Name: sodium taurocholate induced severe acute pancreatitis in c57bl/6 mice
Uploaded: 2021-06-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sodium Taurocholate Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis in C57BL/6 Mice at JoVE.com

The authors thanks to Post Graduation Program in Medical Clinic of University of S&#227;o Paulo; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) and University of S&#227;o Paulo Medical School (FMUSP).

This protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee for the use of animals of the USP Medicine School, Num. Project: 1343/2019-CEUA: FMUSP. For this protocol, C57BL/6 mice, aged 6 weeks, weighing 20 &#177; 2 g were used (n = 9/group).
1. Laparotomy
<ol>
	<li>Anesthetize animals with xylazine (10 mg/kg) and ketamine solution (80 mg/kg), subcutaneously (0.1 mL/10g of body weight) using a 1 mL syringe and 13x0.45mm needle 26G &#189;. Check for sufficient anesthesia depth by pinching the toe. Con...

<ol>
	<li>Li, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significantly+different+clinical+features+between+hypertriglyceridemia+and+biliary+acute+pancreatitis:+A+retrospective+study+of+730+patients+from+a+tertiary+center.">Significantly different clinical features between hypertriglyceridemia and biliary acute pancreatitis: A retrospective study of 730 patients from a tertiary center.</a> BMC Gastroenterology. 18 (1), 1-8 (2018).</li><li>Rechreche, H., Abbes, A., Iovanna, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+antioxidant+mechanisms+in+lung+during+experimental+pancreatitis+in+rats.">Induction of antioxidant mechanisms in lung during experimental pancreatitis in rats.</a> Indian Journal of Experimental Biology. 58 (5), 297-305 (2020).</li><li>T, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraductal+infusion+of+taurocholate+followed+by+distal+common+bile+duct+ligation+leads+to+a+severe+necrotic+model+of+pancreatitis+in+mice.">Intraductal infusion of taurocholate followed by distal common bile duct ligation leads to a severe necrotic model of pancreatitis in mice.</a> Pancreas. 44 (3), (2015).</li><li>Botoi, G., Andercou, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interleukin+17-prognostic+marker+of+severe+acute+pancreatitis.">Interleukin 17-prognostic marker of severe acute pancreatitis.</a> Chirurgia. 104 (4), 431-438 (2009).</li><li>Li, D., Li, J., Wang, L., Zhang, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+between+IL-1beta,+IL-8,+and+IL-10+polymorphisms+and+risk+of+acute+pancreatitis.">Association between IL-1beta, IL-8, and IL-10 polymorphisms and risk of acute pancreatitis.</a> Genetics and Molecular Research. 14 (2), 6635-6641 (2015).</li><li>Feng, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+peritoneal+lavage+with+ulinastatin+on+the+expression+of+NF-kappaB+and+TNF-alpha+in+multiple+organs+of+rats+with+severe+acute+pancreatitis.">Effect of peritoneal lavage with ulinastatin on the expression of NF-kappaB and TNF-alpha in multiple organs of rats with severe acute pancreatitis.</a> Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine. 10 (6), 2029-2034 (2015).</li><li>Fang, D. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+sildenafil+on+inflammatory+injury+of+the+lung+in+sodium+taurocholate-induced+severe+acute+pancreatitis+rats.">Effects of sildenafil on inflammatory injury of the lung in sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis rats.</a> International Immunopharmacology. 80, (2020).</li><li>Ceranowicz, P., Cieszkowski, J., Warzecha, Z., Dembinski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+models+of+acute+pancreatitis.">Experimental models of acute pancreatitis.</a> Post&#281;py Higieny i Medycyny Do&#347;wiadczalnej(Online). 69, 264-269 (2015).