mainly if studying physiological processes such as differentiation of cells. In the tumor stroma, host fibroblasts are stimulated by cancer cells to differentiate. Thus, they acquire a phenotype that contributes to the tumor microenvironment and supports tumor progression. By using the spheroid model, we have set up such a 3D in vitro model system, in which we analyzed the role of laminin-332 and its receptor integrin &#945;3&#946;1 in this differentiation process. This spheroid model system not only reproduces the tumor microenvironment conditions in a more accurate way, but also is a very versatile model since it allows different downstream studies, such as immunofluorescent staining of both intra- and extracellular markers, as well as deposited extracellular matrix proteins. Moreover, transcriptional analyses by qPCR, flow cytometry and cellular invasion can be studied with this model. Here, we describe a protocol of a spheroid model to assess the role of CAFs&#39; integrin &#945;3&#946;1 and its ectopically deposited ligand, laminin-332, in differentiation and in supporting the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells.

The results of this experimental design are published in Martins Cavaco et al.13, which is recommended for further reading on the conclusions that were drawn from these experiments.
Figure 1, a representative image of an immunofluorescent spheroid, shows the immunostaining of the integrin &#945;3 subunit of both immortalized normal fibroblasts and immortalized CAFs (<strong c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies at JoVE.com

A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies (Video) | JoVE

The goal of this protocol is to establish a 3D in vitro model to study the differentiation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a tumor bulk-like environment, which can be addressed in different analysis systems, such as immunofluorescence, transcriptional analysis and life cell imaging.

A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies

Defining the ideal model for an in vitro study is essential, mainly if studying physiological processes such as differentiation of cells. In the tumor ...

Research

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Cancer Research

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