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Method Article
这里描述了生成、维持和表征人类多能干细胞衍生的小肠和结肠类器官的详细方法。这些方法旨在提高可重复性、扩大可扩展性并减少类器官铺板和传代所需的工作时间。
肠道区域规范描述了一个过程,通过该过程,独特的形态和功能被赋予发育中的胃肠道 (GI) 的确定区域。肠道中的区域规范由多种发育途径驱动,包括骨形态发生蛋白 (BMP) 途径。基于正常的区域规范,开发了一种从人多能干细胞 (hPSC) 生成人结肠类器官 (HCO) 的方法,其中包括人胚胎干细胞 (hES) 和诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC)。BMP 信号传导的 3 天诱导将中/后肠管培养物充分模式化为特殊的富含 AT 的序列结合蛋白 2 (SATB2) 表达的 HCO,其中包含人结肠中存在的所有主要上皮细胞类型以及共同发育的间充质细胞。在这个关键模式期间省略 BMP(或添加 BMP 抑制剂 NOGGIN)导致人肠道类器官 (HIO) 的形成。HIO 和 HCOs 在形态和分子上分别类似于人类发育中的小肠和结肠。尽管 HIO 和 HCO 可用于研究人类肠道发育,但 HIO 和 HCO 的生成具有挑战性。本文介绍了生成、维护和表征 HIO 和 HCO 的方法。此外,还提供了协议中的关键步骤和故障排除建议。
由于对人类胎儿组织的使用受到限制,研究人类结肠发育很困难。动物模型具有不可估量的价值,历史上曾用于小鼠的遗传方法以研究肠道发育。然而,小鼠和人类肠道发育之间的差异限制了小鼠作为模型系统的适用性。例如,虽然小鼠的小肠和结肠中的隐窝形成发生在出生后,但人类出生时就有完全形成的隐窝1。此外,人类小肠和结肠包含小鼠中没有的细胞类型,包括小肠中表达胃动素 (MLN) 的肠内分泌细胞2 和结肠中表达粘蛋白 5B (MUC5B) 的杯状细胞 3,4。因此,拥有一个能够准确模拟定义结肠发育早期阶段的动态分子事件的细胞培养系统非常重要。因此,指导 hPSCs 产生具有结肠特征的细胞为研究人类结肠发育提供了一个强大的模型。
已经开发了方案,以促进 hPSC 可重现5、同步和高效地形成肠样6 和结肠样类器官7 。这些方案使用模拟胎儿肠道和结肠发育的逐步分化程序(图 1)。首先,通过用 Activin A(一种 Nodal 模拟物)处理,从人多能干细胞中产生最终内胚层。最终内胚层暴露于高水平的 WNT 和成纤维细胞生长因子 (FGF) 诱导形态发生为 CDX2 + 中/后肠管球体。然后将中肠/后肠球体嵌入细胞外基质 (ECM) 中,并通过 BMP 信号转导的瞬时作形成 HIO 或 HCO。使用 NOGGIN 或单独添加生长培养基抑制 BMP 信号传导会导致 HIO 的形成,类似于人类近端小肠。
通过使用 BMP2 激活 BMP 信号传导,中/后肠球体被图案化为 HCO,HCO 保留在上皮和间充质7 中。HCO 包含富含结肠、表达 MUC5B 的杯状细胞,能够产生表达结肠特异性胰岛素样 5 (INSL5) 的肠内分泌细胞。来自 HCO 的分离间充质表达同源框 A13 (HOXA13) 和 HOXD13,它们也在人原代结肠间充质8 中表达。重要的是要记住,图案化步骤发生在分化方案的第 7-10 天。这三天的时间足以诱导结肠模式,该模式在长时间 的体外 培养后得以维持。
下面描述的方案适用于熟悉无饲养层 hPSC 培养的研究人员。对于不熟悉此类 hPSC 培养的研究人员,建议参加 hPSC 培训课程,例如 Stem Cell Technologies 或辛辛那提儿童医院的多能干细胞设施 (PSCF) 提供的培训课程。起始 hPSC 的质量至关重要,会影响所有下游步骤。接下来的方案将从已经生长 4 天并准备分裂的 hPSC 开始。
1. 人类肠道和结肠类器官的产生
2. 通过逆转录定量聚合酶链反应 (RT-qPCR) 验证类器官的模式化
3. 通过免疫荧光验证类器官的模式
在中/后肠诱导阶段成功生成球体表明模式化成功。在浮动球体和单层上对 CDX2 进行 IF 染色,以确认图案化正确。尽管最终内胚层 (DE) 阶段的染色可以表明 DE 诱导的有效性,但如果没有有效的 DE 诱导,就不可能生成球状体。为了测试 DE 诱导的效率,对 FOXA2 和 SOX17 进行 IF 染色和/或 RT-qPCR。
在模式化阶段之后,HOX 因子的表达是模式化成功的最佳指...
