Name: intra-peritoneal transplantation for generating acute myeloid leukemia in mice
Uploaded: 2023-01-06T14:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-Peritoneal Transplantation for Generating Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Mice at JoVE.com

The authors thank Huck Institute&#39;s Flow Cytometry Core Facility and the Histopathology Core Facility of the Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, for providing timely technical support. This work was supported by grants from the American Institute for Cancer Research (KSP), Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, Penn State Cancer Institute, USDA-NIFA project 4771, Accession number 00000005 to K.S.P. and R.F.P.

All experiments were preapproved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the Pennsylvania State University.
1. Preparation of buffers and reagents
<ol>
	<li>Prepare ampicillin supplemented (AP) LB agar plates (sterile 10 cm plates). To do this, dissolve 10 g of LB broth with agar in 400 mL of distilled water, stir, and bring the volume up to 500 mL. Sterilize the solution by autoclaving, then allow the solution to cool down, add 0.5 mL of ampicillin (stock: 150...

<ol>
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These above-described studies provide supportive evidence that the transplantation of Lin- cells is comparable to LSK cells in the generation of 1&#730; murine AML. In addition, the current data also shows that i.p. injection is an efficient and convenient method to establish murine AML compared to intravenous (or r.o.) injection.
In addition to LSK cells, other populations such as granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP), common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), and common myeloid progenitor...

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of hematologic malignancy of diverse etiology with poor prognosis1. The generation of AML animal models lays the foundation for the understanding of its complex variations and pathobiology in an effort to discover novel therapies2. Leukemogenesis in mice involves the transplantation of donor cells expressing fusion oncoproteins, including fusions involving the mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene to potently induce AML, to mimic the disease in humans3. Various cellular origins of donor cells have been reported in the transplantation of MLL gene-associated AML4, with very little being known about the cells responsible for the disease origin.
Multiple routes have been developed for transplantation in mice; rather than an intra-femoral injection, which directly introduces mutant donor cells into bone marrow5, an intravenous injection that utilizes the venous sinus plexus, tail vein, and jugular vein has been widely used to generate murine AML models6,7,8,9. In the case of retro-orbital (r.o.) injection, various inherent disadvantages, such as volume limitation, high technical demand, few chances for repeated attempts or error, and potential ocular injuries, have been major stumbling blocks with limited or no viable alternatives7. Tail vein injection can have similar problems besides local injuries; to facilitate the procedure, mice often need to be warmed up to dilate their tail veins10. It is also hard to locate the tail vein without an additional light source, particularly in the C57BL/6 strain of mice. For jugular vein injection, research personnel require sufficient training to locate the vein and limit possible complications. In addition, both venous sinus and jugular vein injections need to be performed under anesthesia, which adds another level of complexity. Thus, it is tempting to explore new routes for transplantation to facilitate the establishment of AML murine models.
Intra-peritoneal (i.p.) injection is commonly used to administer drugs, dyes, and anesthetics11,12,13,14,15; it has also been used to introduce hematopoietic cells for ectopic hematopoiesis16 and to transplant bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in various mouse models17,18,19,20,21. However, it has been infrequently used to establish hematopoietic malignancies in mice, particularly to study AML disease progression.
The present study describes the feasibility of i.p. injection in the generation of AML mouse models, in addition to comparing the transplantation efficiency of lineage negative (Lin-) and Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) populations as donor cells. These findings provide a simple and efficient way to generate experimental models of AML and related myeloid leukemias. Such a method has the potential to further our understanding of the disease mechanisms as well as provide a relatively easy model to test experimental therapies.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>a-Select competent cells&#160;</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-85027</td>
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			<td>Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# A-9434</td>
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			<td>Ampicillin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# A0797</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), Fraction V&#8212;Low-Endotoxin Grade</td>
			<td>Gemini bio-products</td>
			<td>Cat# 700-102P</td>
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			<td>Ciprofloxacin HCl</td>
			<td>GoldBio.com</td>
			<td>Cat# C-861-100</td>
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			<td>DMEM, high glucose, no glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 11960-044</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>Cat# 21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>EDTA, Disodium Salt (EDTA-2Na), Dihydrate, Molecular Biology Grade</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>Cat# 324503</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum - Premium Select</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>Cat# S11550</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Holo-transferrin, bovine</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# T1283</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Insulin solution human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>Cat# I-9278</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 12440-053</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>L-glutamine 200 mM (100&#215;) solution</td>
			<td>HyClone, Gelifesciences</td>
			<td>Cat# SH30034.01</td>
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			<td>LB broth, Lennox</td>
			<td>NEOGEN</td>
			<td>Cat #: 7290A</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>LB Broth with agar (Miller)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# L-3147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td>Mouse anti-mouse CD45.1 (FITC)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>Cat# 130-124-211</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Mouse Interleukin-3 (IL-3)</td>
			<td>Gemini bio-products</td>
			<td>Cat# 300-324P</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Mouse Interleukin-6 (IL-6)</td>
			<td>Gemini bio-products</td>
			<td>Cat# 300-327P</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Mouse Stem Cell Factor (SCF)</td>
			<td>Gemini bio-products</td>
			<td>Cat# 300-348P</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 100x</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>Cat# 30-002-CI</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Phenix-Eco (pECO) cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3214</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Potassium Bicarbonate (KHCO3), Granular</td>
			<td>JT. Baker</td>
			<td>Cat# 2940-01</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Rat anti-mouse CD117 (c-kit) (APC)</td>
			<td>BioLegend&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat # 105812</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Rat anti-mouse Ly-6A/E (Sca-1) (PE-Cy7)</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>Cat# 558162</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Recombinant Murine Flt3-Ligand</td>
			<td>Pepro Tech, INC.</td>
			<td>Cat# 250-31L</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>RetroNectin Recombinant Human Fibronectin Fragment</td>
			<td>TaKaRa</td>
			<td>Cat# T100A</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>TransIT-293 Reagent</td>
			<td>MirusBio</td>
			<td>Cat# MIR 2705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRI Reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# T9424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat # 15250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%), phenol red</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>Cat# 25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-Mercaptoethanol (BME)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat# M3148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial Assays&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EasySep Mouse Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Isolation Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>StemCell technologies</td>
			<td>Cat# 19856A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>Cat# 4368813</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerfeCTa qPCR SuperMix</td>
			<td>Quanta Bio</td>
			<td>Cat# 95051-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmid Maxi Kit (25)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>Cat#:12163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animals</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ai14TdTomato mice</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Strain # 007914</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45.1 C57BL6/J mice&#160;</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Strain # 002014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD45.2 C57BL6/J mice&#160;</td>
			<td>Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Strain # 000664</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instruments and Softwares</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe illustrator&#160;</td>
			<td>Version 25.2.3</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD accuri C6 flow cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FlowJo 10.8.0</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneSys software program&#160;</td>
			<td>Version 1.5.7.0</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism version 6&#160;</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemavet 950FS&#160;</td>
			<td>Drew Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7300 Real time PCR system</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syngene G:BOX Chemi XR5 Chemiluminescence Fluorescence Imaging</td>
			<td>G:Box Chemi</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intra-peritoneal transplantation for generating acute myeloid leukemia in mice

