Name: a new toolkit for evaluating gene functions using conditional cas9 stabilization
Uploaded: 2021-09-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization at JoVE.com

We thank previous members of our laboratory and scientist Serif Senturk for previous work. We thank Danilo Segovia for critically reading this manuscript. This study was possible and supported by Swim Across America and the National Cancer Institute Cancer Target Discovery and Development Center program.

1.The DD-Cas9 vector
<ol>
	<li>Obtain DD-Cas9 vector from Addgene (DD-Cas9 with filler sequence and Venus (EDCPV), Plasmid 90085). 
	&#8203;NOTE: This is a lentiviral DD-Cas9 plasmid with a U6 promoter that drives the single guide RNA (sgRNA) transcription while the EFS promoter drives the DD-Cas9 transcription. The DYKDDDDK sequence (flag-tag) is present at the C-terminal of Cas9 followed by 2A self-cleaving peptide (P2A) that separates DD-Cas9 and modified fluorescent protein Venus (mVenus).</li>
</ol>
<p class=...

<ol>
	<li>Jinek, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+programmable+dual-RNA-guided+DNA+endonuclease+in+adaptive+bacterial+immunity.">A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity.</a> Science. 337, 816-821 (2012).</li><li>Al-Attar, S., Westra, E. R., van der Oost, J., Brouns, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clustered+regularly+interspaced+short+palindromic+repeats+(CRISPRs):+the+hallmark+of+an+ingenious+antiviral+defense+mechanism+in+prokaryotes.">Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs): the hallmark of an ingenious antiviral defense mechanism in prokaryotes.</a> Biological Chemistry. 392, 277-289 (2011).</li><li>Hsu, P. D., Lander, E. S., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+applications+of+CRISPR-Cas9+for+genome+engineering.">Development and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 for genome engineering.</a> Cell. 157, 1262-1278 (2014).</li><li>Mali, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA-guided+human+genome+engineering+via+Cas9.">RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9.</a> Science. 339, 823-826 (2013).</li><li>Barrangou, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+CRISPR-Cas9+genome+engineering:+lessons+learned+from+RNA+interference.">Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 genome engineering: lessons learned from RNA interference.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 43, 3407-3419 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, J., Chen, L., Zhang, J., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug+Inducible+CRISPR/Cas+Systems.">Drug Inducible CRISPR/Cas Systems.</a> Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal. , (2019).</li><li>Wade, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-Throughput+Silencing+Using+the+CRISPR-Cas9+System:+A+Review+of+the+Benefits+and+Challenges.">High-Throughput Silencing Using the CRISPR-Cas9 System: A Review of the Benefits and Challenges.</a> Journal of Biomolecular Screening. 20, 1027-1039 (2015).</li><li>Egeler, E. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+of+engineering+hotspots+identifies+an+allosteric+CRISPR-Cas9+switch.">Profiling of engineering hotspots identifies an allosteric CRISPR-Cas9 switch.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 34, 646-651 (2016).</li><li>Kamiyama, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Versatile+protein+tagging+in+cells+with+split+fluorescent+protein.">Versatile protein tagging in cells with split fluorescent protein.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 11046 (2016).</li><li>Roper, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+genome+editing+and+organoid+transplantation+models+of+colorectal+cancer+and+metastasis.">In vivo genome editing and organoid transplantation models of colorectal cancer and metastasis.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 35, 569 (2017).</li><li>Chu, B. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Survey+of+Validation+Strategies+for+CRISPR-Cas9+Editing.">A Survey of Validation Strategies for CRISPR-Cas9 Editing.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 888 (2018).</li><li>Hua, Y., Wang, C., Huang, J., Wang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+and+efficient+method+for+CRISPR/Cas9-induced+mutant+screening.">A simple and efficient method for CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutant screening.</a> Journal of Genetics and Genomics. 44 (4), 207-213 (2017).</li><li>Guschin, D. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+general+assay+for+monitoring+endogenous+gene+modification.">A rapid and general assay for monitoring endogenous gene modification.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 649, 247-256 (2010).</li><li>Senturk, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+tunable+method+to+temporally+control+gene+editing+based+on+conditional+Cas9+stabilization.">Rapid and tunable method to temporally control gene editing based on conditional Cas9 stabilization.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 14370 (2017).</li><li>McJunkin, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+suppression+of+an+essential+gene+in+adult+mice+using+transgenic+RNA+interference.">Reversible suppression of an essential gene in adult mice using transgenic RNA interference.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108, 7113 (2011).</li><li>Davis, K. M., Pattanayak, V., Thompson, D. B., Zuris, J. A., Liu, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+molecule-triggered+Cas9+protein+with+improved+genome-editing+specificity.">Small molecule-triggered Cas9 protein with improved genome-editing specificity.</a> Nature Chemical Biology. 11, 316-318 (2015).</li><li>Dow, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+in+vivo+genome+editing+with+CRISPR-Cas9.">Inducible in vivo genome editing with CRISPR-Cas9.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 33, 390-394 (2015).</li><li>Wright, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rational+design+of+a+split-Cas9+enzyme+complex.">Rational design of a split-Cas9 enzyme complex.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112, 2984-2989 (2015).</li><li>Albrecht, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+Lentiviral+Packaging+Mixes+and+Producer+Cell+Lines+for+RNAi+Applications.">Comparison of Lentiviral Packaging Mixes and Producer Cell Lines for RNAi Applications.</a> Molecular Biotechnology. 57, 499-505 (2015).</li><li>Froschauer, A., Kube, L., Kegler, A., Rieger, C., Gutzeit, H. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tunable+Protein+Stabilization+In+Vivo+Mediated+by+Shield-1+in+Transgenic+Medaka.">Tunable Protein Stabilization In Vivo Mediated by Shield-1 in Transgenic Medaka.</a> PLOS One. , (2015).</li><li>Sellmyer, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+context+affects+levels+of+a+chemically+dependent+destabilizing+domain.">Intracellular context affects levels of a chemically dependent destabilizing domain.</a> PLOS One. 7 (9), 43297 (2012).</li><li>Iwamoto, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+general+chemical+method+to+regulate+protein+stability+in+the+mammalian+central+nervous+system.">A general chemical method to regulate protein stability in the mammalian central nervous system.</a> Chemistry &amp; Biology. 17 (9), 981-988 (2010).</li><li>Tai, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Destabilizing+domains+mediate+reversible+transgene+expression+in+the+brain.">Destabilizing domains mediate reversible transgene expression in the brain.</a> PLOS One. 7 (9), 46269 (2012).</li><li>Auffenberg, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+and+reversible+inhibition+of+neurons+and+circuits+by+small+molecule+induced+potassium+channel+stabilization.">Remote and reversible inhibition of neurons and circuits by small molecule induced potassium channel stabilization.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 19293 (2016).</li></ol>

The CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized the capability of functionally interrogate genomes2. However, the inactivation of genes often results in cell lethality, functional deficits, and developmental defects, limiting the utility of such approaches for studying gene functions7. Additionally, constitutive expression of Cas9 may result in toxicity and the generation of off-target effects6. Different approaches have been developed to temporally co...

CRISPR-Cas9 which stands for &#34;clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated protein 9&#34; was first discovered as part of studies on bacterial adaptive immunity1,2. Today, CRISPR/Cas9 has become the most recognized tool for programmable gene editing and different iterations of the system have been developed to allow transcriptional and epigenetic modulations3. This technology enables the highly precise genetic manipulation of almost any sequence of DNA4.
The essential components of any CRISPR gene editing are a customizable guide RNA sequence and the Cas9 nuclease5. The RNA guide binds to the target-complementary sequence in the DNA, directing the Cas9 nuclease to perform a double-strand break at a specific point in the genome3,4. The resulting cleavage site is then repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR), with the consequent introduction of changes in the targeted DNA sequence5.
CRISPR/Cas9 based gene editing is easy to use, and relatively inexpensive compared to previous gene-editing techniques and it has been proven to be both efficient and robust in a multiplicity of systems2,4,5. Yet, the system presents some limitations. The constitutive expression of Cas9 has often been shown to result in an increased number of off-targets and high cell toxicity4,6,7,8. Additionally, the constitutive targeting of essential and cell survival genes by Cas9 takes away from its ability to perform certain types of functional studies such as kinetic studies of cell death7.
Different inducible or conditionally controlled CRISPR-Cas9 tools have been developed to address those issues6, such as Tet-ON and Tet-Off9; site-specific recombination10; chemically-induced proximity11; intein dependent splicing3; and 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Estrogen Receptor (ER) based nuclear localization systems12. In general, most of these procedures (intein splicing and chemically induced proximity split systems) do not offer reversible control, present a very slow kinetic response to drug treatment (Tet-On/Off system), or are not amenable to high-throughput manipulation6.
To address these limitations we developed a novel toolkit that not only provides fast and robust temporal-controlled gene editing but also ensures traceability, tunability, and amenability to high throughput gene manipulation. This novel technology can be used in cell lines, organoids, and animal models. Our system is based on an engineered domain, when fused to Cas9, it induces its rapid degradation. However, it can be rapidly stabilized with a highly selective, non-toxic, cell-permeable small molecule. More specifically, we engineered the human FKBP12 mutant &#34;destabilizing domain&#34; (DD) to Cas9, marking Cas9 for rapid and constitutive degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system when expressed in mammalian cells13. The DD synthetic ligand, Shield-1 can stabilize DD conformation, thereby preventing the degradation of proteins fused to DD (such as Cas9) in a very efficient manner, and with a fast kinetic response14,15. Of note, Shield-1 binds with three orders of magnitude tighter to the mutant FKBP12 than to its wild-type counterpart14.
The DD-Cas9/Shield-1 pair can be used to study the systematic identification and characterization of essential genes in cultured cells and animal models as we previously showed by conditionally targeting the CypD gene, which plays an important role in the metabolism of mitochondria; EGFR, a key player in oncogenic transformation; and Tp53, a central gene in DNA damage response. In addition to temporally and conditionally controlled gene editing, another advantage of the method is that the stabilization&#160;of DD-Cas9 is independent of its transcription. This feature enables co-expression, under the same promoter, of traceable markers as well as recombinases, such as the estrogen receptor-dependent recombinase, CREER. In this work, we show how our method can be successfully used in vitro, to conditionally target for example, DNA replication gene, RPA3.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100mM DTT</td>
			<td>Thermosfisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X FastDigest buffer</td>
			<td>Thermosfisher</td>
			<td>B64</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X T4 Ligation Buffer</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>colorimetric BCA kit</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, high glucose, glutaMax</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>10566024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastAP</td>
			<td>Thermosfisher</td>
			<td>EF0654</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FastDigest BsmBI</td>
			<td>Thermosfisher</td>
			<td>FD0454</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flag [M2] mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1804-50UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genomic DNA extraction kit</td>
			<td>Macherey Nagel</td>
			<td>740952.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phusion High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pMD2.G</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polybrene</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>psPAX2</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick PCR &#38; Gel Cleanup Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>secondary antibodies</td>
			<td>LICOR</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shield-1</td>
			<td>Cheminpharma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stbl3 competent bacterial cells</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>C737303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURVEYOR Mutation Detection Kit</td>
			<td>Transgenomic/IDT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 PNK</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0273S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-tubulin [DM1A] mouse mAb</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>CP06-100UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a new toolkit for evaluating gene functions using conditional cas9 stabilization

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has become a prevalent laboratory tool to introduce accurate and targeted modifications in the genome. Its enormous popularity and rapid spread are attributed to its easy use and accuracy compared to its predecessors. Yet, the constitutive activation of the system has limited applications. In this paper, we describe a new method that allows temporal control of CRISPR/Cas9 activity based on conditional stabilization of the Cas9 protein. Fusing an engineered mutant of the rapamycin-binding protein FKBP12 to Cas9 (DD-Cas9) enables the rapid degradation of Cas9 that in turn can be stabilized by the presence of an FKBP12 synthetic ligand (Shield-1). Unlike other inducible methods, this system can be adapted easily to generate bi-cistronic systems to co-express DD-Cas9 with another gene of interest, without conditional regulation of the second gene. This method enables the generation of traceable systems as well as the parallel, independent manipulation of alleles targeted by Cas9 nuclease. The platform of this method can be used for the systematic identification and characterization of essential genes and the interrogation of the functional interactions of genes in in vitro and in vivo settings.