hPSC 分化为 HIO 和 HCO 是一个复杂的过程,需要对每个步骤进行质量控制。在开始分化为 DE 之前,起始 hPSC 需要具有最小的分化。优化用于 DE 分化的 hPSC 的密度对于实验步骤的成功至关重要。为确保 DE 分化的质量,请对 FOXA2 和 SOX17 执行 IF 以确定 DE 分化的效率。DE 分化应导致超过 80% 的处理细胞对 FOXA2 和 SOX17 染色呈阳性。一旦确定了最佳密度,就可以将相同的密度用于?...
作者没有需要披露的利益冲突。
Múnera 实验室由 NIH/NCI 5U54CA210962-02 南卡罗来纳州癌症差异研究中心 (SC CADRE)、NIH/NIGMS P20 GM130457-01A1 COBRE 在消化和肝病中资助,以及 NIH/NIDDK 1P30 DK123704-01 MUSC 消化疾病研究核心中心。
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
1% Bovine serum albumin (BSA) solution | N/A | N/A | N/A |
15 mL Corning tube | Falcon | 21008-918 | N/A |
30% Sucrose | N/A | N/A | Made in PBS. |
5% Normal donkey serum | Jackson ImmunoResearch Lab | 017-000-121 | N/A |
50 mL Corning tube | Falcon | 21008-951 | N/A |
Accutase | Thermo Scientific | A1110501 | Cell detachment solution; aliquot 5 mL of Accutase into 10 mL tubes totaling 20 tubes and store at -20 °C for up to 6 months. Place at 4 °C overnight before use. |
Activin A | Cell guidance Systems | GFH6-100x10 | Reconstitute the lyophilized powder at 100 µg/mL in sterile PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Aliquot 38 µL of Activin A into prechilled microcentrifuge tubes and store at -80 °C (Tubes expire 12 months from date of receipt). |
Activin Day 1 medium (RPMI 1640) | Corning | MT10041CV | Use nonessential amino acids (NEAA, Corning 11140050) and store at 4 °C. Basic day 1 medium: 500 mL of RPMI 1640 and 500 mL of NEAA. When preparing Activin Day 1 medium, add 13 mL of basic day 1 medium, 13 µl of Activin A (100 µg/mL), and 2 µl of BMP4 (100 µg/mL). The base medium is stable for up to 3 weeks but should be used immediately after addition of growth factors. |
Activin Day 2 medium (RPMI 1640, 0.2% FBS vol/vol) | Hyclone | SH30070.03T | Use nonessential amino acids (Corning 11140050) and store at 4 °C. Basic day 2 medium: 500 mL of RPMI 1640, 500 mL of NEAA, and 1 mL of 0.2% serum. When preparing Activin Day 2 medium, add 12.5 mL of basic day 2 medium and 12.5 µL of Activin A (100 µg/mL). The base medium is stable for up to 3 weeks but should be used immediately after addition of growth factors. |
Activin Day 3 medium (RPMI 1640, 2% FBS vol/vol) | Hyclone | SH30070.03T | Use nonessential amino acids (Corning 11140050) and store at 4 °C. Basic day 3 medium: 500 mL of RPMI 1640, 500 mL NEAA, and 10 mL of 2% serum. When preparing Activin Day 3 medium, add 12.5 mL of basic day 3 and 12.5 µL of Activin A (100 µg/mL). The base medium is stable for up to 3 weeks but should be used immediately after addition of growth factors. |
Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey anti-Goat | Thermo Scientific | A11055 | 1:500 dilution (Secondary antibody) |
Alexa Fluor 488 Donkey anti-Rabbit | Thermo Scientific | A21206 | 1:500 dilution (Secondary antibody) |
Alexa Fluor 546 Donkey anti-Mouse | Thermo Scientific | A10036 | 1:500 dilution (Secondary antibody) |
Alexa Fluor 647 Donkey anti-Mouse | Thermo Scientific | A31571 | 1:500 dilution (Secondary antibody) |
Base mold | Fisher | 22-363-552 | N/A |
Basic gut medium (advanced DMEM) | Gibco | 12491015 | When preparing Basic gut medium, add 500 mL of DMEM, 500 mL of N2 (Gibco 17-502-048), 500 mL of B27 (Gibco), 500 mL of L-Glutamine to get 2 mM L-Glutamine (Corning A2916801), 5 mL of 100 U/mL Penicillin-Streptomycin (Gibco 15-140-122), and 7.5 mL of 1 M HEPES to get 15 mM HEPES. The base medium is stable for up to 3 weeks but should be used immediately after addition of growth factors. |
