Name: analysis of effect of compound salt stress on seed germination and salt tolerance analysis of pepper (capsicum annuum l.)
Uploaded: 2022-11-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L. at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Science and Technology Department of Jiangxi Province (20203BBFL63065) and the General Project of Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Education Department (GJJ211430). We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.cn) for English language editing.

NOTE: Here, we present a protocol for assessing the response characteristics and internal mechanisms of pepper seed germination and seedling growth under different mixed salt stresses, which can serve as a reference method for seed salt tolerance evaluation.
1. Experimental preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare crop seeds for cultivars-Hongtianhu 101 with strong salt tolerance and Xinxiang 8 with low tolerance.</li>
	<li>Prepare 0.2% KMnO4 solution as a seed disinfection ...

<ol>
	<li>Szabolcs, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soils+sand+salinisation.">Soils sand salinisation.</a> Handbook of Plant and Crop Stress. , 3-11 (1994).</li><li>Lakhdar, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+compost+use+in+salt-affected+soil.">Effectiveness of compost use in salt-affected soil.</a> Journal of Hazardous Materials. 171 (1-3), 29-37 (2009).</li><li>Cheng, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+cropping+systems+after+abandoned+salinized+farmland+reclamation+on+soil+bacterial+communities+in+arid+northwest+China.">Effect of cropping systems after abandoned salinized farmland reclamation on soil bacterial communities in arid northwest China.</a> Soil and Tillage Research. 187, 204-213 (2019).</li><li>Shrivastava, P., Kumar, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soil+salinity:+A+serious+environmental+issue+and+plant+growth+promoting+bacteria+as+one+of+the+tools+for+its+alleviation.">Soil salinity: A serious environmental issue and plant growth promoting bacteria as one of the tools for its alleviation.</a> Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 22 (2), 123-131 (2015).</li><li>Fattori, V., Hohmann, M. 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X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exogenous+zeaxanthin+alleviates+low+temperature+combined+with+low+light+induced+photosynthesis+inhibition+and+oxidative+stress+in+pepper+(Capsicum+annuum+L.)+plants.">Exogenous zeaxanthin alleviates low temperature combined with low light induced photosynthesis inhibition and oxidative stress in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants.</a> Current Issues in Molecular Biology. 44 (6), 2453-2471 (2022).</li><li>Liu, Z. B., Yang, B. Z., Ou, L. J., Zou, X. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+different+Ca2++spraying+period+on+alleviating+pepper+injury+under+the+waterlogging+stress.">The impact of different Ca2+ spraying period on alleviating pepper injury under the waterlogging stress.</a> Acta Horticulturae Sinica. 42 (8), 1487-1494 (2015).</li><li>Aloui, H., Souguir, M., Latique, S., Hannachi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germination+and+growth+in+control+and+primed+seeds+of+pepper+as+affected+by+salt+stress.">Germination and growth in control and primed seeds of pepper as affected by salt stress.</a> Cercet&#259;ri agronomice &#238;n Moldova. 47 (3), 83-95 (2014).</li><li>Zhani, K., Elouer, M. A., Aloui, H., Hannachi, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+a+salt+tolerant+Tunisian+cultivar+of+chili+pepper+(Capsicum+frutescens).">Selection of a salt tolerant Tunisian cultivar of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens).</a> EurAsian Journal of Biosciences. 6, 47-59 (2012).</li><li>Patan&#232;, C., Saita, A., Sortino, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+effects+of+salt+and+water+stress+on+seed+germination+and+early+embryo+growth+in+two+cultivars+of+sweet+sorghum.">Comparative effects of salt and water stress on seed germination and early embryo growth in two cultivars of sweet sorghum.</a> Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 199 (1), 30-37 (2013).</li><li>Smith, P. T., Cobb, B. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+germination+of+pepper+seed+by+priming+with+salt+solutions+and+water.">Accelerated germination of pepper seed by priming with salt solutions and water.</a> Hortscience. 26 (4), 417-419 (2019).</li><li>Mirosavljevi&#263;, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maize+germination+parameters+and+early+seedlings+growth+under+different+levels+of+salt+stress.">Maize germination parameters and early seedlings growth under different levels of salt stress.</a> Ratarstvo i Povrtarstvo. 50 (1), 49-53 (2013).</li><li>Khan, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hormonal+priming+alleviates+salt+stress+in+hot+pepper+(Capsicum+annuum+L.).">Hormonal priming alleviates salt stress in hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).</a> Soil and Environment. 28 (2), 130-135 (2009).</li><li>Zhang, B. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+simulated+salinization+on+seed+germination+and+physiological+characteristics+of+muskmelon+seedlings.">Effects of simulated salinization on seed germination and physiological characteristics of muskmelon seedlings.</a> Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops. 41 (5), 912-920 (2020).</li><li>Guzm&#225;n-Murillo, M. A., Ascencio, F., Larrinaga-Mayoral, J. 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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Can+different+salt+formulations+revert+the+depressing+effect+of+salinity+on+maize+by+modulating+plant+biochemical+attributes+and+activating+stress+regulators+through+improved+N+supply.">Can different salt formulations revert the depressing effect of salinity on maize by modulating plant biochemical attributes and activating stress regulators through improved N supply.</a> Sustainability. 13 (14), 8022-8037 (2021).</li><li>Chen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+salt+stress+on+form+of+polyamine+and+antioxidation+in+germinating+tomato+seed.">Effects of salt stress on form of polyamine and antioxidation in germinating tomato seed.</a> Acta Pedologica Sinica. 58 (6), 1598-1609 (2021).</li></ol>