To enable the conditional expression of Cas9, we developed a dual lentiviral vector construct consisting of a U6-driven promoter to constitutively express sgRNA, and an EF-1&#945; core promoter to drive the expression of the DD-Cas9 fusion protein (Figure 1A)19. As a paradigm to illustrate the robustness and efficiency of the system, we transduced the lung carcinomatous A549 cell line with the lentiviral construct. The levels of Cas9 i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization at JoVE.com

A New Toolkit for Evaluating Gene Functions using Conditional Cas9 Stabilization

Here, we describe a genome-editing tool based on the temporal and conditional stabilization of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) associated protein 9 (Cas9) under the small molecule, Shield-1. The method can be used for cultured cells and animal models.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat- (CRISPR-) associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has become a prevalent laboratory ...

This method provides fast, temperature controlled CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing under a small molecule, Shield-1. It also offers less off-target effects, lower cell toxicity, and also higher internally controlled gene editing when comparing it to constitutive activation of Cas9. The main advantage of this particle is that it can be used for characterization of essential genes, as well as tumor survival genes.Destabilization of DD-Cas9 is independent of its expression, and this allows the gene of interest to be co-expressed under the same promoter. This method can be easily applied to in vivo and in vitro studies. Shield-1 can also penetrate through blood-brain barrier, which making it easy also to study genes that are involved in brain development.Evenly seed healthy HEK293T cells at a density of one to two million cells per 10 centimeter tissue culture plate by using 10 milliliters of glucose DMEM with 10%filtered FBS. Incubate the cells in the tissue culture incubator at 5%carbon dioxide and 37 degrees Celsius for 20 hours. On the next day, confirm that the cells reached 70%confluency by brightfield microscopy and that they are evenly dispersed across the plate.Change media one hour before the transfection with a final volume of 10 milliliters. Prepare two tubes with 500 microliters of warm media. Add 25 microliters of transfection reagent to tube one, and incubate at room temperature for five minutes.To the other tube, add a mixture of plasmids. Mix tube one with tube two to form a transfection mixture, and incubate at room temperature for 20 minutes. Add the transfection mixture dropwise to the HEK293T cells and incubate the plate in the tissue culture incubator.After 18 hours, carefully change the media to 10 milliliters of fresh DMEM with 10%FBS to remove the transfection reagent. Incubate the cells for the next 48 hours. After 48 hours, collect the supernatant with a 10 milliliter syringe and pass it through a 0.45 micrometer filter.Aliquot the virus supernatant and store it at minus 80 degrees Celsius. For determining virus titer, seed 5 million HEK293T cells per well into two six-well plates. Incubate both plates at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide overnight to reach 50 to 60%confluency.On the next day, use one of the six-well plates to count the cells in the six wells. Thaw the virus aliquot that will be used to perform the serial dilution and add eight micrograms per milliliter of polybrene reagent, prepare DMEM with 10%FBS for serial dilution of the virus, and add the polybrene reagent. Prepare two milliliters of tenfold serial dilutions of the lentivirus from 0.1 to 0.0001 in polybrene containing media.Remove media from the six-well plate and add one milliliter of viral dilutions to the wells, leaving one well with media alone as a negative control and one well with 100%virus. Incubate the cells for 24 hours. On the next day, remove the media with the virus from the six-well plates and change it to two milliliters of fresh DMEM with 10%FBS.Incubate the cells for 48 to 72 hours, observing GFP with a fluorescent microscope every day. After 48 to 72 hours, detach the cells and resuspend them in max buffer. Use a flow cytometer to determine the percentage of GFP expression and calculate the virus titer using the formula given in the text manuscript.Plate the cell line of interest in a 10 centimeter plate and incubate overnight to reach confluency of 50 to 60%Then infect the cells with 500 to 2, 000 microliters of virus particles in a 10 milliliter total volume of culture medium. Incubate the viral media for 24 hours. On the next day, change the viral media to culture media, and determine the percentage of GFP positive cells by using flow cytometry.Select GFP positive cells by using BD FACSAria II for cell sorting. Expand positively selected cells and freeze the stock. Plate the positively selected cells and untransduced cells in 12-well plates separately, 24 hours after infection.Wait until the cells attach and change the media to cell culture media containing 200 nanomolar Shield-1. Replace the media in the plates with transduced and untransduced cells, leaving two wells per plate with regular media as a negative control. Incubate and extract proteins from each well at zero, two, six, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after adding Shield-1 to the wells.Then remove the media with Shield-1 from the rest of the wells and change it for regular cell media. Collect the proteins from those wells at two, six, and 12 hours after changing the media. The induction of Cas9 protein was confirmed by its expression levels being similar amongst the transduced cells and the vehicle, notwithstanding the presence or absence of Shield-1.There is sufficient induction of Cas9 expression in the transduced A549 cell line two hours after treatment with Shield-1, which becomes negligible within six to 12 hours after withdrawal of Shield-1. Shield-1 treated transduced A549 cells decreased in number after 48 hours without affecting the Rinella sample, which was validated by immunoblotting using an antibody against the depleted RPA3 protein. Gene editing inversion or indel mutations were confirmed using surveyor nuclease assays.The lentivirus vector construct designed was a bicistronic system bearing another gene of interest under the same EF-1a promoter. A modified fluorescent protein, P2A, was added to trace infected cells. The expression of the mVenus protein was observed in the vehicle and A549 transduced cells, independent of DD-Cas9 expression and Shield-1 treatment.The efficient transduction of the cell line with DD-Cas9 vector is one of the rate limiting steps, for having healthy HEK293T cells and using their low passage number is crucial. The optimization of the ratio between DD-Cas9 plasmid, packaging plasmid, and envelope plasmid is very important for optimal transfection. But beside it, also the amount of Shield-1 that is needed to stabilize DD-Cas9 target cells is something that you need to be careful of.The DD-Cas9 with the Cre plasmid is also available, and it can be used to study the genetic interactions in in vivo studies based on Cre-lox system.

