Name: a 3d spheroid model as a more physiological system for cancer-associated fibroblasts differentiation and invasion in vitro studies
Uploaded: 2019-08-08T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies at JoVE.com

We acknowledge Barbara Schedding&#39;s help in preparing the BM2 and lebein-1. We acknowledge &#192;gnes Noel for sharing her expertise in spheroid assays. We thank Sonja Schelhaas and Michael Sch&#228;fers for their help in handling lentiviral transfection under S2 conditions. We acknowledge Sabine von R&#252;den&#39;s assistence in preparing CAFs from pancreatic cancer tissue.
The research leading to these results has received funding from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union&#39;s Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013/ under the REA grant agreement n&#9702; (316610) to J.A.E. Moreover, J.A.E. and A.C.M.C. was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM). This project was also supported by Wilhelm Sander Stiftung (grant: 2016.113.1 to J.A.E.).

1. 3D spheroids as an in vitro model for fibroblast/CAF differentiation using different TGF-&#946;1 inhibiting compounds of cell-matrix interaction
<ol>
	<li>Mix 1 part of 6 mg/mL methylcellulose solution and 3 parts of cell culture media, MEM supplemented with 1% of heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin to obtain the spheroid formation solution.</li>
	<li>Resuspend freshly thawed immortalized normal fibroblasts (iNFs), immortalized CAF (iCAFs) or integrin &#945;3&#946;1 KO iCAF (pass...

<ol>
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To develop an appropriate in vitro model to study CAF differentiation is a challenging task. After employing different approaches, we concluded that a 3D spheroid model is the more practical, physiological and clinically relevant model, in which the interplay between pancreatic carcinoma cells with immortalized CAFs can be studied. This model prevented spontaneous differentiation of fibroblasts, due to artefactual stressors such as stiffness of the cell culture plastic, at least in short-term culture conditions (up to 48...

