Name: a large animal model for acute kidney injury by temporary bilateral renal artery occlusion
Uploaded: 2021-02-02T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Dr. Arthur Nedder for his help and guidance. This work was supported by the Richard A. and Susan F. Smith President&#39;s Innovation Award, Michael B. Klein and Family, The Sidman Family Foundation, The Michael B. Rukin Charitable Foundation, The Kenneth C. Griffin Charitable Research Fund, and The Boston Investment Council.

All in vivo studies were conducted in accordance with the National Institutes of Health&#39;s guidelines on animal care and use and were approved by the Boston Children&#39;s Hospital&#39;s Animal Care and Use Committee (Protocol 18-06-3715). All animals received humane care in compliance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Figure 1 shows the timeline including anesthesia, surgical preparation, and timepoints for primary outcome measurements of this study.
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AKI is a common clinical disorder affecting up to 50% of hospitalized adult patients worldwide6,12. A clinically relevant animal model is needed to further investigate the pathophysiology of the disease and potential therapeutic targets. Although there are several murine models replicating AKI, these do not completely mimic their respective clinical scenarios and the anatomy of the human kidney. This study proposes a clinically relevant swine model to allow for t...

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a commonly diagnosed condition among surgical patients associated with significant morbidity and mortality1,2. Available data show that AKI can affect even half of all hospitalized patients worldwide and leads to 50% mortality rate in patients in the intensive care unit1,3. Despite its high prevalence, current AKI therapy remains limited to preventive strategies, such as fluid management and dialysis. Therefore, there is an ongoing interest in exploring alternative therapies for AKI4,5,6.
AKI is typically classified into pre-renal, intrinsic, and post-renal based on its etiology4,5,6. The majority of surgical patients with AKI are associated with pre-renal causes due to hypovolemia, resulting in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) of the kidneys2. Clinically, urine output decreases, and creatinine levels increase due to decreased renal function. The kidney is a high-metabolic-rate organ and susceptible to ischemia. A highly reproducible large animal model of renal IRI is necessary to obtain a better insight into the pathophysiology of AKI and its potential therapeutic approaches5.
To mimic the clinical scenario of kidney hypoperfusion peri-operatively, a model of bilateral renal artery occlusion is deemed suitable. Previously described models entailing unilateral renal artery occlusion with or without resection of the contralateral kidney do not provide sufficient clinical applicability7,8. Although these models are sufficient for causing AKI, they do not resemble real-life clinical scenarios neither in terms of type nor duration of injury.
The aim of this paper is to present a porcine model of percutaneous bilateral temporary occlusion of the renal arteries by balloon-catheter occlusion under angiography. Bilateral renal artery occlusion mimics the clinical scenario of renal hypoperfusion, followed by the subsequent removal of the balloon for reperfusion9,10. The technical steps are described, including catheterization, catheter guidance, angiography, and hemodynamic monitoring. This method not only allows for a highly controlled and replicable occlusion of the renal arteries, but the percutaneous approach minimizes the impact of the inflammatory response by limiting the amount of insult to the body compared to an open approach.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.9% sodium chloride injection, usp, 100 ml viaflex plastic container</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>2B1302</td>
			<td>For animal hydration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agent contrast 100.0ml injection media btl ioversal 74%</td>
			<td>CARDINAL HEALTH</td>
			<td>133311</td>
			<td>For visualizing the vasculature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bard Bardia Closed System Urinary Drainage Bag</td>
			<td>BARD Inc</td>
			<td>802001</td>
			<td>For urine collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer K2 EDTA</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>367841</td>
			<td>For blood sample storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD Vacutainer Lithium Heparin</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>366667</td>
			<td>For blood sample storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>6906950</td>
			<td>For skin disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bookwalker retractor</td>
			<td>Codman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For skin retraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bupivacaine 0.25%</td>
			<td>Hospira</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Administer at incision site for analgesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine SR</td>
			<td>Zoo Pharm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10mg/ml bottle, Dose: 0.2mg/kg SC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cath angio 5.0 Fr x100.0 cm 0.038 in JR4</td>
			<td>MERIT MEDICAL SYSTEM INC</td>
			<td>7523-21</td>
			<td>For identification of the renal arteries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cuffed endotracheal tube</td>
			<td>Emdamed</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To establish a secure airway for the duration of the operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EKG Medtronics- Physiocontrol LifePak 20 Oxygen saturation monitor</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Madison WI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For oxygen saturation monitoring</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Encore 26 inflator</td>
			<td>BOSTON SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>710113</td>
			<td>For inflating the balloon catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol 95% (Ethyl alcohol)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For skin disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fentanyl patch</td>
			<td>Mylan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 25-50mcg/hr, TD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold silicone coated Foley</td>
			<td>TELEFLEX MEDICAL INC</td>
			<td>180730160</td>
			<td>For urine collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin sodium</td>
			<td>LEO Pharma A/S</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 200 IU/kg IV</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>i33 ultrasound machine</td>
			<td>Phillips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Use ultrasonographic guidance for femoral catherization if necessary</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inqwire diagnostic guide wire - 0.035&#34; (0.89 mm) - 260 cm (102&#34;) - 1.5 mm j-tip</td>
			<td>MERIT MEDICAL SYSTEM INC</td>
			<td>6609-33</td>
			<td>For guiding the balloon catheters to the renal arteries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intravenous catheter, size 20 gauge</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>Inc SC-360097</td>
			<td>For fluid administration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary Supply, Inc.</td>
			<td>21283620</td>
			<td>Dose: 3%, INH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metzenbaum blunt curved 14.5 cm - 5(3/4)&#34;</td>
			<td>Rudolf Medical</td>
			<td>RU-1311-14M</td>
			<td>For tissue dissection and cutting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neonatal disposable transducer kit with 30ml/hr flush device and double 4-way stopcocks for continuous monitoring</td>
			<td>Argon Medical</td>
			<td>041588505A</td>
			<td>For pressure measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Powerflex pro PTA dilatation catheter 6 x 20 mm - shaft length (135cm)</td>
			<td>CARDINAL HEALTH</td>
			<td>4400602X</td>
			<td>For occlusion of the renal arteries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pressure monitoring lines mll/mll - 12&#34; clear, mll/mll</td>
			<td>Smiths Medical</td>
			<td>B1571/MX571</td>
			<td>For pressure measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Procedure pack</td>
			<td>Molnlycke Health Care</td>
			<td>97027809</td>
			<td>Surgical drape, gauze pads, syringes, beaker etc</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protamine</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>1044148</td>
			<td>For heparin reversal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade - size #10</td>
			<td>Cardinal Health (Allegiance)</td>
			<td>32295-010</td>
			<td>For the skin incisions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stopcock iv 4 way lrg bore rotg male ll adptr strl</td>
			<td>Peoplesoft</td>
			<td>1550</td>
			<td>For connecting tubings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Straight lateral retractor</td>
			<td>Codman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For skin retraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture perma hnd 18in 2-0 braid silk blk</td>
			<td>CARDINAL HEALTH 1</td>
			<td>A185H</td>
			<td>For suturing incision site and securing catheters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe contrast injection 10ml fixed male luer red</td>
			<td>MERIT MEDICAL SYSTEM INC</td>
			<td>MSS111-R</td>
			<td>To administer the contrast agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe medical 60ml ll plst strl ltx free disp</td>
			<td>CARDINAL HEALTH 1</td>
			<td>BF309653</td>
			<td>For urine collection and flushing of the angiocath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tilzolan (tiletamine/zolazepam)</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary Supply, Inc.</td>
			<td>07-893-1467</td>
			<td>Dose: 4-6 mg/kg, IM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Putney, INC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dose: 1.1-2.2 mg/kg, IM</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a large animal model for acute kidney injury by temporary bilateral renal artery occlusion