a-new-toolkit-for-evaluating-gene-functions-using-conditional-cas9

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Scientific knowledge is intrinsically linked to available technologies and methods. This article will present two methods that allowed for the identification and verification of a drug resistance gene in the Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, the method of Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping using a Whole Genome Sequence (WGS) -based genetic map and the method of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 -based gene editing. The approach of QTL mapping allows one to test if there is a correlation between a genomic region(s) and a phenotype. Two datasets are required to run a QTL scan, a genetic map based on the progeny of a recombinant cross and a quantifiable phenotype assessed in each of the progeny of that cross. These datasets are then formatted to be compatible with R/qtl software that generates a QTL scan to identify significant loci correlated with the phenotype. Although this can greatly narrow the search window of possible candidates, QTLs span regions containing a number of genes from which the causal gene needs to be identified. Having WGS of the progeny was critical to identify the causal drug resistance mutation at the gene level. Once identified, the candidate mutation can be verified by genetic manipulation of drug sensitive parasites. The most facile and efficient method to genetically modify T. gondii is the CRISPR/Cas9 system. This system comprised of just 2 components both encoded on a single plasmid, a single guide RNA (gRNA) containing a 20 bp sequence complementary to the genomic target and the Cas9 endonuclease that generates a double-strand DNA break (DSB) at the target, repair of which allows for insertion or deletion of sequences around the break site. This article provides detailed protocols to use CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing tools to verify the gene responsible for sinefungin resistance and to construct transgenic parasites.

QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Details are presented on how QTL mapping with a whole genome sequence based genetic map can be used to identify a drug resistance gene in Toxoplasma gondii and how this can be verified with the CRISPR/Cas9 system that efficiently edits a genomic target, in this case the drug resistance gene.

