Name: click-chemistry based fluorometric assay for apolipoprotein n-acyltransferase from enzyme characterization to high-throughput screening
Uploaded: 2020-05-13T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Click-Chemistry Based Fluorometric Assay for Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase from Enzyme Characterization to High-Throughput Screening at JoVE.com

We thank Fabrice Agou and Alix Boucharlat from the Chemogenomic and Biological Screening Platform, Center for Technological Resources and Research (C2RT) at Institut Pasteur Paris for helpful suggestions on the protocol, all members of the BGPB Unit for support and scientific discussions, and Simon Legood for critical reading of the manuscript. Work was funded by Global Care Initiatives of the Institute Carnot Infectious diseases and the Institute Carnot Microbes and Health (15 CARN 0017-01 and 16 CARN 0023-01).

1. Enzyme and substrate preparation
<ol>
	<li>Purification of enzyme
	<ol>
		<li>Produce and purify Lnt enzyme from detergent solubilized membranes as described previously4,8. Briefly, induce expression of the lnt-strep gene, encoding Lnt with a C-terminal Strep tag, at OD600 of 0.6 with anhydrous tetracycline (200 ng/mL) at 37 &#176;C for 16 h.</li>
		<li>Harvest cells by centrifugation at 4,000 x g for 10 min and ...

<ol>
	<li>Buddelmeijer, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+mechanism+of+bacterial+lipoprotein+modification--how,+when+and+why.">The molecular mechanism of bacterial lipoprotein modification--how, when and why.</a> FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 39 (2), 246-261 (2015).</li><li>Kovacs-Simon, A., Titball, R. W., Michell, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipoproteins+of+bacterial+pathogens.">Lipoproteins of bacterial pathogens.</a> Infections and Immunity. 79 (2), 548-561 (2010).</li><li>Jackowski, S., Rock, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+fatty+acids+from+the+1-position+of+phosphatidylethanolamine+to+the+major+outer+membrane+lipoprotein+of+Escherichia+coli.">Transfer of fatty acids from the 1-position of phosphatidylethanolamine to the major outer membrane lipoprotein of Escherichia coli.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261, 11328-11333 (1986).</li><li>Hillmann, F., Argentini, M., Buddelmeijer, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+and+phospholipid+specificity+of+apolipoprotein+N-acyltransferase.">Kinetics and phospholipid specificity of apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 286 (32), 27936-27946 (2011).</li><li>Rangan, K. J., Yang, Y. Y., Charron, G., Hang, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Visualization+and+Large-Scale+Profiling+of+Bacterial+Lipoproteins+with+Chemical+Reporters.">Rapid Visualization and Large-Scale Profiling of Bacterial Lipoproteins with Chemical Reporters.</a> Journal of American Chemical Society. 132 (31), 10628-10629 (2010).</li><li>Thiele, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tracing+fatty+acid+metabolism+by+click-chemistry.">Tracing fatty acid metabolism by click-chemistry.</a> ACS Chemical Biology. 7 (12), 2004-2011 (2012).</li><li>Ganesan, L., Shieh, P., Bertozzi, C. R., Levental, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Click-Chemistry+Based+High+Throughput+Screening+Platform+for+Modulators+of+Ras+Palmitoylation.">Click-Chemistry Based High Throughput Screening Platform for Modulators of Ras Palmitoylation.</a> Science Reports. 7, 41147 (2017).</li><li>Nozeret, K., Boucharlat, A., Agou, F., Buddelmeijer, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+fluorescence-based+assay+to+monitor+enzymatic+activity+of+the+essential+integral+membrane+protein+Apolipoprotein+N-acyltransferase+(Lnt).">A sensitive fluorescence-based assay to monitor enzymatic activity of the essential integral membrane protein Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt).</a> Science Reports. 9 (1), 15978 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, J. H., Chung, T. D., Oldenburg, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simple+Statistical+Parameter+for+Use+in+Evaluation+and+Validation+of+High+Throughput+Screening+Assays.">A Simple Statistical Parameter for Use in Evaluation and Validation of High Throughput Screening Assays.</a> Journal of Biomolecules Screening. 4 (2), 67-73 (1999).</li><li>Mao, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+E.+coli+lipoprotein+diacylglyceryl+transferase.">Crystal structure of E. coli lipoprotein diacylglyceryl transferase.</a> Nature Communication. 7, 10198 (2016).</li><li>Vogeley, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+basis+of+lipoprotein+signal+peptidase+II+action+and+inhibition+by+the+antibiotic+globomycin.">Structural basis of lipoprotein signal peptidase II action and inhibition by the antibiotic globomycin.</a> Science. 351 (6275), 876-880 (2016).</li><li>Wiktor, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+insights+into+the+mechanism+of+the+membrane+integral+N-acyltransferase+step+in+bacterial+lipoprotein+synthesis.">Structural insights into the mechanism of the membrane integral N-acyltransferase step in bacterial lipoprotein synthesis.</a> Nature Communication. 8, 15952 (2017).</li><li>Noland, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+insights+into+lipoprotein+N-acylation+by+Escherichia+coli+apolipoprotein+N-acyltransferase.">Structural insights into lipoprotein N-acylation by Escherichia coli apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 114 (30), 6044-6053 (2017).</li><li>Lu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+E.+coli+apolipoprotein+N-acyl+transferase.">Crystal structure of E. coli apolipoprotein N-acyl transferase.</a> Nature Communication. 8, 15948 (2017).</li></ol>