</li><li>Wan, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Review+of+experimental+animal+models+of+biliary+acute+pancreatitis+and+recent+advances+in+basic+research.">Review of experimental animal models of biliary acute pancreatitis and recent advances in basic research.</a> HPB (Oxford). 14 (2), 73-81 (2012).</li><li>Mayerle, J., Sendler, M., Lerch, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretagogue+(Caerulein)+induced+pancreatitis+in+rodents.">Secretagogue (Caerulein) induced pancreatitis in rodents.</a> Pancreapedia: The Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base. (1), (2013).</li><li>Wang, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resveratrol+protects+against+L-arginine-induced+acute+necrotizing+pancreatitis+in+mice+by+enhancing+SIRT1-mediated+deacetylation+of+p53+and+heat+shock+factor+1.">Resveratrol protects against L-arginine-induced acute necrotizing pancreatitis in mice by enhancing SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of p53 and heat shock factor 1.</a> International Journal of Molecular Medicine. 40 (2), 427-437 (2017).</li><li>Ma, Z. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+resveratrol+on+peritoneal+macrophages+in+rats+with+severe+acute+pancreatitis.">Effect of resveratrol on peritoneal macrophages in rats with severe acute pancreatitis.</a> Inflammation Research. 54 (12), 522-527 (2005).</li><li>Souza, L. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-inflammatory+effects+of+peritoneal+lavage+in+acute+pancreatitis.">Anti-inflammatory effects of peritoneal lavage in acute pancreatitis.</a> Pancreas. 39 (8), 1180-1184 (2010).</li><li>Perides, G., Acker, G. J. v., Laukkarinen, J. M., Steer, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+acute+biliary+pancreatitis+induced+by+retrograde+infusion+of+bile+acids+into+the+mouse+pancreatic+duct.">Experimental acute biliary pancreatitis induced by retrograde infusion of bile acids into the mouse pancreatic duct.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (2), 335-341 (2010).</li><li>Wittel, U. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taurocholate-induced+pancreatitis:+a+model+of+severe+necrotizing+pancreatitis+in+mice.">Taurocholate-induced pancreatitis: a model of severe necrotizing pancreatitis in mice.</a> Pancreas. 36 (2), 9-21 (2008).</li><li>Tao, L., Reese, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+mouse+models+that+reflect+human+immune+responses.">Making mouse models that reflect human immune responses.</a> Trends Immunology. 38 (3), 181-193 (2017).</li><li>Vandamme, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+rodents+as+models+of+human+diseases.">Use of rodents as models of human diseases.</a> Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Science. 6 (1), 2-9 (2014).</li><li>Song, H. K., Hwang, D. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+C57BL/6N+mice+on+the+variety+of+immunological+researches.">Use of C57BL/6N mice on the variety of immunological researches.</a> Laboratory Animal Research. 33 (2), 119-123 (2017).</li><li>Bogdanske, J. J., Stelle, S. H. -. V., Riley, M. V., Schiffman, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Suturing Principles and Techniques in Laboratory Animal Surgery. 1st edition. (1), (2010).</li><li>Ray, A., Dittel, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mouse+peritoneal+cavity+cells.">Isolation of mouse peritoneal cavity cells.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (35), e1488 (2010).</li><li>Schmidt, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+better+model+of+acute+pancreatitis+for+evaluating+therapy.">A better model of acute pancreatitis for evaluating therapy.</a> Annals of Surgery. 215 (1), 44-56 (1992).