الكتاب أشكر أعضاء في الماضي والحاضر من مختبر للمساهمات في تطوير منهجية المبينة هنا وآلان كوكرين للحصول على المشورة. لوس انجليس هي المستفيدة من المعاهد الكندية لأبحاث الصحة (CIHR) زمالة الدكتوراه وAJM معتمد من قبل جائزة شهادة فريزر، Monat وماكفيرسون. ويدعم هذا العمل عن طريق منحة من CIHR (منحة # MOP-56974).

<ol>
	<li>Lehmann, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+transport+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+genomic+RNA+and+viral+production+are+dependent+on+dynein+motor+function+and+late+endosome+positioning.">Intracellular transport of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA and viral production are dependent on dynein motor function and late endosome positioning.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 284, 14572-14585 (2009).</li><li>Zurla, C., Lifland, A. W., Santangelo, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterizing+mRNA+interactions+with+RNA+granules+during+translation+initiation+inhibition.">Characterizing mRNA interactions with RNA granules during translation initiation inhibition.</a> PLoS One. 6, e19727 (2011).</li><li>Abrahamyan, L. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+Staufen1+ribonucleoproteins+prevent+formation+of+stress+granules+but+favour+encapsidation+of+HIV-1+genomic+RNA.">Novel Staufen1 ribonucleoproteins prevent formation of stress granules but favour encapsidation of HIV-1 genomic RNA.</a> J. Cell Sci. 123, 369-383 (2010).</li><li>Milev, M. P., Brown, C. M., Mouland, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+cell+visualization+of+the+interactions+between+HIV-1+Gag+and+the+cellular+RNA-binding+protein+Staufen1.">Live cell visualization of the interactions between HIV-1 Gag and the cellular RNA-binding protein Staufen1.</a> Retrovirology. 7, 41-41 (2010).</li><li>Vercruysse, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+cooperative+Rev+protein-protein+interactions+on+Rev+responsive+RNA+by+fluorescence+resonance+energy+transfer.">Measuring cooperative Rev protein-protein interactions on Rev responsive RNA by fluorescence resonance energy transfer.</a> RNA Biol. 8, 316-324 (2011).</li><li>Cullen, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+mRNA+export:+insights+from+virology.">Nuclear mRNA export: insights from virology.</a> Trends Biochem. Sci. 28, 419-424 (2003).</li><li>Cmarko, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rev+inhibition+strongly+affects+intracellular+distribution+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+RNAs.">Rev inhibition strongly affects intracellular distribution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNAs.</a> J Virol. 76, 10473-10484 (2002).</li><li>Ajamian, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unexpected+roles+for+UPF1+in+HIV-1+RNA+metabolism+and+translation.">Unexpected roles for UPF1 in HIV-1 RNA metabolism and translation.</a> RNA. 14, 914-927 (2008).</li><li>Beriault, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+late+role+for+the+association+of+hnRNP+A2+with+the+HIV-1+hnRNP+A2+response+elements+in+genomic+RNA,+Gag,+and+Vpr+localization.">A late role for the association of hnRNP A2 with the HIV-1 hnRNP A2 response elements in genomic RNA, Gag, and Vpr localization.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 279, 44141-44153 (2004).</li><li>Monette, A., Pante, N., Mouland, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HIV-1+remodels+the+nuclear+pore+complex.">HIV-1 remodels the nuclear pore complex.</a> J. Cell Biol. 193, 619-631 (2011).</li><li>Jordens, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Rab7+effector+protein+RILP+controls+lysosomal+transport+by+inducing+the+recruitment+of+dynein-dynactin+motors.">The Rab7 effector protein RILP controls lysosomal transport by inducing the recruitment of dynein-dynactin motors.</a> Curr. Biol. 11, 1680-1685 (2001).</li><li>Schrader, M., King, S. J., Stroh, T. A., Schroer, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real+time+imaging+reveals+a+peroxisomal+reticulum+in+living+cells.">Real time imaging reveals a peroxisomal reticulum in living cells.</a> J. Cell Sci. 113 (Pt. 20), 3663-3671 (2000).