The tumor microenvironment is a very complex niche and extremely important for the maintenance and progression of the tumor cells1. It is formed not only by the cancer cells but also by stromal fibroblasts. The tumor cells are surrounded by a stroma that is specific and different from the stroma of normal tissues2. Laminin-332 is an extracellular matrix protein ectopically expressed in the stroma of different tumors, such as of pancreatic adenocarcinoma3. Moreover, the biochemical composition of the ECM and also its biophysical properties, such as rigidity and tension, change within the tumor bulk4. This tumor stroma, or &#34;reactive stroma&#34;, is caused by an adaptation of fibroblasts to the neighboring cancer cells and by the recruitment of other very important players that develop a favorable and supportive environment for tumor progression. The differentiation of stromal fibroblasts results in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). These cells can be identified using different markers such as &#945;-smooth muscle actin (&#945;SMA)5 or neural/glial antigen 2 (NG2)6.
The most suitable&#160;in vitro model to recapitulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) with CAFs is difficult to select. The method to mimic physiological parameters of the TME in a cost-efficient and reproducible way must be considered for such a model system. Within the TME, different processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and invasion of the different cell types occur. These cellular processes can be performed individually with different methods. However, the experimental conditions must consider the cellular interactions with the tumor stroma ECM, since the stiffness of the substratum influences the CAF differentiation process. R.G. Wells commented on the impact of matrix stiffness on cell behavior and highlighted that cytoskeletal organization and differentiation status observed in in vitro cultured cells might be artefactual7. Different stimuli seem to be involved in CAF differentiation, including mechanical tension5,7. To avoid this, 2D soft substrates could be possible approaches for differentiation studies, as they circumvent the problem of the stiff culture dish plastic. A soft 2D surface, on which fibroblasts can be grown, can be collagen-I coated polyacrylamide gels, whereby the gel stiffness can be manipulated by the concentration of polyacrylamide and the gel cross-linker. The adhesion and formation of &#945;SMA-rich stress fibers are enhanced in fibroblasts along with the gel stiffness8. These results stress the importance of soft substrate scaffolds for more physiological in vitro differentiation models. However, in our hands the experimental reproducibility and imaging of these gels were challenging. To overcome these shortcomings, we changed the 2D soft substrate system for a 3D spheroid model for differentiation and invasion studies. This model is more clinically relevant and, similar to an in vitro organoid, recapitulates in vivo cell-cell interactions, ECM production and deposition, as well as cell behavior9.
Spheroids are formed when cells lack a substrate to adhere to. When the cells are left without an adhesive surface, they aggregate to form a more or less spherical structure. If the spheroids are composed of one type of cell, they are called homospheroids; if composed of two or more different cell types they form heterospheroids.
Among the different methods for spheroid preparation, we perform the protocol using non-adherent round bottom 96-well plates. It is very effective with respect to the costs. Here, we produce both homospheroids of fibroblasts, CAF or CAFs lacking the integrin &#945;3 subunit to examine the differentiation process and heterospheroids of CAFs or integrin &#945;3 KO CAFs and pancreatic duct carcinoma cells (AsPC-I and PANC-I) to study the invasion into the surrounding matrix.
The aim for these studies was to use primary CAFs isolated from human pancreatic carcinoma biopsies. However, the biopsies to obtain the cells are scarce and for this reason, the CAFs used in these studies have been immortalized using lentivirus containing HTERT. They are called iCAFs, and their normal counterparts, primary human pancreatic fibroblasts, are termed iNFs. The human pancreatic fibroblasts and the pancreatic duct carcinoma cells, AsPC-I and PANC-I, are commercially available.
This protocol was used to study the effect of the laminin-332-integrin interaction in the CAF differentiation process. To prove specificity of this interaction and its function, inhibitor compounds were used: BM2, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the integrin binding site the laminin-332 &#945;3 chain10, or lebein 1, a snake venom derived compound that blocks the laminin-binding integrins &#945;3&#946;1, &#945;6&#946;1 and &#945;7&#946;111,12.
For the invasion assay, cells had been transduced with lentivirus containing cDNA encoding either mCherry (iCAFs and integrin &#945;3 KO iCAFs) or GFP (AsPC-I and PANC-I) to distinguish the different cell types in the heterospheroids. The transduction of the cells to immortalize them and/or to label them with fluorescent protein (mCherry and GFP) expression is described in a previous study13, that should be consulted for further information.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#39;,6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride (DAPI)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>D9542-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6F12 anti-Laminin &#946;3 subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A3IIF5 Anti-&#945;3 integrin subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly provided by Prof. M. Hemler, Dana Faber-Cancer Institute, Boston</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>32201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin Fraction V - BSA</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A1391</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488 Goat (polyclonal) anti-Mouse</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa fluor 488 Goat (polyclonal) Rabbit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-laminin &#947;2 subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-28330</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-NG2 Rabbit (polyclonal) Millipore, AB5320</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>AB5320</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-&#945;-SMA-Cy3 Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>C6198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AsPC-1 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly given by prof. Jorg Haier&#39;s Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bench centrifuge</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-589-620</td>
			<td>Sprout</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BM2 anti-laminin &#945;3 subunit Mouse (monoclonal)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly provided by Prof. Patricia Rousselle, CNRS, Lyon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td>Fluka</td>
			<td>21074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Multifuge 1S-R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes 50 mL</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase B</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11088831001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen-I, rat tail</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>A10483-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>LSM 700 and 800</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (High glucose 4.5 g/L)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dnase I</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>10104159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FACSCaliburTM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelifying matrix</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A1413202</td>
			<td>Matrigel, Geltrex</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat IgG, isotype</td>
			<td>DAKO</td>
			<td>X 0907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Horse Serum</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>12449-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Primary Pancreatic Fibroblasts</td>
			<td>PELOBiotech</td>
			<td>PB-H-6201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>B6060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin-332</td>
			<td>Biolamina</td>
			<td>LN332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>M4655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate, 96 wells, U-bottom</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>650101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>J1800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse IgG, isotype</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>I8765</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi axle rotating mixer</td>
			<td>CAT</td>
			<td>RM5 80V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PANC-I</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Kindly given by Prof. Jorg Haier&#39;s Lab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Riedel-de Ha&#235;n</td>
			<td>16005</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantiTect Reverse Transcription Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>205310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat IgG, isotype</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reaction tubes, 1.5 mL</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>616201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real-time PCR cycler</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Rotor-Gene Q</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor Gene SYBR Green PCR Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>204074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-702F</td>
			<td>Add glucose to 4.5 g (0.2 um filter) and 1% sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TritonX-100</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>X100RS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V&#243;rtex</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Vortex-Genie 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#956;-Slide Angiogenesis, uncoated</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>81501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a 3d spheroid model as a more physiological system for cancer-associated fibroblasts differentiation and invasion in vitro studies