Biorad CFX96 Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System | Biorad | N/A | Other qRT-PCR systems can be used. |
Cell Recovery Solution | Corning | 354253 | ECM-degrading solution |
CHIR99021 | Reprocell | 4000410 | Reconstitute by adding 2.15 mL of DMSO at 10 mM. Prepare 50 µL aliquots and store at -20 °C. Store powder at 4 °C, protected from light. |
CTRL HIO patterning medium | N/A | N/A | Basic gut medium and 100 ng/mL EGF. |
DAPI | Sigma-Aldrich | D9542 | 1:100 dilution (Secondary antibody) |
DE monolayer | N/A | N/A | Monolayer was generated in prior steps (Section 4.4). |
Dispase | Gibco | 17105041 | Resuspend lyophilized powder in Advanced DMEM (Gibco MT15090CV) to a 1 mg/mL final concentration. Filter the solution for sterilization by vacuuming using a Millipore filter sterilization tube. Make 10 mL aliquots (1 mg/mL) and store at -20 °C for up to 6 months. Place at 4 °C overnight before use. |
EGF | Thermo Scientific | 236-EG-01M | When preparing 100 ng/mL EGF reconstitute 500 µg/mL in sterile PBS. Next add 2 mL of sterile PBS to 1 mg EGF and make 500 µg/mL EGF solution. Aliquot 100 µL of EGF in 20 tubes. |
Fisherbrand 6 cm Petri Dishes with Clear Lid | Fisher | FB0875713A | N/A |
Fisherbrand Cell Lifter | Fisher | 08-100-240 | N/A |
Fisherbrand Class B Clear Glass Threaded Vials with Closures Attached | Fisher | 03-338B | N/A |
Fisherbrand Disposable Borosilicate Glass Pasteur Pipette | Fisher | 13-678-2D0 | N/A |
Fluoromount G Slide Mounting Medium | VWR | 100241-874 | N/A |
Gibco advanced DMEM | Gibco | 12-491-023 | N/A |
Goat anti-E-Cadherin | R&D systems | AF648 | 1:400 dilution (Primary antibody) |
Goat anti-SOX17 | R&D systems | AF1924 | 1:500 dilution (Primary antibody) |
HCOs patterning medium | N/A | N/A | Basic gut medium, 100 ng/mL EGF and 100 ng/mL BMP2. When preparing BMP2, add 1 mL of sterile 4 mM HCl 0.1% BSA to BMP2 vials (100 µg). Aliquot 25 µL of BMP4 solution in 4 tubes. The base medium is stable for up to 3 weeks but should be used immediately after addition of growth factors. |
Hemocytometer | Sigma-Aldrich | Z359629 | N/A |
Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSC) | Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility | N/A | Cells seeded in a Matrigel coated 24-well plate (Thermo Scientific 73520-906). |
Ice-cold 4% Paraformaldehyde solution (PFA) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Ice-cold Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) | N/A | N/A | The pH must be 7.4. |
ImmEdge Hydrophobic Barrier Pen | Vector Laboratories | 101098-065 | N/A |
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) | Pluripotent Stem Cell Facility (Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center) | N/A | Other hESC or iPSC lines can be used, but the protocol needs to be optimized for each cell line. |
Leica microtome | N/A | N/A | N/A |
LSM 880 | confocal microscope | ||
Matrigel Basement Membrane Matrix | Corning | 354234 | N/A |
Matrigel hESC-qualified Matrix | Corning | 354277 | Prepare 4 x Matrigel aliquots which corresponds to volumes sufficient to make enough diluted Matrigel for 4 x 6-well dishes. |
Mid-hindgut induction medium (RPMI 1640) | Corning | MT10041CV | Nonessential amino acids (Corning 11140050), 2% FBS vol/vol (Hyclone SH30070.03T), 3 µM CHIR99021 and 500 ng/mL FGF4. The base medium is stable for up to 3 weeks but should be used immediately after addition of growth factors. |