The protocol for the Lnt assay described here, based on fluorescence detection of the triacylated product, is sensitive and reproducible. The specific and efficient binding of biotin to streptavidin is a key element in the assay. Alkyne-POPE substrate left after completion of the Lnt reaction is also fluorescently labeled with FAM but is efficiently removed after binding onto the streptavidin plates by multiple wash steps. Furthermore, addition of DMSO does not affect Lnt activity and has no impact on the assay. Both sub...

Bacterial lipoproteins are characterized by covalently bound fatty acids at their amino-termini through which they are anchored into membranes1,2. The mature part of the protein is highly diverse in structure and function, thereby explaining the role of lipoproteins in various biological processes in the bacterial cell envelope.
Lipoproteins are modified by phospholipid-derived fatty acids after insertion into the cytoplasmic membrane. The prolipoproteins contain a signature motif, the lipobox, which contains an invariant cysteine residue that becomes acylated and the first amino acid in the mature protein. The first step of this pathway is catalyzed by prolipoprotein phosphatidylglycerol::diacylglyceryl transferase (Lgt), which transfers the diacylglyceryl group from phosphatidylglycerol onto the prolipoprotein via a thioether link between diacylglyceryl and cysteine. Signal peptidase II (Lsp) cleaves the signal peptide from diacylglyceryl prolipoprotein, resulting in an apolipoprotein that is anchored into the membrane through its diacylglyceryl moiety. The third and last step is catalyzed by apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt), which adds a fatty acid from the sn-1 position of phospholipid onto apolipoprotein, resulting in triacylated mature lipoprotein (Figure 1)3. The Lnt reaction is a two-step ping-pong reaction where a stable thioester acyl enzyme intermediate is formed. The lysophospholipid byproduct is released prior to the acylation of the apolipoprotein substrate in the second step of the reaction.
The phospholipid substrate specificity is determined in a Lnt assay based on the mobility shift of N-acyl diacylglyceryl peptide on a high percentage Tris-Tricine Urea SDS-PAGE4. Phospholipids with small polar headgroups, saturated [sn-1] and nonsaturated [sn-2], were preferred substrates4. The gel shift assay is not appropriate for extensive kinetic studies of apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase nor for HTS to identify inhibitory molecules. Click-chemistry using alkyne fatty acids has been successfully used to study lipoprotein modification in bacteria5 and fatty acid metabolism in eukaryotes6. Recently, an in vitro assay of Ras palmitoylation was reported to identify inhibitors7.
In the method described here, purified active Lnt in detergent is incubated with substrates in mixed micelles to form alkyne-triacylated peptide that is subsequently detected by fluorescence spectrometry.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>&#196;kta Purifier FPLC system</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Lnt purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alkyne-POPE</td>
			<td>Avanti Polar Lipids</td>
			<td>900414P</td>
			<td>Purity: &#62;99% 
			Lnt substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Azido-FAM</td>
			<td>Lumiprobe</td>
			<td>A4130</td>
			<td>Purity: 100% (pure) 
			Click reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioPhotometer Plus</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			OD 600 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioTek ELX 405 Select plate washer</td>
			<td>BioTek</td>
			<td>N&#176; serie 115800, n&#176; materiel 405 Select</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Wash steps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotin-fluorescein</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>53608</td>
			<td>Purity: &#8805;90% 
			Fluorescence control</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C3036</td>
			<td>Purity: &#8805;98% 
			Click reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DDM</td>
			<td>Anatrace</td>
			<td>D310A</td>
			<td>Purity: &#8805; 99% &#946;+&#945;; &#60; 15% &#945; 
			Detergent for Lnt purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D12435</td>
			<td>Purity: anhydrous 
			Solbilization Click reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic pipet Voyager 8 channels 0.5-12.5 uL</td>
			<td>INTEGRA</td>
			<td>4721</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Handling reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>French Pressure Cell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Cell disruption</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FSL-1-biotin</td>
			<td>EMC microcollections</td>
			<td>L7030</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Lnt substrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One 384-well standard CELLSTAR polystyrene microplate</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>781091</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Black with transparent bottom (up or bottom reading)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One 96-well sterile polystyrene plate, high binding</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>655097</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Black with transparent bottom (up or bottom reading)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate reader Infinite M1000 pro</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Fluorescence detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTSES (sodium (2-sulfonatoethyl)methanethiosulfonate)</td>
			<td>Anatrace</td>
			<td>S110MT</td>
			<td>Purity: ~100% 
			Thiol specific inhibitor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optically Clear Adhesive Seal Sheets</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>AB-1170</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Foil to seal multi-well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sephacryl S400 HR 16/60 gel filtration column</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>GE28-9356-04</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Lnt purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StrepTactin Sepharose 50 %</td>
			<td>IBA Biotechnology</td>
			<td>2-1201-010</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Lnt purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>streptavidin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S4762-1MG</td>
			<td>Purity: &#8805;13 units/mg protein 
			Biotin binding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TBTA (tris[(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methyl]amine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>678937</td>
			<td>Purity: 97% 
			Click reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCEP (tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>75259</td>
			<td>Purity: &#8805;98% 
			Click reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TECAN Infinite F500</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Fluorescence detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TECAN Infinite M1000 pro</td>
			<td>Tecan</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Fluorescence detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermomixer C</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5382000015</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Heated lid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>93443</td>
			<td>Purity: 10% in H2O 
			Lnt reaction buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra centrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman LC</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Purity: NA 
			Cell fractionation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