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with higher risk for morbidity and mortality post-operatively. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most common cause of AKI. To mimic this clinical scenario, this study presents a highly reproducible large animal model of renal IRI in swine using temporary percutaneous bilateral balloon-catheter occlusion of the renal arteries. The renal arteries are occluded for 60 min by introducing the balloon-catheters through the femoral and carotid artery and advancing them into the proximal portion of the arteries. Iodinated contrast is injected in the aorta to assess any opacification of the kidney vessels and confirm the success of the artery occlusion. This is furtherly confirmed by the flattening of the pulse waveform at the tip of the balloon catheters. The balloons are deflated and removed after 60 min of bilateral renal artery occlusion, and the animals are allowed to recover for 24 h. At the end of the study, plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen significantly increase, while eGFR and urine output significantly decrease. The need for iodinated contrast is minimal and does not affect renal function. Bilateral renal artery occlusion better mimics the clinical scenario of perioperative renal hypoperfusion, and the percutaneous approach minimizes the impact of the inflammatory response and the risk of infection seen with an open approach, such as a laparotomy. The ability to create and reproduce this clinically relevant swine model eases the clinical translation to humans.

Functional analysis 
The representative results of this study arise from 6 animals and the data shown are mean &#177; standard error of the mean.Renal function is assessed by determining the urine output, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), plasma creatine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). The biomarkers of renal function are assessed using a portable chemistry analyzer. eGFR is calculated according to the following formula: eGFR =1.879 &#215; BW1.092/PCr0.6 (...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion at JoVE.com

A Large Animal Model for Acute Kidney Injury by Temporary Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion

This study presents a highly reproducible large animal model of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in swine using temporary percutaneous bilateral balloon-catheter occlusion of the renal arteries for 60 min and reperfusion for 24 h.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with higher risk for morbidity and mortality post-operatively. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the most ...

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