Mid-hindgut spheroids | N/A | N/A | N/A |
MilliporeSigma Steriflip Sterile Disposable Vacuum Filter Units | MilliporeSigma | SCGP00525 | N/A |
Mouse anti-CDX2 | BioGenex | MU392-UC | 1:300 dilution (Primary antibody) |
Mouse anti-FOXA2 | Abnova/Novus | H00003170-M01 | 1:500 dilution |
mTeSR1 complete growth medium | Stem Cell technologies | 85870 | Add 100-mL of mTeSR supplement (85870) into one 400-mL mTeSR medium (85870) and aliquot into 50-mL tubes while avoiding contamination. Store at 4°C until use. |
Murray's Clear solution (Also known as BABB) | Murray's | N/A | 1:2 benzyl benzoate and benzyl alcohol. |
NOG HIO patterning medium | N/A | N/A | Basic gut medium, 100 ng/mL EGF and 100 ng/mL NOGGIN (Dispense 25 µg of NOGGIN in 250 µl sterile PBS with 0.1% BSA). |
NucleoSpin RNA | Takara | 740955.25 | Other RNA isolation kits may be used. |
Nunclon delta surface tissue culture dish 24-wells (Nunc) | Thermo Scientific | 73521-004 | N/A |
Nunclon delta surface tissue culture dish 24-wells coated with Matrigel | Thermo Scientific | 73521-004 | N/A |
Nunclon delta surface tissue culture dish 6-wells (Nunc) | Thermo Scientific | 73520-906 | N/A |
Nunclon delta surface tissue culture dish 6-wells coated with Matrigel. | Thermo Scientific | 73520-906 | N/A |
Outgrowth medium for HIOs, CTRL HIOs, and HCOs | N/A | N/A | Basic gut medium and 100 ng/mL EGF (Final concentration) |
Phosphate Buffer Saline, 0.5% Triton X (PBS-T) | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Primers | Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. (IDT) | N/A | The primers are listed in Table 2 on the protocol. |
Rabbit anti-CDX2 | Cell Marque | EPR22764Y | 1:100 dilution (Primary antibody) |
Rabbit anti-SATB2 | Cell Marque | EP281 | 1:100 dilution (Primary antibody) |
Recombinant Human BMP-4 Protein | R&D systems | 314-BP-010 | Reconstitute the lyophilized powder at 100 µg/mL in sterile 4 mM HCl containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Add 4.17 mL HCl solution to 45.83 mL molecular water totaling to 50 mL of 1 M HCl. Then add 200 µL of 1 M HCl to 49.8 mL of molecular grade water totaling to 50 mL of 4 mM HCl. Next add 0.05 g BSA to 50 mL of 4 mM HCl and filter to make sterile. Aliquot sterile 4 mM HCl 0.1% BSA to 33 microcentrifuge tube totaling and store at -20 °C. Add 100 µl of sterile 4 mM HCl 0.1% BSA to the BMP4 vials (10 µg) to make BMP4 solution at 100 µg/mL. |
Recombinant Human FGF-4 Protein | R&D systems | 235-F4-01M | Reconstitute at 100 µg/mL in sterile PBS containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin. Add 0.05 g of BSA in 50 mL of PBS to make 0.1% BSA. Filter 0.22 µM BSA to sterilize the BSA. Aliquot 10 mL of 0.1% BSA in 5 tubes. Add 1 mg FGF-4 in 10 mL of sterile 0.1% BSA. Aliquot 250 µL into prechilled 40 microcentrifuge tubes and store at -80 °C. |
ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 | Tocris | 1254 | The final concentration is 10 mM (10 mmol/L). Resuspend in DMSO at 10 mM and filter sterilize. Add 3 mL of sterile PBS to each vial. Aliqout 100 µL of ROCK inhibitor in 30 tubes and store at -20 °C. |
SuperScript VILO cDNA Synthesis Kit | Thermo Scientific | 11-754-250 | N/A |
SuperFrost Plus microscope slides | |||
Tissue Tek O.C.T Compound | VWR | 25608-930 | N/A |
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