click-chemistry based fluorometric assay for apolipoprotein n-acyltransferase from enzyme characterization to high-throughput screening

Lipoproteins from proteobacteria are posttranslationally modified by fatty acids derived from membrane phospholipids by the action of three integral membrane enzymes, resulting in triacylated proteins. The first step in the lipoprotein modification pathway involves the transfer of a diacylglyceryl group from phosphatidylglycerol onto the prolipoprotein, resulting in diacylglyceryl prolipoprotein. In the second step, the signal peptide of prolipoprotein is cleaved, forming an apolipoprotein, which in turn is modified by a third fatty acid derived from a phospholipid. This last step is catalyzed by apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase (Lnt). The lipoprotein modification pathway is essential in most &#947;-proteobacteria, making it a potential target for the development of novel antibacterial agents. Described here is a sensitive assay for Lnt that is compatible with high-throughput screening of small inhibitory molecules. The enzyme and substrates are membrane-embedded molecules; therefore, the development of an in vitro test is not straightforward. This includes the purification of the active enzyme in the presence of detergent, the availability of alkyne-phospholipids and diacylglyceryl peptide substrates, and the reaction conditions in mixed micelles. Furthermore, in order to use the activity test in a high-throughput screening (HTS) setup, direct readout of the reaction product is preferred over coupled enzymatic reactions. In this fluorometric enzyme assay, the alkyne-triacylated peptide product is rendered fluorescent through a click-chemistry reaction and detected in a multiwell plate format. This method is applicable to other acyltransferases that use fatty acid-containing substrates, including phospholipids and acyl-CoA.

In the Lnt reaction the sn-1 fatty acid from phospholipids is transferred onto a diacylglyceryl peptide, resulting in mature triacylated peptide8. The in vitro Lnt assay described here is designed to use phospholipids containing an alkyne fatty acid (alkyne-POPE) and FSL-1-biotin as substrates, resulting in the formation of alkyne-FSL-1-biotin. Upon a click-chemistry reaction with azido-FAM, this product should become fluorescently labeled and detected by fluorescence spectrometry (<stron...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Click-Chemistry Based Fluorometric Assay for Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase from Enzyme Characterization to High-Throughput Screening at JoVE.com

Click-Chemistry Based Fluorometric Assay for Apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase from Enzyme Characterization to High-Throughput Screening

Presented here is a sensitive fluorescence assay to monitor apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase activity using diacylglyceryl peptide and alkyne-phospholipids as substrates with click-chemistry.

Lipoproteins from proteobacteria are posttranslationally modified by fatty acids derived from membrane phospholipids by the action of three integral ...

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