This research method comprises four key steps that affect the accuracy of the experimental results. First, owing to the poor dissolution of mixed salts caused by the increased solute content in high salt concentration solutions, and the low solubility of reagents such as calcium chloride, which are more difficult to solubilize in water, the weighed reagents must be fully ground in a mortar. Further, the reagents must be dissolved via ultrasonic waves before determining the capacity. Second, the configured salt s...

Salinity is a major limiting factor&#160;for crop productivity worldwide1. At present, nearly 19.5% of the world&#39;s irrigated land and 2.1% of dry land are affected by salinity, and approximately 1% of agricultural land degenerates into saline-alkali land every year. By 2050, 50% of arable land is expected to be affected by salinization2,3. In addition to natural factors, such as natural rock weathering and salty rainwater near or around the coast, rapid surface evaporation, low rainfall, and unreasonable agricultural management methods have exacerbated the process of soil salinization. Soil salinization inhibits the growth of plant roots and reduces the absorption and transportation of water and nutrients from the plant roots to the leaves. This inhibition results in physiological water shortages, nutritional imbalances, and ion toxicity, which lead to reduced crop productivity and a complete loss of crop yield. The salinization of cultivated land is gradually becoming one of the most critical abiotic stress factors affecting global agricultural food production4. Salt stress reduces the arable land available for agriculture, which may result in a significant imbalance between the supply and demand of future agricultural products. Therefore, exploring the effects of soil salinization on crop growth and physiological and biochemical mechanisms is conducive for breeding salt-tolerant varieties, the sustainable utilization of saline soil, and the safety of agricultural products.
Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is planted worldwide owing to its high nutritional and medicinal value. For example, capsaicin is an alkaloid responsible for the spicy flavor of pepper. Capsaicin can be used for pain relief, weight loss, improving cardiovascular, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory systems, and in several other applications5. Pepper is also rich in bioactive substances, especially different antioxidant compounds (carotenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids) and vitamin C6. Currently, pepper is reported to be the vegetable crop with the largest cultivation area in China, with an annual planting area of more than 1.5 x 106 ha, thereby accounting for 8%-10% of the total vegetable planting area in China. The pepper industry has become one of the largest vegetable industries in China and has the highest output value7. However, pepper cultivation is often subjected to a variety of biological (pests and fungi) and abiotic stresses, especially salt stress, which has a direct negative impact on seed germination, growth, and development, resulting in the reduction of pepper fruit yield and quality8.
Seed germination is the first stage of interaction between plants and the environment. Seed germination is highly sensitive to fluctuations in the surrounding media, especially soil salt stress, which may exert reversed effects on physiology and metabolism, and eventually disorder the normal growth, development, and morphogenesis of crops9. In previous studies, pepper seed germination and seedling growth under salt stress were extensively investigated; however, most studies used NaCl as the only salt for stress induction10,11,12. However, soil salt damage is mainly due to Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, CO32-, and SO42- ion toxicity generated by the dissociation of sodium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Owing to the synergy and antagonism between ions, the effects of mixed salt and single salt on crop growth and development may be quite different. However, the corresponding characteristics of pepper seed germination and growth in mixed salt are still unclear. Therefore, two pepper varieties with remarkable differences in salt tolerance are used as materials in this study. Analyzing the effects of different salt concentrations on pepper seed germination, growth, and physiological and biochemical indexes after equimolar mixing of seven salts can reveal the response mechanism of pepper seed germination to salinity stress. It can also provide a theoretical basis for cultivating strong pepper seedlings, as well as high yield and high-quality cultivation in saline cultivated land.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Shanghai Experiment Reagent Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugal machine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Luxianyi Centrifuge Instrument Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>TGL-16M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conductivity meter</td>
			<td>Shanghai Instrument&#38;Electronics Science Instrument Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>DDSJ-308F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Constant temperature and humidity box</td>
			<td>Ningbo Laifu Technology Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>PSX-280H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital display vernier caliper</td>
			<td>Deli Group Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>DL90150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo Instruments (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>ME802E/02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper</td>
			<td>Hangzhou Fuyang North Wood Pulp and Paper Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>GB/T1914-2017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grinding rod</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hongtianhu&#160; 101</td>
			<td>Seminis Seed (Beijing) Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>11933955/100147K1-137</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice machine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Kehuai Instrument Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>IM150G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td>Tianjin Kermel Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Jiangsu Yizhe Teaching Instrument Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>I-000163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pocket knife</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td>None</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium permanganate (KMnO4</td>
			<td>Xilong Scientific Co.,Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pure water equipment</td>
			<td>Sichuan Youpu Ultrapure Technology Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>UPT-I-20T</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Xilong Scientific Co.,Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium carbonate</td>
			<td>Xilong Scientific Co.,Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Xilong Scientific Co.,Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium sulfate&#160;</td>
			<td>Xilong Scientific Co.,Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>Analytical reagent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test kit</td>
			<td>Suzhou Keming, Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Suzhou.,China</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer method</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-low temperature freezer</td>
			<td>SANYO Techno Solution TottoriCo.,Ltd.</td>
			<td>MDF-382</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Shanghai Precision Scientific Instrument Co., Ltd., China</td>
			<td>&#160;760CRT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xinxiang 8</td>
			<td>Jiangxi Nongwang High Tech Co., Ltd.,China</td>
			<td>GPD Pepper 2017(360013)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of effect of compound salt stress on seed germination and salt tolerance analysis of pepper (capsicum annuum l.)

