Name: Author Spotlight: Tracing the Ferroptotic Signatures and Cell Death Dynamics in Medulloblastoma for Advanced Therapeutics
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This work was supported by the government of the Principality of Monaco, as well as by &#39;Le Groupement des Entreprises Mon&#233;gasques dans la Lutte contre le cancer&#39; (GEMLUC) and Flavien Foundation, which provided the means for BD FACS Melody purchase.

The present study was conducted using DAOY wild-type (WT) medulloblastoma cell lines, which were cultured at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2 in DMEM medium supplemented with 8% FBS. The xCT-deleted cell line was maintained under the same conditions, with experiments carried out in media supplemented with 1 mM N-acetylcysteine (NAC). The cells were regularly screened for mycoplasma using a commercially available Mycoplasma Detection Kit (see Table of Materials) and were cultured up to the 10th</sup...

FACS Analysis of Lipid Hydroperoxides in Ferroptotic Medulloblastoma Cells

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+ferroptotic+cancer+cell+death+by+GPX4.">Regulation of ferroptotic cancer cell death by GPX4.</a> Cell. 156, 317-331 (2014).</li><li>Bersuker, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+CoQ+oxidoreductase+FSP1+acts+parallel+to+GPX4+to+inhibit+ferroptosis.">The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis.</a> Nature. 575, 688-692 (2019).</li><li>Doll, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FSP1+is+a+glutathione-independent+ferroptosis+suppressor.">FSP1 is a glutathione-independent ferroptosis suppressor.</a> Nature. 575, 693-698 (2019).</li><li>Hu, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blockade+of+GCH1/BH4+axis+activates+ferritinophagy+to+mitigate+the+resistance+of+colorectal+cancer+to+erastin-induced+ferroptosis.">Blockade of GCH1/BH4 axis activates ferritinophagy to mitigate the resistance of colorectal cancer to erastin-induced ferroptosis.</a> Front Cell Dev Biol. 10, (2022).</li><li>Lei, G., Zhuang, L., Gan, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+ferroptosis+as+a+vulnerability+in+cancer.">Targeting ferroptosis as a vulnerability in cancer.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 22, 381-396 (2022).</li><li>Viswanathan, V. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-tolerant+persister+cancer+cells+are+vulnerable+to+GPX4+inhibition.">Drug-tolerant persister cancer cells are vulnerable to GPX4 inhibition.</a> Nature. 551, 247-250 (2017).</li><li>Zhang Tuo, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thrombin+induces+ACSL4-dependent+ferroptosis+during+cerebral+ischemia/reperfusion.">Thrombin induces ACSL4-dependent ferroptosis during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.</a> Signal Transduct Target Ther. 7, 59 (2022).</li><li>Sun, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+ferroptosis+and+emerging+links+to+the+pathology+of+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Mechanisms of ferroptosis and emerging links to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Front Aging Neurosci. 14, (2022).</li><li>Zhuo, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+role+of+ferroptosis+in+glioblastoma:+Therapeutic+opportunities+and+challenges.">Emerging role of ferroptosis in glioblastoma: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges.</a> Front Mol Biosci. 9, (2022).</li><li>Bisaro, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+extracellular+vesicles+from+medullospheres+reveals+a+role+for+iron+in+the+cancer+progression+of+medulloblastoma.">Proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from medullospheres reveals a role for iron in the cancer progression of medulloblastoma.</a> Mol Cell Ther. 3, 8 (2015).</li><li>Schonberg, D. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+iron+trafficking+characterizes+glioblastoma+stem-like+cells.">Preferential iron trafficking characterizes glioblastoma stem-like cells.</a> Cancer Cell. 28 (4), 441-455 (2015).</li><li>Werbowetski-Ogilvie, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+sorting+to+sequencing+in+the+molecular+era:+the+evolution+of+the+cancer+stem+cell+model+in+medulloblastoma.">From sorting to sequencing in the molecular era: the evolution of the cancer stem cell model in medulloblastoma.</a> FEBS J. 289 (7), 1765-1778 (2022).</li><li>Dixon, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+inhibition+of+cystine-glutamate+exchange+induces+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+and+ferroptosis.">Pharmacological inhibition of cystine-glutamate exchange induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and ferroptosis.</a> Elife. 3, e02523 (2014).