</li><li>Levesque, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trafficking+of+HIV-1+RNA+is+mediated+by+heterogeneous+nuclear+ribonucleoprotein+A2+expression+and+impacts+on+viral+assembly.">Trafficking of HIV-1 RNA is mediated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2 expression and impacts on viral assembly.</a> Traffic. 7, 1177-1193 (2006).</li><li>Rocha, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cholesterol+sensor+ORP1L+contacts+the+ER+protein+VAP+to+control+Rab7-RILP-p150+Glued+and+late+endosome+positioning.">Cholesterol sensor ORP1L contacts the ER protein VAP to control Rab7-RILP-p150 Glued and late endosome positioning.</a> J. Cell Biol. 185, 1209-1225 (2009).</li><li>Soros, V. B., Carvajal, H. V., Richard, S., Cochrane, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+Rev+function+by+a+dominant-negative+mutant+of+Sam68+through+sequestration+of+unspliced+RNA+at+perinuclear+bundles.">Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Rev function by a dominant-negative mutant of Sam68 through sequestration of unspliced RNA at perinuclear bundles.</a> J. Virol. 75, 8203-8215 (2001).</li><li>Sanchez-Velar, N., Udofia, E. B., Yu, Z., Zapp, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=hRIP,+a+cellular+cofactor+for+Rev+function,+promotes+release+of+HIV+RNAs+from+the+perinuclear+region.">hRIP, a cellular cofactor for Rev function, promotes release of HIV RNAs from the perinuclear region.</a> Genes Dev. 18, 23-34 (2004).</li><li>Monette, A., Ajamian, L., Lopez-Lastra, M., Mouland, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+immunodeficiency+virus+type+1+(HIV-1)+induces+the+cytoplasmic+retention+of+heterogeneous+nuclear+ribonucleoprotein+A1+by+disrupting+nuclear+import:+implications+for+HIV-1+gene+expression.">Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) induces the cytoplasmic retention of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 by disrupting nuclear import: implications for HIV-1 gene expression.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 284, 31350-31362 (2009).</li><li>Malim, M. H., Hauber, J., Le, S. Y., Maizel, J. V., Cullen, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+HIV-1+rev+trans-activator+acts+through+a+structured+target+sequence+to+activate+nuclear+export+of+unspliced+viral+mRNA.">The HIV-1 rev trans-activator acts through a structured target sequence to activate nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNA.</a> Nature. 338, 254-257 (1989).</li><li>Klein, K. C., Reed, J. C., Lingappa, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intracellular+destinies:+degradation,+targeting,+assembly,+and+endocytosis+of+HIV+Gag.">Intracellular destinies: degradation, targeting, assembly, and endocytosis of HIV Gag.</a> AIDS Rev. 9, 150-161 (2007).</li><li>Molle, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endosomal+trafficking+of+HIV-1+gag+and+genomic+RNAs+regulates+viral+egress.">Endosomal trafficking of HIV-1 gag and genomic RNAs regulates viral egress.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 284, 19727-19743 (2009).</li><li>Jouvenet, N., Bieniasz, P. D., Simon, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+biogenesis+of+individual+HIV-1+virions+in+live+cells.">Imaging the biogenesis of individual HIV-1 virions in live cells.</a> Nature. 454, 236-240 (2008).</li><li>Kemler, I., Meehan, A., Poeschla, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live-cell+coimaging+of+the+genomic+RNAs+and+Gag+proteins+of+two+lentiviruses.">Live-cell coimaging of the genomic RNAs and Gag proteins of two lentiviruses.</a> J. Virol. 84, 6352-6366 (2010).</li><li>Paige, J. S., Wu, K. Y., Jaffrey, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+mimics+of+green+fluorescent+protein.">RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein.</a> Science. 333, 642-646 (2011).</li><li>Eckhardt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+SNAP-tagged+derivative+of+HIV-1--a+versatile+tool+to+study+virus-cell+interactions.">A SNAP-tagged derivative of HIV-1--a versatile tool to study virus-cell interactions.</a> PLoS One. 6, e22007 (2011).</li></ol>

الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

FISH / إذا شارك في تحليل هو طريقة يمكن الاعتماد عليها لتصور RNA فيروسي في الخلايا التي تم الآن صقلها 9،15،16. على مدى عدة سنوات، قمنا بتطوير أسلوب راق في تلطيخ عن الحمض النووي الريبي. ويمكن استخدام هذه التقنية في مجموعة واسعة من أنواع الخلايا المقدمة وهذا التحقيق هو محدد لهدف الجيش الملكي النيبالي 17. وذلك عبر تسمية لجنة التحقيق مع مجموعة دبي للاستثمار، ونحن قادرون على تصور بواسطة الحمض النووي الريبي تلطيخ بسيط. عندما يتم الجمع بين تلطيخ عن الحمض النووي الريبي والبروتينات الأخرى، FISH / إذا شارك في تحليل تصبح أداة قوية لمراقبة الهياكل الخلوية وتوطين بروتين / الحمض النووي الريبي. خصوصية الكشف عن الحمض النووي الريبي عالية جدا. ويتضح هذا في الشكل 2. في بعض الأعمال الأصلية التي تركز على الفيروس الجيني RNA الترجمة، والأسماك المنشأة أن عدم وجود رؤيا المحاصرين RNA الفيروسي في نواة 18. منذ هذا، وقد تم الحصول على معلومات جديدة وفيرة في الجينوم الفيروسي RNA الترجمة باستخدام الاسلوبورد ه هنا. بواسطة البروتينات الخلوية overexpressing، يمكن أن تضطر السكان ومحددة ليس كل من الحمض النووي الريبي الفيروسي في توطين إلى مناطق مختلفة من الخلية. حصلت RILP overexpression، الذي يشبه النمط الظاهري عندما يتم استنفاد hnRNP A2 بواسطة سيرنا في HIV-1-معربا عن الخلايا 13، يؤدي إلى تراكم الحمض النووي الريبي واضح في MTOC. ويمكن دفع الحمض النووي الريبي الجينوم الفيروسي على هامش الخلية عن طريق تعطيل بروتين المحركات ناقص النهائيين، داينين: overexpression p50/Dynamitin أو ضربة قاضية لالثقيلة النتائج داينين ​​1 سلسلة في الإفراج عن الحمض النووي الريبي الجينوم الفيروسي من المجالات بين الخلايا لهامش الخلوية ( الشكل 2). متحولة من RILP، RILPΔN، التي لم تعد تربط محرك داينين، يشتت الإندوسومات (الموسومة بواسطة LAMP1) إلى السيتوبلازم لأنها لم تعد بنشاط ممركزة في المجالات juxtanuclear. هذه النتائج تشير الى فكرة وجود سكان من البلاستيك HIV-1 الحمض النووي الريبي الجينومية وعلى وجه الخصوص، أن مختلف برك من الجينومية-1 فيروس نقص المناعة البشريةالجيش الملكي النيبالي موجودة مع أدوار محددة في بعض الأحيان في دورة تكاثر الفيروس. وقد تم بالفعل هذه الأفكار نفسها التي حددت لهذا البروتين المشفرة بواسطة مرنا، الكمامة 19. هناك قيود على استخدامات FISH / إذا شارك في التحليلات التي ترتبط خيار الأجسام المضادة ومدى توافرها. والاستفادة المثلى من أفضل مزيج من الاجسام المضادة الابتدائية والثانوية، وتركيزاتها، يستغرق وقتا طويلا لتحسين (أنظر الجدول رقم 1 و 2). يمكن أن الأجسام المضادة التي من hybridomas أو التي تنتجها الشركات الكبرى لديها تركيزات التي تختلف في أي مكان من 01:02 إلى 1:2000، ولكن يجب التأكد من اتباع الإرشادات المقدمة من قبل الشركة المصنعة للحصول على أفضل النتائج. ويجب أيضا المضيف الذي يتم انتاجه في الجسم المضاد يؤخذ قيد النظر. وينبغي أيضا الأغنام الاختلاط مع الأجسام المضادة الماعز يمكن تجنبها في الأجسام المضادة الأولية والثانوية مثل هذه النتائج في مجموعة خلفية عالية نظرا لعبور الأنواع اعتراف (لا تظهر البيانات). لاليكسا، فلور secondaالأجسام المضادة راي، يمكن استخدام تركيز على الأجسام المضادة لل1:500 أي تقريبا في المجموعة. والعيب الآخر لصيد السمك / إذا شارك في التحليلات على النحو المبين في هذا التقرير هو أنه يلتقط الجيش الملكي النيبالي في موقعه في الدولة، ثابت، بعد أن يتم إصلاح الخلايا وpermeabilized باستخدام امتصاص العرق والمنظفات (الشكل 1). ومع ذلك، فقد تم تحقيق RNA التصوير في الخلايا الحية من خلال مجموعة متنوعة من الوسائل 20-22، معظمها باستخدام أشكال مختلفة من الحمض النووي الريبي الجينوم الفيروسي الذي يتم تمييزها من البروتينات الفلورية مثل GFP. ومع ذلك، وسائل إضافية لتحديد الحمض النووي الريبي التوطين في الخلايا الحية لا تزال تطفو على السطح. هذه الطرق الجديدة تنطوي على الحمض النووي الريبي عن طريق وضع علامات السبانخ 23، SNAP 24، أو MTRIP 2. هذه التقنيات أيضا يعانون من عدد قليل من العيوب بما في ذلك شرط لpermeabilize الخلايا قبل ان يضيف ركائز أو على وجوب هندسيا شاردة لوضع علامة على مرنا من أجل الكشف عن مرنا بواسطة المجهر. في الواقع، وأدفا الرئيسيةntage التحليلات الأسماك الواردة في هذا التقرير تكمن في حقيقة أن الحمض النووي الريبي الأم هي دون تغيير مما يؤدي إلى نتائج أكثر أهمية من الناحية الفسيولوجية.