Scientific knowledge is intrinsically linked to available technologies and methods. This article will present two methods that allowed for the ...

A Standard Methodology to Examine On-site Mutagenicity As a Function of Point Mutation Repair Catalyzed by CRISPR/Cas9 and SsODN in Human Cells

Combinatorial gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and single-stranded oligonucleotides is an effective strategy for the correction of single-base point mutations, which often are responsible for a variety of human inherited disorders. Using a well-established cell-based model system, the point mutation of a single-copy mutant eGFP gene integrated into HCT116 cells has been repaired using this combinatorial approach. The analysis of corrected and uncorrected cells reveals both the precision of gene editing and the development of genetic lesions, when indels are created in uncorrected cells in the DNA sequence surrounding the target site. Here, the specific methodology used to analyze this combinatorial approach to the gene editing of a point mutation, coupled with a detailed experimental strategy to measuring indel formation at the target site, is outlined. This protocol outlines a foundational approach and workflow for investigations aimed at developing CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing for human therapy. The conclusion of this work is that on-site mutagenesis takes place as a result of CRISPR/Cas9 activity during the process of point mutation repair. This work puts in place a standardized methodology to identify the degree of mutagenesis, which should be an important and critical aspect of any approach destined for clinical implementation.

This protocol outlines the workflow of a CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing system for the repair of point mutations in mammalian cells. Here, we use a combinatorial approach to gene editing with a detailed follow-on experimental strategy for measuring indel formation at the target site&#8212;in essence, analyzing onsite mutagenesis.

Combinatorial gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and single-stranded oligonucleotides is an effective strategy for the correction of single-base point ...

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene function. Gene knockout has been used to study these gene functions in vivo. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a powerful tool used to edit genomic DNA sequences to alter gene function. While the traditional approach has been to introduce CRISPR/Cas9 mRNA into the single cell embryos through microinjection, this can be a slow and inefficient process in catfish. Here, a detailed protocol for microinjection of channel catfish embryos with CRISPR/Cas9 protein is described. Briefly, eggs and sperm were collected and then artificial fertilization performed. Fertilized eggs were transferred to a Petri dish containing Holtfreter's solution. Injection volume was calibrated and then guide RNAs/Cas9 targeting the toll/interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adapter molecule (TICAM 1) gene and rhamnose binding lectin (RBL) gene were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. The gene knockout was successful as indels were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The predicted protein sequence alterations due to these mutations included frameshift and truncated protein due to premature stop codons.

Microinjection of CRISPR/Cas9 Protein into Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Embryos for Gene Editing

A simple and efficient microinjection protocol for gene editing in channel catfish embryos using the CRISPR/Cas9 system is presented. In this protocol, guide RNAs and Cas9 protein were microinjected into the yolk of one-cell embryos. This protocol has been validated by knocking out two channel catfish immune-related genes.

The complete genome of the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, has been sequenced, leading to greater opportunities for studying channel catfish gene ...

A Protocol for the Production of Integrase-deficient Lentiviral Vectors for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Gene Knockout in Dividing Cells

Lentiviral vectors are an ideal choice for delivering gene-editing components to cells due to their capacity for stably transducing a broad range of cells and mediating high levels of gene expression. However, their ability to integrate into the host cell genome enhances the risk of insertional mutagenicity and thus raises safety concerns and limits their usage in clinical settings. Further, the persistent expression of gene-editing components delivered by these integration-competent lentiviral vectors (ICLVs) increases the probability of promiscuous gene targeting. As an alternative, a new generation of integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) has been developed that addresses many of these concerns. Here the production protocol of a new and improved IDLV platform for CRISPR-mediated gene editing and list the steps involved in the purification and concentration of such vectors is described and their transduction and gene-editing efficiency using HEK-293T cells was demonstrated. This protocol is easily scalable and can be used to generate high titer IDLVs that are capable of transducing cells in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, this protocol can be easily adapted for the production of ICLVs.

We describe the production strategy of integrase-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) as vehicles for delivering CRISPR/Cas9 to cells. With an ability to mediate quick and robust gene editing in cells, IDLVs present a safer and equally effective vector platform for gene delivery compared to integrase-competent vectors.