</li><li>Bauckman, K. A., Haller, E., Flores, I., Nanjundan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+modulates+cell+survival+in+a+Ras-+and+MAPK-dependent+manner+in+ovarian+cells.">Iron modulates cell survival in a Ras- and MAPK-dependent manner in ovarian cells.</a> Cell Death Dis. 4, e592 (2013).</li><li>Drummen, G. P. C., Van Liebergen, L. C., Op den Kamp, J. A. F., Post, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=C11-BODIPY581/591,+an+oxidation-sensitive+fluorescent+lipid+peroxidation+probe:+(Micro)spectroscopic+characterization+and+validation+of+methodology.">C11-BODIPY581/591, an oxidation-sensitive fluorescent lipid peroxidation probe: (Micro)spectroscopic characterization and validation of methodology.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 33 (4), 473-490 (2002).</li><li>Miotto, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insight+into+the+mechanism+of+ferroptosis+inhibition+by+ferrostatin-1.">Insight into the mechanism of ferroptosis inhibition by ferrostatin-1.</a> Redox Biol. 28, 101328 (2020).</li><li>Daher, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+ablation+of+the+cystine+transporter+xCT+in+PDAC+cells+inhibits+mTORC1,+growth,+survival,+and+tumor+formation+via+nutrient+and+oxidative+stresses.">Genetic ablation of the cystine transporter xCT in PDAC cells inhibits mTORC1, growth, survival, and tumor formation via nutrient and oxidative stresses.</a> Cancer Res. 79 (15), 3877-3890 (2019).</li><li>Shimada, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+survey+of+cell+death+mechanisms+reveals+metabolic+regulation+of+ferroptosis.">Global survey of cell death mechanisms reveals metabolic regulation of ferroptosis.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 12, 497-503 (2016).</li><li>Yang, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peroxidation+of+polyunsaturated+fatty+acids+by+lipoxygenases+drives+ferroptosis.">Peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by lipoxygenases drives ferroptosis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (34), E4966-E4975 (2016).</li><li>Gaschler, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FINO2+initiates+ferroptosis+through+GPX4+inactivation+and+iron+oxidation.">FINO2 initiates ferroptosis through GPX4 inactivation and iron oxidation.</a> Nat Chem Biol. 14, 507-515 (2018).</li><li>Bogacz, M., Krauth-Siegel, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tryparedoxin+peroxidase-deficiency+commits+trypanosomes+to+ferroptosis-type+cell+death.">Tryparedoxin peroxidase-deficiency commits trypanosomes to ferroptosis-type cell death.</a> Elife. 7, e37503 (2018).</li><li>Cheloni, G., Slaveykova, V. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+the+C11-BODIPY581/591+dye+for+the+determination+of+lipid+oxidation+in+Chlamydomonas+reinhardtii+by+flow+cytometry.">Optimization of the C11-BODIPY581/591 dye for the determination of lipid oxidation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by flow cytometry.</a> Cytom Part A. 83 (10), 952-961 (2013).</li><li>Itoh, N., Cao, J., Chen, Z. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ferroptosis+inducing+compounds+RSL3+and+ML162+are+not+direct+inhibitors+of+GPX4+but+of+TXNRD1.">The ferroptosis inducing compounds RSL3 and ML162 are not direct inhibitors of GPX4 but of TXNRD1.</a> Redox Biol. 62, 102703 (2023).</li><li>Wang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+degradation+mechanism+of+GPX4+degrader+in+induction+of+ferroptosis+exerting+anti-resistant+tumor+effect.">Dual degradation mechanism of GPX4 degrader in induction of ferroptosis exerting anti-resistant tumor effect.</a> Eur J Med Chem. 247, 115072 (2023).</li><li>Vucetic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Together+we+stand,+apart+we+fall:+how+cell-to-cell+contact/interplay+provides+resistance+to+ferroptosis.">Together we stand, apart we fall: how cell-to-cell contact/interplay provides resistance to ferroptosis.</a> Cell Death Dis. 11, 789 (2020).</li><li>Meira, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cystine-cysteine+intercellular+shuttle+prevents+ferroptosis+in+xctko+pancreatic+ductal+adenocarcinoma+cells.">A cystine-cysteine intercellular shuttle prevents ferroptosis in xctko pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.</a> Cancers (Basel). 13 (6), 1434 (2021).</li></ol>

The primary hallmark of ferroptotic cell death is the uncontrolled accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides in the plasma membrane. This oxidative damage may occur in an enzymatic or non-enzymatic manner, but in either case, the reaction is iron-dependent/catalyzed, which explains the name of this type of cell death. Lipid hydroperoxidation is often indirectly estimated by measuring the degradation products of lipid hydroperoxidation, such as 4-hydroxy-2,3-trans-nonenal (4-HNE) or malonaldehyde (MDA). These products, generat...

