Name: visualization of macrophage lytic cell death during mycobacterial infection in zebrafish embryos via intravital microscopy
Uploaded: 2019-01-09T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Macrophage Lytic Cell Death During Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish Embryos via Intravital Microscopy at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Zilong Wen for sharing zebrafish strains, Dr. Stefan Oehlers and Dr. David Tobin for sharing M. marinum related resources, Yuepeng He for assistance in figure preparation. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81801977) (B.Y.), the Outstanding Youth Training Program of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (2018YQ54) (B.Y.), Shanghai Sailing Program (18YF1420400) (B.Y.), and Open Fund of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis (2018KF02) (B.Y.).

Zebrafish were raised under standard conditions in compliance with laboratory animal guidelines for ethical review of animal welfare (GB/T 35823-2018). All zebrafish experiments in this study were approved (2019-A016-01) and conducted at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University.
1. M. marinum Single Cell Inoculum Preparation (Figure 1)
<ol>
	<li>Thaw Cerulean-fluorescent M. marinum glycerol stock from -80 &#176;C and inoculate a...

<ol>
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This protocol describes the visualization of macrophage death during mycobacterial infection. Based on factors such as the integrity of the cell membrane, infection driven cell death can be divided into apoptosis and lytic cell death24,25. Lytic cell death is more stressful for the organism than apoptosis, because it triggers a strong inflammatory response 24,25. Observation of lytic cell death in vivo is...

Mycobacterial infection has been demonstrated to cause host immune cell death1. For example, an attenuated strain will trigger apoptosis in macrophages and contain the infection. However, a virulent strain will trigger lytic cell death, causing bacterial dissemination1,2. Considering the impact these different types of cell death have on host anti-mycobacterial response, a detailed observation of macrophage cell death during mycobacterial infection in vivo is needed.
The conventional methods for measuring cell death are to use dead cell stains, such as Annnexin V, TUNEL, or acridine orange/propidium iodide staining3,4,5. However, these methods are unable to shed light on the dynamic process of cell death in vivo. The observation of cell death in vitro has already been facilitated by live imaging6. However, whether the results accurately mimic physiological conditions remains unclear.
Zebrafish have been an excellent model for studying host anti-mycobacterium responses. It has a highly conserved immune system similar to that of humans, an easily manipulated genome, and the early embryos are transparent, which allows for live imaging7,8,9. After infection with M. marinum, adult zebrafish form typical mature granuloma structures, and embryonic zebrafish form early granuloma like structures9,10. The dynamic process of innate immune cell-bacteria interaction has been explored previously in the zebrafish M. marinum infection model11,12. However, due to high spatial-temporal resolution requirement, the details surrounding the death of the innate immune cells remain largely undefined.
Here we describe how to visualize the process of macrophage lytic cell death triggered by mycobacterial infection in vivo. This protocol may also be applied to visualizing cellular behavior in vivo during development and inflammation.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.05% Tween-80</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringe</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YA0552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% OADC</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>211886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-aminobenzoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E10521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 &#956;m filter</td>
			<td>Mille X</td>
			<td>SLSV025LS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 &#956;l/ml hygromycin</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A600230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7H10</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>262710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7H9</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>262310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A glass bottom 35 mm dish</td>
			<td>In Vitro Scientific</td>
			<td>D35-10-0-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A60015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>TCS SP5 II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enviromental Chamber</td>
			<td>Pecon</td>
			<td>temp control 37-2 digital</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf microloader</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>No.5242956003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass microscope slide</td>
			<td>Bioland Scientific LLC</td>
			<td>7105P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech</td>
			<td>A100854</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Keelrein</td>
			<td>PH-140(A)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M.marinum</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>ATCC BAA-535</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection needle</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>IB100F-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjector</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>Femtojet</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>NARISHIGE</td>
			<td>MN-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>msp12:cerulean</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref.: PMID 25470057; 27760340</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol red</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PTU</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P7629</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single concavity glass microscope slide</td>
			<td>Sail Brand</td>
			<td>7103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator</td>
			<td>SCICNTZ</td>
			<td>JY92-IIDN</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer (OD600)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf AG</td>
			<td>22331 Hamburg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>OLYMPUS</td>
			<td>SZX10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tg(mfap4:eGFP)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref.: PMID 30742890</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tg(coro1a:eGFP;lyzDsRed2)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref.: PMID 31278008</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tg(mpeg1:LRLG;lyz:eGFP)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref.: PMID 27424497; 17477879</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization of macrophage lytic cell death during mycobacterial infection in zebrafish embryos via intravital microscopy

Zebrafish is an excellent model organism for studying innate immune cell behavior due to its transparent nature and reliance solely on its innate immune system during early development. The Zebrafish Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) infection model has been well-established in studying host immune response against mycobacterial infection. It has been suggested that different macrophage cell death types will lead to the diverse outcomes of mycobacterial infection. Here we describe a protocol using intravital microscopy to observe macrophage cell death in zebrafish embryos following M. marinum infection. Zebrafish transgenic lines that specifically label macrophages and neutrophils are infected via intramuscular microinjection of fluorescently labeled M. marinum in either the midbrain or the trunk. Infected zebrafish embryos are subsequently mounted on low melting agarose and observed by confocal microscopy in X-Y-Z-T dimensions. Because long-term live imaging requires using low laser power to avoid photobleaching and phototoxicity, a strongly expressing transgenic is highly recommended. This protocol facilitates the visualization of the dynamic processes in vivo, including immune cell migration, host pathogen interaction, and cell death.

Mycobacterium infection can trigger different host responses based on the routes of infection. In this protocol, zebrafish embryos are infected by intramuscular microinjection of fluorescently labeled bacteria into the midbrain or trunk (Figure 3) and observed by confocal live imaging. Infection via these two routes will locally restrict the infection causing innate immune cell recruitment and subsequent cell death.
Visualizing the details of innate immune cell de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization of Macrophage Lytic Cell Death During Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish Embryos via Intravital Microscopy at JoVE.com

Visualization of Macrophage Lytic Cell Death During Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish Embryos via Intravital Microscopy

This protocol describes a technique for visualizing macrophage behavior and death in embryonic zebrafish during Mycobacterium marinum infection. Steps for the preparation of bacteria, infection of the embryos, and intravital microscopy are included. This technique may be applied to the observation of cellular behavior and death in similar scenarios involving infection or sterile inflammation.

Zebrafish is an excellent model organism for studying innate immune cell behavior due to its transparent nature and reliance solely on its innate immune ...

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