</li><li>Liu, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resveratrol+improves+the+therapeutic+efficacy+of+bone+marrow-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+in+rats+with+severe+acute+pancreatitis.">Resveratrol improves the therapeutic efficacy of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in rats with severe acute pancreatitis.</a> International Immunopharmacology. 80, 106128 (2020).</li><li>Yang, X. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chaiqin+chengqi+decoction+alleviates+severe+acute+pancreatitis+associated+acute+kidney+injury+by+inhibiting+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+and+subsequent+apoptosis.">Chaiqin chengqi decoction alleviates severe acute pancreatitis associated acute kidney injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis.</a> Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 125 (12), 110024 (2020).</li><li>Yang, X. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chaiqin+chengqi+decoction+alleviates+severe+acute+pancreatitis+associated+acute+kidney+injury+by+inhibiting+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+and+subsequent+apoptosis.">Chaiqin chengqi decoction alleviates severe acute pancreatitis associated acute kidney injury by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis.</a> Biomedicine &amp; Pharmacotherapy. 125, 110024 (2020).</li><li>Venglovecz, V., Z, R., Hegyi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+bile+acids+on+pancreatic+ductal+cells.">The effects of bile acids on pancreatic ductal cells.</a> Pancreapedia: The Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base. (1), (2019).</li><li>Roberts, S. E., Akbari, A., Thorne, K., Atkinson, M., Evans, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incidence+of+acute+pancreatitis:+impact+of+social+deprivation,+alcohol+consumption,+seasonal+and+demographic+factors.">The incidence of acute pancreatitis: impact of social deprivation, alcohol consumption, seasonal and demographic factors.</a> Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 38 (5), 539-548 (2013).</li><li>Lerch, M. M., Gorelick, F. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Models+of+acute+and+chronic+pancreatitis.">Models of acute and chronic pancreatitis.</a> Gastroenterology. 144 (6), 1180-1193 (2013).</li><li>Nakamura, K., Fukatsu, K., Sasayama, A., Yamaji, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+immune-modulating+formula+comprising+whey+peptides+and+fermented+milk+improves+inflammation-related+remote+organ+injuries+in+diet-induced+acute+pancreatitis+in+mice.">An immune-modulating formula comprising whey peptides and fermented milk improves inflammation-related remote organ injuries in diet-induced acute pancreatitis in mice.</a> Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 37 (1), 1-8 (2018).</li><li>Kui, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+methodolgy+of+L-Arginine-induced+acute+pancreatitis.">New insights into the methodolgy of L-Arginine-induced acute pancreatitis.</a> PLoS One. 10 (2), 011758 (2015).</li><li>Xue, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternatively+activated+macrophages+promote+pancreatic+fibrosis+in+chronic+pancreatitis.">Alternatively activated macrophages promote pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis.</a> Nature Communication. 6, 7158 (2015).</li><li>Lesina, M., Wormann, S. 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The method of inducing acute pancreatitis by retrograde sodium taurocholate infusion has already been shown in rats22,23,24. Three similar works, published in 2008, 2010 and 2015, served as a reference for the protocol3,14,15. In this work, we list all the critical steps for reproducing this method in C57BL/6 mice and some possibilities...