Defining the ideal model for an in vitro study is essential, mainly if studying physiological processes such as differentiation of cells. In the tumor stroma, host fibroblasts are stimulated by cancer cells to differentiate. Thus, they acquire a phenotype that contributes to the tumor microenvironment and supports tumor progression. By using the spheroid model, we have set up such a 3D in vitro model system, in which we analyzed the role of laminin-332 and its receptor integrin &#945;3&#946;1 in this differentiation process. This spheroid model system not only reproduces the tumor microenvironment conditions in a more accurate way, but also is a very versatile model since it allows different downstream studies, such as immunofluorescent staining of both intra- and extracellular markers, as well as deposited extracellular matrix proteins. Moreover, transcriptional analyses by qPCR, flow cytometry and cellular invasion can be studied with this model. Here, we describe a protocol of a spheroid model to assess the role of CAFs&#39; integrin &#945;3&#946;1 and its ectopically deposited ligand, laminin-332, in differentiation and in supporting the invasion of pancreatic cancer cells.

The results of this experimental design are published in Martins Cavaco et al.13, which is recommended for further reading on the conclusions that were drawn from these experiments.
Figure 1, a representative image of an immunofluorescent spheroid, shows the immunostaining of the integrin &#945;3 subunit of both immortalized normal fibroblasts and immortalized CAFs (<strong c...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies at JoVE.com

A 3D Spheroid Model as a More Physiological System for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Differentiation and Invasion In Vitro Studies

The goal of this protocol is to establish a 3D in vitro model to study the differentiation of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in a tumor bulk-like environment, which can be addressed in different analysis systems, such as immunofluorescence, transcriptional analysis and life cell imaging.

Defining the ideal model for an in vitro study is essential, mainly if studying physiological processes such as differentiation of cells. In the tumor ...