Ferroptosis is a newly contextualized, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent type of cell death1. Besides ROS, iron plays a crucial role(s) in this type of cell death, hence the name2. The final and executive step of ferroptosis is the iron-catalyzed accumulation of oxidative damage of lipids in the plasma membrane that eventually leads to compromised membrane integrity and selective permeability, and, finally, cell death by bubbling. Lipid hydroperoxidation event is a naturally occurring phenomenon; however, its propagation throughout the cellular membrane is prevented by the antioxidant defense of the cell. The major player in this context is Se-protein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPx4), which can approach the membrane and convert lipid hydroperoxides into their less toxic alcohol derivatives3. The reducing power for GPx4 is mainly, but not exclusively, provided by glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide composed of the non-essential amino acids: glycine, glutamate, and cysteine. The rate-limiting amino acid for the biosynthesis of GSH is cysteine4. Although cysteine is classified as a non-essential amino acid, its requirements can easily exceed its internal production in highly proliferative cells (such as cancer cells). It thus has been re-classified in the group of semi-essential amino acids. The necessary import of cysteine occurs mainly through the Xc- system, which allows the import of the oxidized (dominant) form of cysteine (aka cystine) at the expense of glutamate export5. The Xc- system is composed of a Na+-independent, Cl--dependent transport subunit, known as xCT, and a chaperon subunit, known as CD98. Until recently, the anti-ferroptotic properties of the xCT-GSH-GPx4 axis have been seen as unique and irreplicable6. However, in 2019, an alternative anti-ferroptotic pathway, consisting of ubiquinol (Coenzyme Q10) and its regenerative enzyme - ferroptosis suppressor protein 1 (FSP1), has been described7,8. Soon afterward, yet another lipid hydroperoxide detoxifying system involving GTP cyclohydrolase-1/tetrahydrobiopterin (GCH1/BH4) has been reported9. Nonetheless, the central role of the xCT-GSH-GPx4 axis in the prevention of ferroptosis seems not to be challenged.
Over the past decade, ferroptosis has been extensively studied in a variety of tumor types, showing great potential as an anti-cancer strategy (reviewed by Lei et al.10). Furthermore, it has been reported that cancer cells exhibiting high resistance to conventional chemotherapeutics and/or a propensity to metastasize are surprisingly sensitive to ferroptosis inducers, such as inhibitors of GPx411,12,13. However, in the context of brain tumors, the potential of ferroptotic inducers remains largely understudied. While this type of cell death has been closely associated with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury14and neurodegenerative diseases15, its potential in the context of brain tumors has mainly been limited to glioblastoma, the most common malignant craniocerebral tumor (reviewed by Zhuo et al.16). On the other hand, the sensitivity of medulloblastoma, the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor and a leading cause of childhood mortality, to ferroptosis inducers remains largely unexplored. To the best of our knowledge, there is scarce peer-reviewed literature linking ferroptosis and medulloblastoma. Nonetheless, some studies have revealed that iron plays a crucial role in the survival, proliferation, and tumorigenic potential of both medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cancer stem cells (CSCs)17,18, potentially rendering them more vulnerable to ferroptosis induction. This is particularly significant as medulloblastoma is notorious for its subpopulation of CSCs, or tumor-initiating/propagating cells, which appear to be largely responsible for tumor chemoresistance, dissemination, and relapse19.
Sensitivity to ferroptosis induction is typically investigated by measuring lipid hydroperoxide content/accumulation, which may or may not lead to cell death. The most commonly used ferroptosis inducers are (1) erastin, an inhibitor of the xCT transporter20,(2) RSL3, an inhibitor of the GPx4 enzyme2, and/or (3) iron donors, such as ferro-ammonium citrate (FAC)21. Lipid hydroperoxide content is assessed using the selective probe BODIPY 581/591 C1122, which has excitation and emission maxima at 581/591 nm in its reduced state. Upon interaction with and oxidation by lipid hydroperoxides, the probe shifts its excitation and emission maxima to 488/510 nm. Typically, a significant increase in lipid hydroperoxide content precedes ferroptotic cell death. Since ferroptosis is not a programmed cell death, there is no molecular signaling cascade leading to its execution. Therefore, the only way to confirm it is to monitor lipid hydroperoxide content and use specific inhibitors for this type of cell death, such as ferrostatin 123. Ferrostatin 1 is a lipophilic antioxidant that can penetrate the lipid compartment of the cell and detoxify lipid hydroperoxides, thereby preventing ferroptotic events.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BODIPY 581/591 C11</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>D3861</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell counter</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>Coulter Z1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10569010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Erastin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7781-5MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferroamminium citrate</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>211842500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferrostatin-1</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SML0583-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovin serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Dominique Dutcher</td>
			<td>500105N1N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>FACS Melody</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco StemPro Accutase Cell Dissociation Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>11599686</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetylcysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PlasmoTest Mycoplasma Detection Kit</td>
			<td>InvivoGen</td>
			<td>rep-pt1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>propidium iodide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>P3566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RSL3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SML2234-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin - EDTA 10X - 100 mL</td>
			<td>Dominique Dutcher</td>
			<td>X0930-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