In humans, the presence of gallstones is the most common cause of pancreatitis due to the obstruction of the terminal portion of the choledochal, interrupting the flow of pancreatic secretions and causing an intense inflammatory process in the pancreas, with an increase in the concentration of digestive enzymes in the serum and inflammatory mediators1,2.
Two different theories have been proposed to explain the development of acute pancreatitis (AP). The &#34;common channel&#34; theory suggests that the stones present in the gallbladder obstruct the distal common bile duct system, allowing bile secretion to flow retrograde into the pancreatic duct. The second theory (the &#34;duct obstruction&#34; theory) suggests that the obstruction of the pancreatic duct by excess gallstones causes a blockage in the flow of pancreatic secretion to the duodenum, causing ductal hypertension3. Although the mechanisms that lead to acute biliary pancreatitis are not fully understood, the outcome is an intense inflammatory process. Digestive enzyme eruption and pancreas self-digestion lead to histopathological changes, an increase in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1&#946;, IL-6, TNF-&#945;) in ascitic fluid and serum, and an increase in acute phase proteins4,5,6.
Severe acute pancreatitis is a condition that deserves clinical attention due to the involvement of multiple organs and a high mortality risk. Animal models for the reproduction of acute pancreatitis (AP) are important as these explain the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and help in monitoring the evolution of inflammatory events, starting from the initial stages of the disease. This is usually not possible in the clinics2,7. In addition, access to pancreatic tissues is easy in preclinical studies, favoring the elucidation of changes linked to clinical conditions8 along with the possibility of working with isogenic species, eliminating undesirable variables, and mirroring clinical similarity with the outcomes observed in the human condition9.
Biliary and non-biliary models for the induction of acute pancreatitis in rats and mice species have been frequently studied in the scientific literature. Non-biliary methods of induction include administration of supramaximal stimulating doses of the cholecystokinin secretagogue or its analog cerulein10; administration of almost lethal doses of L-arginine; or administration of a choline-deficient diet supplemented with ethionine11. Although these methods are easy to reproduce and result in pancreatic inflammation, they do not replicate the mechanisms that in theory trigger AP (i.e., the reflux of bile secretion into the pancreatic duct). The technique that addresses the biliary model is based on the retrograde infusion of bile acids into the pancreatic duct and requires well-trained researchers to carry out this protocol. Several studies have been published using this method in rats (apparently for technical reasons since these experiments involve surgical procedures)12,13. However, the approach in mice may offer more interesting outcomes in the study of inflammation3,14,15. In this study, we will show a checklist of the steps to be followed for the reproduction of severe acute pancreatitis by infusion of sodium taurocholate in C57BL/6 anesthetized mice.
For works that involve the need for experiments with antibodies and analysis of the gene and protein expression, the use of mice is preferable because of the greater arsenal of materials for these animals and the possibility of working with isogenic and knockout species, among others that can be used relevant to studies16. Mice C57BL/6 is an inbred strain of mice originally developed for the study of antitumor activity and immunology. This strain is increasingly being preferred by researchers for being isogenic, allowing for a greater reproducibility of results, which may imply the use of a smaller number of animals in an experiment and less variability of results between the same group17,18.
Perides et al. (2010)14 published a protocol for AP induction in mice by sodium taurocholate infusion. Here we update this model using a higher sodium taurocholate concentration (2.5%) in C57BL/6 mice, with a defined volume and speed of infusion (Figure 1). The maximal level of severity is reached within 12 h of induction in mice. The elevation of the concentration of IL-6 both in the serum and in the peritoneal cavity is correlated with the progression of AP. With practice, the total estimated time from the induction of anesthesia to the completion of the infusion, is 25 min per animal. It is essential that a trained researcher conducts this experiment. To ensure that the solution is properly injected into the common bile duct, perform several pilot training sessions using methylene blue instead of sodium taurocholate.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4 mm needle</td>
			<td>INTRAG MEDICAL TECH</td>
			<td>90183210</td>
			<td>30G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;0.54 mm polyethylene tube</td>
			<td>Tygon</td>
			<td>730010</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Styrofoam block</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>masking tape for mounting the mouse</td>
			<td>Missner</td>
			<td>1236</td>
			<td>-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infusion pump scheduled to 10&#181;L / min.</td>
			<td>Havard aparatus-Peristaltic Pump Series</td>
			<td>MA1 55-7766</td>
			<td>&#160;Model 66 Small Peristaltic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors and forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antiseptic providine iodine</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>12086OR</td>
			<td>antisepsis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>459836</td>
			<td>Mix 700 mL 100% ethanol with 300 mL dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>Lord</td>
			<td>bdk9a1ghk6</td>
			<td>For trichotomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium taurocholate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>86339- 1G</td>
			<td>CAS NUMBER- 345909-26-4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>microvessel clip</td>
			<td>Medicon Surgical</td>
			<td>56.87.35</td>
			<td>Approximator, opening 4.0 mm, closing pressure 30 -&#160;40 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 prolene</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>5162</td>
			<td>Suture line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamin NP (cloridrato de dextrocetamina) 50mg/mL</td>
			<td>Crist&#225;lia</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xilazine 2%</td>
			<td>Syntec</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile saline solution (0.9% (wt/vol) saline)</td>
			<td>Farmace</td>
			<td>105851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals</td>
			<td>M5528</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MILLIPLEX&#160;MAP&#160;Mouse Cytokine/Chemokine Magnetic Bead Panel - Immunology Multiplex Assay</td>
			<td>MERCK</td>
			<td>MCYTOMAG-70K</td>
			<td>Simultaneously analyze multiple cytokine and chemokine biomarkers with Bead-Based Multiplex Assays using the Luminex technology, in mouse serum, plasma and cell culture samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amylase Assay</td>
			<td>Labtest</td>
			<td>11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desmarres retractor 13-mm 
			width</td>
			<td>ROBOZ</td>
			<td>RS-6672</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sodium taurocholate induced severe acute pancreatitis in c57bl/6 mice