Culturing fibroblasts in spheroid recapitulate tumor tissue much better than the commonly used 2D system on stiff plastic. It allows to study fibroblasts differentiation in a tumor-like environment. In this method, the rigidity of cell culture plastic work does not artifactually influence fibroblast differentiation.Instead, the influence of cell matrix interaction on tumor induced differentiation of fibroblast can be analyzed in vitro. To begin this procedure, obtain the cell culture media, which is MEM supplemented with 1%heat inactivated FBS and 1%penicillin streptomycin. Also, obtain a six milligram per milliliter methylcellulose solution.Mix one part of the methylcellulose with three parts of the cell culture media to prepare the spheroid formation solution. Resuspend freshly thawed immortalized normal fibroblasts or other cell types as listed in the text protocol in the spheroid formation solution. If cytokines or integrin inhibitors are included in the study, add these compounds to the cell suspension in order to imbed them into the spheroids during their formation.Where appropriate, add inhibitor compounds together with 10 nanograms per milliliter of TGF beta one to trigger differentiation in immortalized normal fibroblasts. Distribute 100 microliters of the spheroid formation solution into each well of a round bottom 96 multi-well plate. Pipette the solution in each well up and down several times to mix.Then, incubate the plate in the cell culture incubator at 37 degrees celsius with 5%carbon dioxide for 24 hours to allow one spheroid to be formed in each well. First, cut off the end of a pipette tip to enlarge the orifice. After the incubation is complete, use this cut pipette to collect the spheroids into one 1.5 milliliter reaction tube per experimental condition or per protein to be analyzed.Centrifuge the spheroids at 1000 times G for about 30 to 60 seconds. Carefully remove the methylcellulose containing supernatant by pipetting making sure to not disturb the pelleted spheroids. Special care is to be taken when transferring the spheroids to the reaction tubes.Make sure you don't have shears drift forces by cutting the tip. It's also important that you collect all the spheroids. During the washing step, make sure you don't lose the spheroids by aspiration.To wash the spheroids add 50 microliters of one X PBS. Centrifuge at 1000 times G for 30 to 60 seconds. Then carefully remove the PBS by pipetting.Depending on the protein to be stained, fix the spheroids either with 50 microliters of 4%paraformaldehyde and PBS for 20 minutes at room temperature. Wash the spheroids with PBS as previously described. Permeabilize the cells with 0.1%triton X and PBS for four minutes at room temperature.Then, wash the spheroids in PBS three times as previously described. Add PBS containing 5%FBS and 2%BSA to the spheroids and incubate at room temperature for one hour to block non-specific protein interaction sites. Now, incubate the spheroids with 30 microliters of primary antibodies and PBS with 2.5%FBS and 1%BSA at four degrees celsius overnight.The next day, wash the spheroids in PBS three times as described previously. After this, incubate the spheroids with 30 microliters of secondary antibodies and PBS with 2.5%FBS and 1%BSA at room temperature for 90 minutes. Wash the spheroids in PBS three times as previously described.Next, incubate the cells with 30 microliters of Dappy staining solution for four minutes at room temperature. Wash the spheroids in PBS one time as previously described. Using a glass Pasteur pipette, place the spheroids on a glass slide and a drop of PBS.Use a laser scanning microscope to image the spheroids by fluorescence microscopy at a magnification of 10 times. Take different optical cross section of the spheroid at different optical plains of the Z stack. A representative image of the immunofluorescent staining of the homo spheroids of normal pancreatic fibroblasts compared to the homo spheroids of immortalized cancer associated fibroblasts shows an increased signal for the alpha three subunit in the differentiated cells.The fluorescence signal of the cells in the spheroid are then quantified with the Z stack images of the 3D spheroid and the transcriptional levels of the integrin alpha three subunit gene are determined by qPCR. All of these results demonstrate that integrin alpha three is upregulated in immortalized cancer associated fibroblasts as compared to the normal counterpart. This proves that integrin alpha three beta one can be considered a marker for pancreatic fibroblasts differentiation.This method is ideally suited to capitulate self tissue generally found in organs and cancer masses where the extra cell matrix stiffness determines cell fate. Spheroids culture is a versatile model that can be combined with other analytical assays after spheroid dissociation such as quantity real time PCR and full cytometry. Paraformaldehyde used for fixation of the spheroids is a hazardous chemical agent.Gloves and eye wear should be worn for protection.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

A Model for Perineural Invasion in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Perineural invasion (PNI) is found in approximately 40% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Despite multimodal treatment with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, locoregional recurrences and distant metastases occur at higher rates, and overall survival is decreased by 40% compared to HNSCC without PNI. In vitro studies of the pathways involved in HNSCC PNI have historically been challenging given the lack of a consistent, reproducible assay. Described here is the adaptation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) assay for the examination of PNI in HNSCC. In this model, DRG are harvested from the spinal column of a sacrificed nude mouse and placed within a semisolid matrix. Over the subsequent days, neurites are generated and grow in a radial pattern from the cell bodies of the DRG. HNSCC cell lines are then placed peripherally around the matrix and invade preferentially along the neurites toward the DRG. This method allows for rapid evaluation of multiple treatment conditions, with very high assay success rates and reproducibility.

Perineural invasion (PNI) is a common feature of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), conferring lower survival rates. Its mechanisms are poorly understood. Utilizing neurites generated from murine dorsal root ganglia confined to a semisolid matrix, the pathways involved in the PNI of HNSCC cell lines can be investigated.

Perineural invasion (PNI) is found in approximately 40% of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Despite multimodal treatment with surgery, ...

A Rapid Filter Insert-based 3D Culture System for Primary Prostate Cell Differentiation

Conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) provide a sustainable method for primary cell culture and the ability to develop extensive &#34;living biobanks&#34; of patient derived cell lines. For many types of epithelial cells, various three dimensional (3D) culture approaches have been described that support an improved differentiated state. While CRCs retain their lineage commitment to the tissue from which they are isolated, they fail to express many of the differentiation markers associated with the tissue of origin when grown under normal two dimensional (2D) culture conditions. To enhance the application of patient-derived CRCs for prostate cancer research, a 3D culture format has been defined that enables a rapid (2 weeks total) luminal cell differentiation in both normal and tumor-derived prostate epithelial cells. Herein, a filter insert-based format is described for the culturing and differentiation of both normal and malignant prostate CRCs. A detailed description of the procedures required for cell collection and processing for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining are provided. Collectively the 3D culture format described, combined with the primary CRC lines, provides an important medium- to high- throughput model system for biospecimen-based prostate research.