Lentiviral vectors are an ideal choice for delivering gene-editing components to cells due to their capacity for stably transducing a broad range of cells ...

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development of a customizable platform to rapidly generate gene modifications in a wide variety of organisms, including zebrafish. CRISPR-based genome editing uses a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to target a CRISPR-associated (Cas) endonuclease to a genomic DNA (gDNA) target of interest, where the Cas endonuclease generates a double-strand break (DSB). Repair of DSBs by error-prone mechanisms lead to insertions and/or deletions (indels). This can cause frameshift mutations that often introduce a premature stop codon within the coding sequence, thus creating a protein-null allele. CRISPR-based genome engineering requires only a few molecular components and is easily introduced into zebrafish embryos by microinjection. This protocol describes the methods used to generate CRISPR reagents for zebrafish microinjection and to identify fish exhibiting germline transmission of CRISPR-modified genes. These methods include in vitro transcription of sgRNAs, microinjection of CRISPR reagents, identification of indels induced at the target site using a PCR-based method called a heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA), and characterization of the indels using both a low throughput and a powerful next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approach that can analyze multiple PCR products collected from heterozygous fish. This protocol is streamlined to minimize both the number of fish required and the types of equipment needed to perform the analyses. Furthermore, this protocol is designed to be amenable for use by laboratory personal of all levels of experience including undergraduates, enabling this powerful tool to be economically employed by any research group interested in performing CRISPR-based genomic modification in zebrafish.

Efficient Production and Identification of CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gene Knockouts in the Model System Danio rerio

Targeted genome editing in the model system Danio rerio (zebrafish) has been greatly facilitated by the emergence of CRISPR-based approaches. Herein, we describe a streamlined, robust protocol for generation and identification of CRISPR-derived nonsense alleles that incorporates the heteroduplex mobility assay and identification of mutations using next-generation sequencing.

Characterization of the clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system of Streptococcus pyogenes has enabled the development ...

Highly Efficient Gene Disruption of Murine and Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by CRISPR/Cas9

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. Complete gene ablation in HSCs required the generation of knockout mice from which HSCs could be isolated, and gene ablation in primary human HSCs was not possible. Viral transduction could be used for knock-down approaches, but these suffered from variable efficacy. In general, genetic manipulation of human and mouse hematopoietic cells was hampered by low efficiencies and extensive time and cost commitments. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has dramatically expanded the ability to engineer the DNA of mammalian cells. However, the application of CRISPR/Cas9 to hematopoietic cells has been challenging, mainly due to their low transfection efficiencies, the toxicity of plasmid-based approaches and the slow turnaround time of virus-based protocols.
A rapid method to perform CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in murine and human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with knockout efficiencies of up to 90% is provided in this article. This approach utilizes a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) delivery strategy with a streamlined three-day workflow. The use of Cas9-sgRNA RNP allows for a hit-and-run approach, introducing no exogenous DNA sequences in the genome of edited cells and reducing off-target effects. The RNP-based method is fast and straightforward: it does not require cloning of sgRNAs, virus preparation or specific sgRNA chemical modification. With this protocol, scientists should be able to successfully generate knockouts of a gene of interest in primary hematopoietic cells within a week, including downtimes for oligonucleotide synthesis. This approach will allow a much broader group of users to adapt this protocol for their needs.

A protocol for fast CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption in mouse and human primary hematopoietic cells is described in this article. Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins are introduced via electroporation with sgRNAs generated through in vitro transcription and commercial Cas9. High editing efficiencies are achieved with limited time and financial cost.

Advances in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) field have been aided by methods to genetically engineer primary progenitor cells as well as animal models. ...