<table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> اسم كاشف </td><td> شركة </td><td> فهرس العدد </td><td> تعليقات </td></tr><tr><td> 18mm coverslips </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48380 046 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 16٪ لامتصاص العرق </td><td> JT بيكر </td><td> S898-07 </td><td> لجعل 4٪: ذوب 20G في 1XDPBS 500mL على 60 درجة مئوية مع هيدروكسيد الصوديوم قطرات 5. درجة الحموضة إلى 7.2 قبالة الحرارة وتخزين عند درجة حرارة -20 درجة مئوية. لا تتجاوز 70 درجة مئوية! </td></tr><tr><td> تريتون-X </td><td> OmniPur </td><td> 9400 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> الدقيقة استخراج جل أزل كيت </td><td> روش </td><td> D6294-02 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DIG RNA وسمها ميكس </td><td> روش </td><td> 11277073910 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> البوليميراز النسخ T7 RNA </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 18033-019 </td&gt; <td></td></tr><tr><td> أعمدة الدوران السريع </td><td> روش </td><td> 11814427001 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> أنا الدناز </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 18047-019 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> DPBS 1X </td><td> Gibco </td><td> 14190-250 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Formamide </td><td> EMD </td><td> FX0420-8 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> الحمض الريبي النووي النقال </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 15401-021 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ريبونوكلياز OUT </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> 10777-019 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تعيين فلوري محسن الجسم المضاد للكشف DIG # 4 (حل الحجب) </td><td> روش </td><td> 1768506 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> اليكسا فلور الأجسام المضادة الثانوية </td><td> إينفيتروجن </td><td> انظر الجدول رقم 2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> تهجين فرن </td><td> Boekel الخيال العلميentific </td><td> نموذج 24100 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Microslides </td><td> VWR </td><td> 48300-047 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Immunomount </td><td> Thermoscientific </td><td> 9990402 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table> الجدول رقم 1. تحديد الكواشف محددة والمعدات <table border="1" style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><tbody><tr><td> الأنواع المضادة للأجسام المضادة DIG (تخفيف؛ عدد كتالوج الشركة،) </td><td> الألوان </td><td> اليكسا فلور استخداما (1:500) </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> الماوس (1:500، سيغما، B7405) </td><td> أخضر </td><td> اليكسا فلور 488 حمار لمكافحة فأر (إينفيتروجن، A21202) </td></tr><tr><td> أحمر </td><td> اليكسا فلور 594 حمار لمكافحة فأر (إينفيتروجن، A21203) </td></tr><tr><td> أزرق </td><td> اليكسا فلور 647 حمار لمكافحة فأر (إينفيتروجن، A31571) </td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"> خروف (1:200، روش، 11376623) </td><td> أخضر </td><td> اليكسا فلور 488 حمار المضادة للغنم (إينفيتروجن، A11015) </td></tr><tr><td> أحمر </td><td> اليكسا فلور 594 حمار المضادة للغنم (إينفيتروجن، A11016) </td></tr><tr><td> أزرق </td><td> اليكسا فلور 647 حمار المضادة للغنم (إينفيتروجن، A21448) </td></tr></tbody></table> الجدول 2. مجموعات من الأجسام المضادة الثانوية والمضادة DIG المدرجة مع أرقام التسويقي وتركيزات.