Here, we present a method for the establishment of a rapid in vitro system that supports the three dimensional culturing and subsequent luminal differentiation of primary prostate epithelial cells.

Conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRCs) provide a sustainable method for primary cell culture and the ability to develop extensive &#34;living ...

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. Traditional 3D assays such as the Boyden Chamber require that cells are displaced from the original culture location and moved to a new environment. Not only does this disrupt the cellular processes that are intrinsic to the microenvironment, but it often results in a loss of cells. These problems are especially challenging when dealing with cells that are either rare, or extremely sensitive to their microenvironment. Here, we describe the development of a 3D invasion assay that avoids both concerns. In this assay, cells are plated within a small well and an ECM matrix containing a chemoattractant is laid atop the cells. This requires no cell displacement, and allows the cells to invade upwards into the matrix. In this assay, cell invasion as well as cell morphology can be assessed within the collagen gel. Using this assay, we characterize the invasive capacity of rare and sensitive cells; the hybrid cells resulting from fusion between breast cancer cells MCF7 and mesenchymal/multipotent stem/stroma cells (MSCs).

Moving Upwards: A Simple and Flexible In Vitro Three-dimensional Invasion Assay Protocol

This protocol describes an inverted vertical invasion assay that could be used to quantify the migration and invasion capabilities of cells in a three-dimensional setting while preserving the cell microenvironment. This assay is suitable for rare and/or sensitive cells.

Although 3D invasion assays have been developed, the challenge remains to study cells without affecting the integrity of their microenvironment. ...

Therapy Testing in a Spheroid-based 3D Cell Culture Model for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Current treatment options for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) enclose radiation and chemo-radiation approaches with or without surgery. While platinum-based chemotherapy regimens currently represent the gold standard in terms of efficacy and are given in the vast majority of cases, new chemotherapy regimens, namely immunotherapy are emerging. However, the response rates and therapy resistance mechanisms for either chemo regimen are hard to predict and remain insufficiently understood. Broad variations of chemo and radiation resistance mechanisms are known to date. This study describes the development of a standardized, high-throughput in vitro assay to assess HNSCC cell line&#39;s response to various therapy regimens, and hopefully on primary cells from individual patients as a future tool for personalized tumor therapy. The assay is designed to being integrated into the quality-controlled standard algorithm for HNSCC patients at our tertiary care center; however, this will be subject of future studies. Technical feasibility looks promising for primary cells from tumor biopsies from actual patients. Specimens are then transferred into the laboratory. Biopsies are mechanically separated followed by enzymatic digestion. Cells are then cultured in ultra-low adhesion cell culture vials that promote the reproducible, standardized and spontaneous formation of three-dimensional, spheroid-shaped cell conglomerates. Spheroids are then ready to be exposed to chemo-radiation protocols and immunotherapy protocols as needed. The final cell viability and spheroid size are indicators of therapy susceptibility and therefore could be drawn into consideration in future to assess the patients&#39; likely therapy response. This model could be a valuable, cost-efficient tool towards personalized therapy for head and neck cancer.

We describe the evolution of a spheroid-based, three-dimensional in vitro model that enables us to test the current standard of experimental therapy regimens for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma on cell lines, aiming at evaluating therapy susceptibility and resistance on primary cells from human specimens in the future.

Current treatment options for advanced and recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) enclose radiation and chemo-radiation approaches with ...