revealing the ferroptotic phenotype of medulloblastoma

The interaction of iron and oxygen is an integral part of the development of life on Earth. Nonetheless, this unique chemistry continues to fascinate and puzzle, leading to new biological ventures. In 2012, a Columbia University group recognized this interaction as a central event leading to a new type of regulated cell death named &#34;ferroptosis.&#34; The major feature of ferroptosis is the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides due to (1) dysfunctional antioxidant defense and/or (2) overwhelming oxidative stress, which most frequently coincides with increased content of free labile iron in the cell. This is normally prevented by the canonical anti-ferroptotic axis comprising the cystine transporter xCT, glutathione (GSH), and GSH peroxidase 4 (GPx4). Since ferroptosis is not a programmed type of cell death, it does not involve signaling pathways characteristic of apoptosis. The most common way to prove this type of cell death is by using lipophilic antioxidants (vitamin E, ferrostatin-1, etc.) to prevent it. These molecules can approach and detoxify oxidative damage in the plasma membrane. Another important aspect in revealing the ferroptotic phenotype is detecting the preceding accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, for which the specific dye BODIPY C11 is used. The present manuscript will show how ferroptosis can be induced in wild-type medulloblastoma cells by using different inducers: erastin, RSL3, and iron-donor. Similarly, the xCT-KO cells that grow in the presence of NAC, and which undergo ferroptosis once NAC is removed, will be used. The characteristic &#34;bubbling&#34; phenotype is visible under the light microscope within 12-16 h from the moment of ferroptosis triggering. Furthermore, BODIPY C11 staining followed by FACS analysis to show the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides and consequent cell death using the PI staining method will be used. To prove the ferroptotic nature of cell death, ferrostatin-1 will be used as a specific ferroptosis-preventing agent.

Author Spotlight: Tracing the Ferroptotic Signatures and Cell Death Dynamics in Medulloblastoma for Advanced Therapeutics 

Revealing the Ferroptotic Phenotype of Medulloblastoma

The ultimate goal of our research is to develop new therapeutics for pediatric cancers such as myoblastoma. For this purpose, our team develops new model systems highlighting the genetic background of the disease, as well as exploiting new therapeutic avenues. In the recent years, single cell genomics have revealed how impaired lineage commitment influences clinical outcome of pediatric cancers, as well as response to the treatments, and ultimately the development of treatment resistant cell populations within the tumor.The spectrum of neural progenitor differentiated state appears to underlie the clinical outcome of pediatric cancer. Main challenges are to understand these highly plastic known or insufficiently progenitors within the tumors, as well as developing new therapeutic that are more efficient and less harmful for these diseases. From this standpoint, our research on ferroptosis appears extremely promising.Iron dependence is one of the main vulnerabilities of cancer cells, also known as cancer stem cells, all the essential element. Iron is double-edged sword as its reaction with reactive oxygen species can lead to the specific type of cell death, which is called ferroptosis. Our data clearly showed that ferroptosis is a great potential against this type of cancer cells.

The medulloblastoma cell line DAOY was cultured in a standard DMEM medium supplemented with 8% FBS until it reached approximately 60% confluency. On the day of the experiment, cells were harvested, and 1,00,000 cells per well were plated in 6-well plates, according to Table 1. The following day, cells (in triplicate) were treated with either 1 &#181;M of erastin, 0.3 &#181;M of RSL3, or 250 &#181;M of FAC. The plates were then placed in the incubator at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. After 6 h, cells ...

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Lipid hydroperoxide content represents the most commonly used indicator of ferroptotic cell death. This article demonstrates the step-by-step flow cytometry analysis of lipid hydroperoxide content in cells upon ferroptosis induction.

The interaction of iron and oxygen is an integral part of the development of life on Earth. Nonetheless, this unique chemistry continues to fascinate and ...