detection of viral rna by fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish)

Viruses that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many aspects of host cell function are commandeered by viruses, usually by the expression of viral gene products that recruit host cell proteins and machineries. Moreover, viruses engineer specific membrane organelles or tag on to mobile vesicles and motor proteins to target regions of the cell (during de novo infection, viruses co-opt molecular motor proteins to target the nucleus; later, during virus assembly, they will hijack cellular machineries that will help in the assembly of viruses). Less is understood on how viruses, in particular those with RNA genomes, coordinate the intracellular trafficking of both protein and RNA components and how they achieve assembly of infectious particles at specific loci in the cell. The study of RNA localization began in earlier work. Developing lower eukaryotic embryos and neuronal cells provided important biological information, and also underscored the importance of RNA localization in the programming of gene expression cascades. The study in other organisms and cell systems has yielded similar important information. Viruses are obligate parasites and must utilise their host cells to replicate. Thus, it is critical to understand how RNA viruses direct their RNA genomes from the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, through the cytoplasm and on to one of its final destinations, into progeny virus particles 1.
FISH serves as a useful tool to identify changes in steady-state localization of viral RNA. When combined with immunofluorescence (IF) analysis 22, FISH/IF co-analyses will provide information on the co-localization of proteins with the viral RNA3. This analysis therefore provides a good starting point to test for RNA-protein interactions by other biochemical or biophysical tests 4,5, since co-localization by itself is not enough evidence to be certain of an interaction. In studying viral RNA localization using a method like this, abundant information has been gained on both viral and cellular RNA trafficking events 6. For instance, HIV-1 produces RNA in the nucleus of infected cells but the RNA is only translated in the cytoplasm. When one key viral protein is missing (Rev) 7, FISH of the viral RNA has revealed that the block to viral replication is due to the retention of the HIV-1 genomic RNA in the nucleus 8. 
Here, we present the method for visual analysis of viral genomic RNA in situ. The method makes use of a labelled RNA probe. This probe is designed to be complementary to the viral genomic RNA. During the in vitro synthesis of the antisense RNA probe, the ribonucleotide that is modified with digoxigenin (DIG) is included in an in vitro transcription reaction. Once the probe has hybridized to the target mRNA in cells, subsequent antibody labelling steps (Figure 1) will reveal the localization of the mRNA as well as proteins of interest when performing FISH/IF.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH at JoVE.com

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

ومضان<em&gt; في الموقع</emوقد وضعت&gt; تهجين (FISH) طريقة للكشف عن الحمض النووي الريبي الجينوم الفيروسي بصريا باستخدام المجهر مضان. يتم إجراء تحقيق مع خصوصية لRNA فيروسي ومن ثم يمكن تحديدها باستخدام مزيج من تقنيات التهجين والمناعي. هذه التقنية توفر ميزة التعرف على توطين RNA فيروسي أو الحمض النووي في الدولة ثابتة، وتوفير المعلومات بشأن التحكم في الخلايا أحداث الاتجار فيروس.