A 3D Organotypic Melanoma Spheroid Skin Model

Malignant transformation of melanocytes, the pigment cells of human skin, causes formation of melanoma, a highly aggressive cancer with increased metastatic potential. Recently, mono-chemotherapies continue to improve by melanoma specific combination therapies with targeted kinase inhibitors. Still, metastatic melanoma remains a life-threatening disease because tumors exhibit primary resistance or develop resistance to novel therapies, thereby regaining tumorigenic capacity. In order to improve the therapeutic success of malignant melanoma, the determination of molecular mechanisms conferring resistance against conventional treatment approaches is necessary; however, it requires innovative cellular in vitro models. Here, we introduce an in vitro three-dimensional (3D) organotypic melanoma spheroid model that can portray the in vivo architecture of malignant melanoma and may warrant new insights into intra-tumoral as well as tumor-host interactions. The model incorporates defined numbers of mature and differentiated melanoma spheroids in a 3D human full skin reconstruction model consisting of primary skin cells. The cellular composition and differentiation status of the embedded melanoma spheroids is similar to the one of cutaneous melanoma metastasis in vivo. Using this organotypic melanoma spheroid model as a drug screening platform may support the identification of responders to selected combination therapies, while sparing the unnecessary treatment burden for non-responders, thereby increasing the benefit of therapeutic interventions.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a 3D organotypic melanoma spheroid skin model that recapitulates both the architecture and multicellular complexity of an organ/tumor in vivo but at the same time accommodates systematic experimental intervention.

Malignant transformation of melanocytes, the pigment cells of human skin, causes formation of melanoma, a highly aggressive cancer with increased ...

Identification, Histological Characterization, and Dissection of Mouse Prostate Lobes for In Vitro 3D Spheroid Culture Models

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) serve as effective pre-clinical models for investigating most types of human cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Understanding the anatomy and histology of the mouse prostate is important for the efficient use and proper characterization of such animal models. The mouse prostate has four distinct pairs of lobes, each with their own characteristics. This article demonstrates the proper method of dissection and identification of mouse prostate lobes for disease analysis. Post-dissection, the prostate cells can be further cultured in vitro for mechanistic understanding. Since mouse prostate primary cells tend to lose their normal characteristics when cultured in vitro, we outline here a method for isolating the cells and growing them as 3D spheroid cultures, which is effective for preserving the physiological characteristics of the cells. These 3D cultures can be used for analyzing cell morphology and behavior in near-physiological conditions, investigating altered levels and localizations of key proteins and pathways involved in the development and progression of a disease, and looking at responses to drug treatments.

Genetically engineered mice are useful models for investigating prostate cancer mechanisms. Here we present a protocol to identify and dissect prostate lobes from a mouse urogenital system, differentiate them based on histology, and isolate and culture the primary prostate cells in vitro as spheroids for downstream analyses.

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) serve as effective pre-clinical models for investigating most types of human cancers, including prostate ...

Fully Human Tumor-based Matrix in Three-dimensional Spheroid Invasion Assay

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor microenvironment. To obtain more reliable in vitro results, several three-dimensional (3D) cell culture assays have been introduced. These assays allow cancer cells to interact with the extracellular matrix. This interaction affects cell behavior, such as proliferation and invasion, as well as cell morphology. Additionally, this interaction could induce or suppress the expression of several pro- and anti-tumorigenic molecules. Spheroid invasion assay was developed to provide a suitable 3D in vitro method to study cancer cell invasion. Currently, animal-derived matrices, such as mouse sarcoma-derived matrix (MSDM) and rat tail type I collagen, are mainly used in the spheroid invasion assays. Taking into consideration the differences between the human tumor microenvironment and animal-derived matrices, a human myoma-derived matrix (HMDM) was developed from benign uterus leiomyoma tissue. It has been shown that HMDM induces migration and invasion of carcinoma cells better than MSDM. This protocol provided a simple, reproducible, and reliable 3D human tumor-based spheroid invasion assay using the HMDM/fibrin matrix. It also includes detailed instructions on imaging and analysis. The spheroids grow in a U-shaped ultra-low attachment plate within the HMDM/fibrin matrix and invade through it. The invasion is daily imaged, measured, and analyzed using ilastik and Fiji ImageJ software. The assay platform was demonstrated using human laryngeal primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. However, the protocol is suitable also for other solid cancer cell lines.

Tumor microenvironment is an essential part of cancer growth and invasion. To mimic carcinoma progression, a biologically relevant human matrix is needed. This protocol introduces an improvement for the in vitro three-dimensional spheroid invasion assay by applying a human leiomyoma-based matrix. The protocol also introduces a computer-based cell invasion analysis.