Using Mouse Oocytes to Assess Human Gene Function During Meiosis I

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively correlated with maternal age, age alone is not always predictive of the risk of generating an aneuploid embryo. Therefore, gene variants might account for incorrect chromosome segregation during oogenesis. Given that access to human oocytes is limited for research purposes, a series of assays were developed to study human gene function during meiosis I using mouse oocytes. First, messenger RNA (mRNA) of the gene and gene variant of interest are microinjected into prophase I-arrested mouse oocytes. After allowing time for expression, oocytes are synchronously released into meiotic maturation to complete meiosis I. By tagging the mRNA with a sequence of a fluorescent reporter, such as green fluorescent protein (Gfp), the localization of the human protein can be assessed in addition to the phenotypic alterations. For example, gain or loss of function can be investigated by establishing experimental conditions that challenge the gene product to fix meiotic errors. Although this system is advantageous in investigating human protein function during oogenesis, adequate interpretation of results should be undertaken given that protein expression is not at endogenous levels and, unless controlled for (i.e. knocked out or down), murine homologs are also present in the system.

As the genetic variants associated with human disease begin to become uncovered, it is becoming increasingly important to develop systems with which to rapidly evaluate the biological significance of those identified variants. This protocol describes methods for evaluating human gene function during female meiosis I using mouse oocytes.

Embryonic aneuploidy is the major genetic cause of infertility in humans. Most of these events originate during female meiosis, and albeit positively ...

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been co-opted as a powerful tool for precise eukaryotic genome engineering. Here, we present a rapid and simple method using chimeric single guide RNAs (sgRNA) and CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) for the efficient and precise generation of genomic point mutations in C. elegans. We describe a pipeline for sgRNA target selection, homology-directed repair (HDR) template design, CRISPR-Cas9-RNP complexing and delivery, and a genotyping strategy that enables the robust and rapid identification of correctly edited animals. Our approach not only permits the facile generation and identification of desired genomic point mutant animals, but also facilitates the detection of other complex indel alleles in approximately 4 - 5 days with high efficiency and a reduced screening workload.

A Rapid and Facile Pipeline for Generating Genomic Point Mutants in C. elegans Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins

Here, we present a method to engineer the genome of C. elegans using CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins and homology dependent repair templates.

The clustered regularly interspersed palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) prokaryotic adaptive immune defense system has been ...

CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing to Make Conditional Mutants of Human Malaria Parasite P. falciparum

Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease, which primarily affects those living in tropical and subtropical regions, is caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. The development of more effective drugs to combat malaria can be accelerated by improving our understanding of the biology of this complex parasite. Genetic manipulation of these parasites is key to understanding their biology; however, historically the genome of P. falciparum has been difficult to manipulate. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been utilized in malaria parasites, allowing for easier protein tagging, generation of conditional protein knockdowns, and deletion of genes. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has proven to be a powerful tool for advancing the field of malaria research. Here, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9 method for generating glmS-based conditional knockdown mutants in P. falciparum. This method is highly adaptable to other types of genetic manipulations, including protein tagging and gene knockouts.

CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing to Make Conditional Mutants of Human Malaria Parasite P. falciparum

We describe a method for generating glmS-based conditional knockdown mutants in Plasmodium falciparum using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.

Malaria is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This disease, which primarily affects those living in tropical and subtropical ...

Endogenous Protein Tagging in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9

A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame&#160;N- or C-terminal fluorescent tags. The prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) may be used to introduce large exogenous sequences into genomic loci via homology directed repair (HDR). To achieve the desired knock-in, this protocol employs the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based approach where wild type Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein, synthetic 2-part guide RNA (gRNA), and a donor template plasmid are delivered to the cells via electroporation. Putatively edited cells expressing the fluorescently tagged proteins are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Clonal lines are then generated and can be analyzed for precise editing outcomes. By introducing the fluorescent tag at the genomic locus of the gene of interest, the resulting subcellular localization and dynamics of the fusion protein can be studied under endogenous regulatory control, a key improvement over conventional overexpression systems. The use of hiPSCs as a model system for gene tagging provides the opportunity to study the tagged proteins in diploid, nontransformed cells. Since hiPSCs can be differentiated into multiple cell types, this approach provides the opportunity to create and study tagged proteins in a variety of isogenic cellular contexts.

Described here is a protocol for tagging endogenously expressed proteins with fluorescent tags in human induced pluripotent stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Putatively edited cells are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting and clonal cell lines are generated.