الكشف عن الحمض النووي الريبي الفيروسي بواسطة الإسفار<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; التهجين (FISH)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

detection-of-viral-rna-by-fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization-fish

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

38.4K Views.  Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital. ومضان في الموقع تهجين (FISH) طريقة للكشف عن الحمض النووي الريبي الجينوم الفيروسي بصريا باستخدام المجهر مضان. يتم إجراء تحقيق مع خصوصية لRNA فيروسي ومن ثم يمكن تحديدها باستخدام مزيج من تقنيات التهجين والمناعي. هذه التقنية توفر ميزة التعرف على توطين RN...

Video: Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic process in the parents. In human males, these errors can lead to the production of spermatozoa with numerical chromosome abnormalities which represent an increased risk of transmitting these anomalies to the offspring.
For this reason, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm nuclei has become a protocol widely incorporated in the context of clinical diagnosis. This practice provides an estimate of the frequencies of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the gametes of the patients that seek for genetic reproductive advice.
To date, the chromosomes most frequently included in sperm FISH analysis are chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21.
This video-article describes, step by step, how to process and fix a human semen sample, how to decondense and denature the sperm chromatin, how to proceed to obtain sperm FISH preparations, and how to visualize the results at the microscope. Special remarks of the most relevant steps are given to achieve the best results.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

This video-article describes, step by step, how to process a semen sample to achieve good-quality fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatozoa. Preparations obtained can be used for aneuploidy screening in the context of clinical diagnosis.

مضان في الموقع التهجين (FISH) البروتوكول في الحيوانات المنوية البشرية

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence (T7, T3, SP6) and the gene to be transcribed (Figure 1A). A typical transcription reaction consists of the template DNA, RNA polymerase, ribonucleotide triphosphates, RNase inhibitor and buffer containing Mg2+ ions.
Large amounts of high quality RNA are often required for a variety of applications. Use of in vitro transcription has been reported for RNA structure and function studies such as splicing1, RNAi experiments in mammalian cells2, antisense RNA amplification by the "Eberwine method"3, microarray analysis4 and for RNA vaccine studies5. The technique can also be used for producing radiolabeled and dye labeled probes6. Warren, et al. recently reported reprogramming of human cells by transfection with in vitro transcribed capped RNA7. The T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from New England Biolabs has been designed to synthesize up to 180 &mu;g RNA per 20 &mu;l reaction. RNA of length up to 10kb has been successfully transcribed using this kit. Linearized plasmid DNA, PCR products and synthetic DNA oligonucleotides can be used as templates for transcription as long as they have the T7 promoter sequence upstream of the gene to be transcribed.
Addition of a 5' end cap structure to the RNA is an important process in eukaryotes. It is essential for RNA stability8, efficient translation9, nuclear transport10 and splicing11. The process involves addition of a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' triphosphate end of the RNA. RNA capping can be carried out post-transcriptionally using capping enzymes or co-transcriptionally using cap analogs. In the enzymatic method, the mRNA is capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme12,13. The enzyme adds on a 7-methylguanosine cap at the 5' end of the RNA using GTP and S-adenosyl methionine as donors (cap 0 structure). Both methods yield functionally active capped RNA suitable for transfection or other applications14 such as generating viral genomic RNA for reverse-genetic systems15 and crystallographic studies of cap binding proteins such as eIF4E16.
In the method described below, the T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit from NEB is used to synthesize capped and uncapped RNA transcripts of Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and Cypridina luciferase (CLuc). A portion of the uncapped GLuc RNA is capped using the Vaccinia Capping System (NEB). A linearized plasmid containing the GLuc or CLuc gene and T7 promoter is used as the template DNA. The transcribed RNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity. Capped CLuc RNA is used as the internal control to normalize GLuc expression.