Two-dimensional cell culture-based assays are commonly used in in vitro cancer research. However, they lack several basic elements that form the tumor ...

Characterization of the Effects of Migrastatic Inhibitors on 3D Tumor Spheroid Invasion by High-resolution Confocal Microscopy

Drug discovery and development in cancer research is increasingly being based on drug screens in a 3D format. Novel inhibitors targeting the migratory and invasive potential of cancer cells, and consequently the metastatic spread of disease, are being discovered and considered as complementary treatments in highly invasive cancers such as gliomas. Thus, generating data enabling the detailed analyses of cells in a 3D environment following the addition of a drug is required. The methodology described here, combining spheroid invasion assays with high-resolution image capture and data analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), enabled detailed characterization of the effects of the potential anti-migratory inhibitor MI-192 on glioma cells. Spheroids were generated from cell lines for invasion assays in low adherent 96-well plates and then prepared for CLSM analysis. The described workflow was preferred over other commonly used spheroid-generating techniques due to both ease and reproducibility. This, combined with the enhanced image resolution attained by confocal microscopy compared to conventional wide-field approaches, allowed the identification and analysis of distinct morphological changes in migratory cells in a 3D environment following treatment with the migrastatic drug MI-192.

The effects of migrastatic inhibitors on glioma cancer cell migration in three-dimensional (3D) invasion assays using a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor are characterized by high-resolution confocal microscopy.

Drug discovery and development in cancer research is increasingly being based on drug screens in a 3D format. Novel inhibitors targeting the migratory and ...

A Novel Stromal Fibroblast-Modulated 3D Tumor Spheroid Model for Studying Tumor-Stroma Interaction and Drug Discovery

Tumor-stroma interactions play an important role in cancer progression. Three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid models are the most widely used in vitro model in the study of cancer stem/initiating cells, preclinical cancer research, and drug screening. The 3D spheroid models are superior to conventional tumor cell culture and reproduce some important characters of real solid tumors. However, conventional 3D tumor spheroids are made up exclusively of tumor cells. They lack the participation of tumor stromal cells and have insufficient extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, thus only partially mimicking the in vivo conditions of tumor tissues. We established a new multicellular 3D spheroid model composed of tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts that better mimics the in vivo heterogeneous tumor microenvironment and its native desmoplasia. The formation of spheroids is strictly regulated by the tumor stromal fibroblasts and is determined by the activity of certain crucial intracellular signaling pathways (e.g., Notch signaling) in stromal fibroblasts. In this article, we present the techniques for coculture of tumor cells-stromal fibroblasts, time-lapse imaging to visualize cell-cell interactions, and confocal microscopy to display the 3D architectural features of the spheroids. We also show two examples of the practical application of this 3D spheroid model. This novel multicellular 3D spheroid model offers a useful platform for studying tumor-stroma interaction, elucidating how stromal fibroblasts regulate cancer stem/initiating cells, which determine tumor progression and aggressiveness, and exploring involvement of stromal reaction in cancer drug sensitivity and resistance. This platform can also be a pertinent in vitro model for drug discovery.

A novel three-dimensional spheroid model based on the heterotypic interaction of tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts is established. Here, we present coculture of tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts, time-lapse imaging, and confocal microscopy to visualize the formation of spheroids. This three-dimensional model offers a pertinent platform to study tumor-stroma interactions and test cancer therapeutics.

Tumor-stroma interactions play an important role in cancer progression. Three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroid models are the most widely used in vitro ...

A 3D Spheroid Model for Glioblastoma

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures do not mimic in vivo tumor growth satisfactorily. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) culture spheroid models were developed. These models may be particularly important in the field of neuro-oncology. Indeed, brain tumors have the tendency to invade the healthy brain environment. We describe herein an ideal 3D glioblastoma spheroid-based assay that we developed to study tumor invasion. We provide all technical details and analytical tools to successfully perform this assay.

Here, we describe an easy-to-use invasion assay for glioblastoma. This assay is suitable for glioblastoma stem-like cells. A Fiji macro for easy quantification of invasion, migration, and proliferation is also described.

Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures do not mimic in vivo tumor growth satisfactorily. Therefore, three-dimensional (3D) culture spheroid models were ...