There is an unmet need for novel therapies to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the associated relapse that involves persistent leukemia stem cells (LSCs). An experimental AML rodent model to test therapies based on successfully transplanting these cells via retro-orbital injections in recipient mice is fraught with challenges. The aim of this study was to develop an easy, reliable, and consistent method to generate a robust murine model of AML using an intra-peritoneal route. In the present protocol, bone marrow cells were transduced with a retrovirus expressing human MLL-AF9 fusion oncoprotein. The efficiency of lineage negative (Lin-) and Lin-Sca-1+c-Kit+ (LSK) populations as donor LSCs in the development of primary AML was tested, and intra-peritoneal injection was adopted as a new method to generate AML. Comparison between intra-peritoneal and retro-orbital injections was done in serial transplantations to compare and contrast the two methods. Both Lin- and LSK&#160;cells transduced with human MLL-AF9 virus engrafted well in the bone marrow and spleen of recipients, leading to a full-blown AML. The intra-peritoneal injection of donor cells established AML in recipients upon serial transplantation, and the infiltration of AML cells was detected in the blood, bone marrow, spleen, and liver of recipients by flow cytometry, qPCR, and histological analyses. Thus, intra-peritoneal injection is an efficient method of AML induction using serial transplantation of donor leukemic cells.

Comparison of the transplantation efficiency of murine AML cells using r.o. and i.p. routes of transplantation 
Previously, the establishment of 1&#730; AML was reported in recipient mice retro-orbitally transplanted with MLL-AF9-transduced LSK cells, and the transplantability of 1&#730; AML cells was demonstrated by serial transplantation30. The present study is the first to evaluate the possibility of using bone marrow Lin- cells to perform transplantation. The p...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intra-Peritoneal Transplantation for Generating Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Mice at JoVE.com

Intra-Peritoneal Transplantation for Generating Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Mice

Here, intra-peritoneal injection of leukemia cells is utilized to establish and propagate acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. This new method is effective in the serial transplantation of AML cells and can serve as an alternative for those who may experience difficulties and inconsistencies with intravenous injection in mice.

There is an unmet need for novel therapies to treat acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the associated relapse that involves persistent leukemia stem cells ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

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Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice

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T cell-mediated immunity plays a crucial role in immune responses against tumors, with cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) playing the leading role in ...

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