In vitro Transcription and Capping of Gaussia Luciferase mRNA Followed by HeLa Cell Transfection

This method describes high yield in vitro synthesis of both capped and uncapped mRNA from a linearized plasmid containing the Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) gene. The RNA is purified and a fraction of the uncapped RNA is enzymatically capped using the Vaccinia virus capping enzyme. In the final step, the mRNA is transfected into HeLa cells and cell culture supernatants are assayed for luciferase activity.

في المختبر، والسد النسخ من مرنا luciferase المراسل Gaussia تلاه ترنسفكأيشن الخلية هيلا

In vitro transcription is the synthesis of RNA transcripts by RNA polymerase from a linear DNA template containing the corresponding promoter sequence ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 protein variants encoded by the var genes.
The haploid P. falciparum genome harbors approximately 60 different var genes of which only one has been believed to be transcribed per cell at a time during the blood stage of the infection. How such mutually exclusive regulation of var gene transcription is achieved is unclear, as is the identification of individual var genes or sub-groups of var genes associated with different receptors and the consequence of differential binding on the clinical outcome of P. falciparum infections. Recently, the mutually exclusive transcription paradigm has been called into doubt by transcription assays based on individual P. falciparum transcript identification in single infected erythrocytic cells using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of var gene transcription by the parasite in individual nuclei of P. falciparum IE1.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out the RNA-FISH methodology for analysis of var gene transcription in single-nuclei of P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. The method is based on the use of digoxigenin- and biotin- labeled antisense RNA probes using the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopic analyses and freshly selected P. falciparum IE. The in situ hybridization method can be used to monitor transcription and regulation of a variety of genes expressed during the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle and is adaptable to other malaria parasite species and other organisms and cell types.

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and organisms.

تحليل النسخ الجيني وحيدة الخلية التي كتبها نيون RNA<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; التهجين (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

كله جبل RNA نيون<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; التهجين من<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; الأجنة

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

RNA<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; التهجين في الأجنة جبل الجامعة وعلم الأنسجة الخلية مقتبس عن Elasmobranchs البحرية

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

التصور والتحليل من جزيئات الرنا المرسال عن طريق الإسفار<em&gt; في الموضع</em&gt; التهجين في<em&gt; خميرة الخباز</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization (FISH) to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in cytogenetics and cancer diagnostics, and can detect aberrations of the genome, which often has important clinical implications. RNA FISH can be used to detect RNA molecules in cells and has provided important insights in regulation of gene expression. Combining DNA and RNA FISH within the same cell is technically challenging, as conditions suitable for DNA FISH might be too harsh for fragile, single stranded RNA molecules. We here present an easily applicable protocol which enables the combined, simultaneous detection of Xist RNA and DNA encoded by the X chromosomes. This combined DNA-RNA FISH protocol can likely be applied to other systems where both RNA and DNA need to be detected.

Combined DNA-RNA Fluorescent In situ Hybridization FISH to Study X Chromosome Inactivation in Differentiated Female Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the detection of nucleic acids in their native environment within cells. We here describe a protocol for the combined, simultaneous detection of RNA and DNA by means of FISH, which can be used to study X chromosome inactivation in mouse embryonic stem cells.

الحمض النووي RNA-مجتمعة نيون<em&gt; في الوضع الطبيعي</em&gt; التهجين (FISH) لدراسة كروموسوم X التعطيل في المتباينة أنثى الفأر الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is a molecular technique which enables the detection of nucleic acids in cells. DNA FISH is often used in ...