Biliary acute pancreatitis induction by sodium taurocholate infusion has been widely used by the scientific community due to the representation of the human clinical condition and reproduction of inflammatory events corresponding to the onset of clinical biliary pancreatitis. The severity of pancreatic damage can be assessed by measuring the concentration, speed, and volume of the infused bile acid. This study provides an updated checklist of the materials and methods used in the protocol reproduction and shows the main results from this acute pancreatitis (AP) model. Most of the previous publications have limited themselves to reproducing this model in rats. We have applied this method in mice, which provides additional advantages (i.e., the availability of an arsenal of reagents and antibodies for these animals along with the possibility of working with genetically modified strains of mice) that may be relevant to the study. For acute pancreatitis induction in mice, we present a systematic protocol, with a defined dose of 2.5% sodium taurocholate at an infusion speed 10 &#181;L/min for 3 min in C57BL/6 mice that reaches its maximal level of severity within 12 h of induction and highlight results with outcomes that validate the method. With practice and technique, the total estimated time, from the induction of anesthesia to the completion of the infusion, is 25 min per animal.

Pancreatitis severity was scored between 0-3 according to the Schmidt&#39;s scale21 where zero corresponds to the absence, 1 corresponds to a mild presence (&#60;25%), 2 corresponds to a moderate presence (between 25 and 50%) and 3 corresponds to an intense presence (&#62; 50%) (Table 1). The measurements performed were plasma amylase activity, pancreatic edema, acinar cell, injury/necrosis, pancreatic inflammation (by histology analysis of H&#38;E...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sodium Taurocholate Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis in C57BL/6 Mice at JoVE.com

Sodium Taurocholate Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Animal models for severe acute pancreatitis enable the study of pathophysiological changes at the initial stage, facilitating observation of the evolution of inflammatory events. Here we provide a protocol for the induction of severe acute biliary pancreatitis by retrograde infusion of sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic duct of anesthetized C57BL/6 mice.

Biliary acute pancreatitis induction by sodium taurocholate infusion has been widely used by the scientific community due to the representation of the ...

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Ischemia-reperfusion Model of Acute Kidney Injury and Post Injury Fibrosis in Mice

Ischemia-reperfusion induced acute kidney injury (IR-AKI) is widely used as a model of AKI in mice, but results are often quite variable with high, often ...

Acute Brain Trauma in Mice Followed By Longitudinal Two-photon Imaging

Although acute brain trauma often results from head damage in different accidents and affects a substantial fraction of the population, there is no ...

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in C57BL/6 Mice

The bm12 Inducible Model of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus SLE in C57BL/6 Mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with diverse clinical and immunological manifestations. Several spontaneous and inducible ...

Murine Distal Colostomy, A Novel Model of Diversion Colitis in C57BL/6 Mice

Diversion colitis (DC) is a frequent clinical condition occurring in patients with bowel segments excluded from the fecal stream as a result of a ...

Real-time Pressure-volume Analysis of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Acute myocardial infarction can lead to acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock. The evaluation of hemodynamics is critical for the evaluation of any ...

Inducing Acute Lung Injury in Mice by Direct Intratracheal Lipopolysaccharide Instillation

Airway administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common way to study pulmonary inflammation and acute lung injury (ALI) in small animal models. ...

Acute Kidney Injury Model Induced by Cisplatin in Adult Zebrafish

Cisplatin is commonly used as chemotherapy. Although it has positive effects in cancer-treated individuals, cisplatin can easily accumulate in the kidney ...

Fertility Preservation in Patients with Severe Ovarian Dysfunction

Ovarian function progressively declines during aging and in some pathophysiological conditions including karyotype abnormality, autoimmune diseases, ...