To determine the salt tolerance and physiological mechanism of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at the germination stage, the Hongtianhu 101 and Xinxiang 8 varieties, which have large differences in salt tolerance, are employed as the study materials. Six mixed salt concentrations of 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/L derived using equal molar ratios of Na2CO3, NaHCO3, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, MgSO4, and Na2SO4 are used. To determine their effects, the related indexes of seed germination, seedling growth, and physiology are measured, and salt tolerance is comprehensively evaluated using membership function analysis. The results show that as the mixed salt concentration increases, the germination potential, germination index, germination rate, seed germination vigor index, root length, and root fresh weight of the two cultivars significantly decrease, whereas the relative salt rate gradually increases. The hypocotyl length and fresh weight aboveground increase first and then decrease, while the malondialdehyde (MDA), proline (Pro) content, catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity decrease and then increase. The germination potential, germination index, germination rate, seed germination vigor index, root length, root fresh weight, MDA and Pro content, and CAT activity of the Hongtianhu 101 seeds are higher than those of Xinxiang 8 for all salt concentrations employed here. However, hypocotyl length, fresh weight aboveground, and relative salt rate are lower in Hongtianhu 101 than in Xinxiang 8. The comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance reveals that the total weighted values of the two membership function indexes increase first and then decrease as the mixed salt concentration increases. Compared with 5 g/L, which has the highest membership function value, the index under salt concentrations of 3 g/L, 10 g/L, and 15 g/L decreases by 4.7%-11.1%, 25.3%-28.3%, and 41.4%-45.1%, respectively. This study provides theoretical guidance for the breeding of salt-tolerant varieties of pepper and an analysis of the physiological mechanisms involved in salt tolerance and salt-tolerant cultivation.

Seed germination characteristics 
As the mixed salt concentration increases, the germination potential and germination index of Hongtianhu 101 and Xinxiang 8 decreases significantly. Both cultivars have a sharp decline in salt concentrations from 0-3 g/L, and a slow and steady decline for salt concentrations from 3-20 g/L (Figure 1A,B). The germination rate of the two varieties gradually decreases as the mixed salt concentrations increase, and the relat...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L. at JoVE.com

Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L.

The paper below presents a protocol for measuring seed germination, seedling growth, and physiological indexes of two pepper varieties with salinity tolerance differences in response to six mixed salt concentrations. This protocol can be used to evaluate the salt tolerance of pepper varieties.

Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)

To determine the salt tolerance and physiological mechanism of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) at the germination stage, the Hongtianhu 101 and Xinxiang 8 ...

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Genome-wide Analysis using ChIP to Identify Isoform-specific Gene Targets

Recruitment of transcriptional and epigenetic factors to their targets is a key step in their regulation. Prominently featured in recruitment are the ...

Profiling of Methyltransferases and Other S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding Proteins by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry (CCMS)

Profiling of Methyltransferases and Other S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine-binding Proteins by Capture Compound Mass Spectrometry CCMS

There is a variety of approaches to reduce the complexity of the proteome on the basis of functional small molecule-protein interactions such as affinity ...

Metabolic Profile Analysis of Zebrafish Embryos

A growing goal in the field of metabolism is to determine the impact of genetics on different aspects of mitochondrial function. Understanding these ...

A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

A Seed Coat Bedding Assay to Genetically Explore In Vitro How the Endosperm Controls Seed Germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

The Arabidopsis endosperm consists of a single cell layer surrounding the mature embryo and playing an essential role to prevent the germination of ...

Analysis of Translation Initiation During Stress Conditions by Polysome Profiling

Precise control of mRNA translation is fundamental for eukaryotic cell homeostasis, particularly in response to physiological and pathological stress. ...

Analysis of Oxidative Stress in Zebrafish Embryos

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may cause a change of cellular redox state towards oxidative stress condition. This situation causes ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

Deferred Growth Inhibition Assay to Quantify the Effect of Bacteria-derived Antimicrobials on Competition

Competitive exclusion can occur in microbial communities when, for example, an inhibitor-producing strain outcompetes its competitor for an essential ...