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

Combining RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with immunofluorescence (immuno-FISH) creates a technique that can be employed at the single cell level to detect the spatial dynamics of RNA localization with simultaneous insight into the localization of proteins, epigenetic modifications and other details which can be highlighted by immunofluorescence. X-chromosome inactivation is a paradigm for long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-mediated gene silencing. X-inactive specific transcript (Xist) lncRNA accumulation (called an Xist cloud) on one of the two X-chromosomes in mammalian females is a critical step to initiate X-chromosome inactivation. Xist RNA directly or indirectly interacts with various chromatin-modifying enzymes and introduces distinct epigenetic landscapes to the inactive X-chromosome (Xi). One known epigenetic hallmark of the Xi is the Histone H3 trimethyl-lysine 27 (H3K27me3) modification. Here, we describe a simple and quick immuno-FISH protocol for detecting Xist RNA using RNA FISH with multiple oligonucleotide probes coupled with immunofluorescence of H3K27me3 to examine the localization of Xist RNA and associated epigenetic modifications. Using oligonucleotide probes results in a shorter incubation time and more sensitive detection of Xist RNA compared to in vitro transcribed RNA probes (riboprobes). This protocol provides a powerful tool for understanding the dynamics of lncRNAs and its associated epigenetic modification, chromatin structure, nuclear organization and transcriptional regulation.

Quick Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Protocol for Xist RNA Combined with Immunofluorescence of Histone Modification in X-chromosome Inactivation

We developed an easily customized strand-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol combined with immunofluorescence. This allows for a detailed examination of RNA dynamics with simultaneous insight into the chromatin structure, nuclear organization, and transcriptional regulation at the single cell level.

خيارات نيون<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; بروتوكول التهجين لXist RNA جنبا إلى جنب مع المناعي من هيستون تعديل في كروموسوم X-التعطيل

Combining RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with immunofluorescence (immuno-FISH) creates a technique that can be employed at the single cell ...

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly effective at mapping highly repetitive sequences to heterochromatic regions, where computational approaches face prohibitive challenges. Here we describe a streamlined protocol for DNA ISH that circumvents formamide washes that are standard steps in other DNA ISH protocols. Our protocol is optimized for hybridization with short single strand DNA probes that carry fluorescent dyes, which effectively mark repetitive DNA sequences within heterochromatic chromosomal regions across a number of different insect tissue types. However, applications may be extended to use with larger probes and visualization of single copy (non-repetitive) DNA sequences. We demonstrate this method by mapping several different repetitive sequences to squashed chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster neural cells and Nasonia vitripennis spermatocytes. We show hybridization patterns for both small, commercially synthesized probes and for a larger probe for comparison. This procedure uses simple laboratory supplies and reagents, and is ideal for investigators who have little experience with performing DNA ISH.

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

Here, we present a simple method for performing fluorescence DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) to visualize repetitive heterochromatic sequences on slide-mounted chromosomes. The method requires minimal reagents and it is versatile for use with short or long probes, different tissues, and detection with fluorescence or non-fluorescence-based signals.

طريقة بسيطة لDNA الإسفار<em&gt; في الموقع</em&gt; التهجين لسحق الكروموسومات

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly ...

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression regulation at posttranscriptional levels by affecting the stability and translational efficiency of target mRNAs. RNA pull-down technique has been widely used to study RNA-protein interaction, which is necessary to elucidate the mechanism underlying RBPs&#39; as well as long non-coding RNAs&#39; (lncRNAs) function. However, the high lipid abundance in adipocytes poses a technical challenge in conducting this experiment. Here a detailed RNA pull-down protocol is optimized for primary adipocyte culture. An RNA fragment from androgen receptor&#39;s (AR) 3&#39; untranslated region (3&#39;UTR) containing an adenylate-uridylate-rich elementwas used as an example to demonstrate how to retrieve its RBP partner, HuR protein, from adipocyte lystate. The method described here can be applied to detect the interactions between RBPs and noncoding RNAs, as well as between RBPs and coding RNAs.

Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture

An RNA pull-down protocol is optimized here for detection of interactions between RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and noncoding as well as coding RNAs. An RNA fragment from androgen receptor (AR) was used as an example to demonstrate how to retrieve its RBP from lystate of primary brown adipocytes.

الكشف عن البروتينات ملزمة الحمض النووي الريبي<em&gt; في المختبر</em&gt; RNA المنسدلة في خلية شحمية الثقافة

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as a regulatory layer in the development and function of adipose. RBPs play a key role in the gene expression ...