SS支持到研究生培训津贴由霍华德休斯医学研究所医学通过TBMM计划的一部分。 MHW是支持的，部分的职业发展奖的博士和夫人的Harold M. Selzman从退伍军人事务部的大力支持。也支持这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院淋巴瘤SPORE授予P50CA126752和NIH R01 DK093660。

0天 1。从人血中分离单核细胞<ol><li>收集20毫升的人新鲜血液，使用静脉穿刺到的Na-肝素的真空采血管管。 </li><li>混合血液和高级的RPMI 1640，在1:1（体积/体积）的比例。 </li><li>加入到50ml离心管中（25℃）的20毫升淋巴制剂介质。慢慢层25-30毫升血液RPMI 1640混合的lymphoprep顶部。 </li><li>在400 XG离心40分钟，没有踩刹车。 </li><li>收集到10毫升的1×PBS（25℃）用一次性移液管的两个不同的和模糊的层，使体积达50毫升用1×PBS。 </li><li>离心450 xg下10分钟。 </li><li>完全吸出上清液，加入20毫升的高级RPMI 1640。 </li><li> 400×g离心5分钟离心。 </li><li>吸取上清液。在37℃下预热5纳克/毫升的rhIL-15的完整的T细胞的培养基中加入10毫升</li><li>计数的细胞的数量和板在24孔组织培养外套编板上，在2×10 6细胞/孔的完整的T细胞的介质补充有5纳克/毫升的rhIL-15添加无菌水对周围井。孵育过夜可增湿培养箱中在37℃下，5％CO 2。 </li></ol>第1天 2。涂层板的抗-CD28和抗-CD3抗体的刺激T细胞<ol><li>稀释在无菌水中的抗-CD28和抗-CD3抗体的浓度为1微克/毫升每个。 </li><li>加入500μl每种抗体溶液5标记非涂覆的组织培养的24孔板的孔中。 </li><li>添加无菌水休息的井。包装板的收缩包装，并在4℃冰箱中。 </li></ol> 3。未刺激T细胞的核转染的<ol><li> Prewarm T细胞介质，在37°C和5 ng / ml的重组人IL-15的补充。准备完整的nucleofector的解决方案，通过添加500微升至2.25毫升的Nucleofector解决方案的Nucleofector补充1。 </li><li>一liquot 5微克每个座子（Zeo的-的pT-CMV-eGFP的）和转（在1.5毫升微量离心管中的pCMV-piggyBac转 ）。 注意：这可能是必要的，以优化为最佳的基因传递转座酶和转座子的DNA量，并尽量减少的细胞毒性。质粒可以从作者获得请求。 </li><li>入50毫升的管的24孔组织培养板中收获的PBMC。计数细胞的数目。下次作为流式细胞仪的控制中使用的2×10 6细胞。 </li><li> 7-10×10 6个细胞加入到一个15毫升的试管，在400×g离心5分钟离心，吸出上清液和手指轻拂颗粒。 </li><li> T细胞完整的核转染的解决方案松开细胞沉淀中加入100μl。 </li><li>添加的溶液细胞混合物的管含有质粒。 </li><li>加入细胞质粒的溶液的混合物的核转染反应杯底部。要小心，不要实施任何气泡。 </li><li> Nucleofect使用专业的细胞克U-014（未刺激T细胞，人力， <a href="http://bio.lonza.com/resources/product-instructions/protocols/" target="_blank">http://bio.lonza.com/resources/product-instructions/protocols/</a> ）的。 </li><li>立即加入500μl预热的媒体与重组人IL-15的比色皿。将细胞转移到24孔平板的孔中，与1.5毫升预热的媒体与rhIL15。 </li><li>孵育过夜可增湿培养箱中在37℃下，5％CO 2。 </li></ol>第2天 4。非特异性刺激T细胞<ol><li>收获细胞，并确定手机号码。设置留出0.5×10 6个细胞的流式细胞仪来确定的GFP阳性细胞的频率。使用的非转染的外周血单个核细胞作为对照。 </li><li>吸干CD3/28抗体溶液从非组织培养涂板，并与T细胞介质冲洗各孔。 </li><li> 。重悬nucleofected的细胞以0.5×10 6个细胞每毫升中完整的CTL媒体补充有5纳克/毫升的rhIL-15。加入2.0毫升每个的nucleofected 4非组织培养板的孔中的细胞。加入0.5×10 6个的非nucleofected细胞的第 5以及。 </li><li>孵育3天可增湿培养箱中，在37℃，5％CO 2。 </li></ol>第5天<ol><li>收获的刺激的T细胞的未涂覆的组织培养板中。 </li><li>计数和replate细胞在24以及涂覆的组织培养板中，在0.7×10 6细胞/ ml在与5 ng / ml的IL-15的T细胞介质。 </li></ol> 7天 7。基因表达分析<ol><li>收获细胞和染色用抗人CD8抗体（也可以使用抗-CD3和抗-CD4）和％GFP表达的流式细胞仪分析。 </li></ol>第8天（可选） 8。扩大T细胞<ol><li> 在转染后的第8天，T细胞可以在T再铺平板在密度为0.7×10 6个细胞每孔的进一步扩大16与IL-15的细胞培养基。 </li></ol>

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没有利益冲突的声明。

本文所描述的方法，使稳定的转基因修饰的初级人T淋巴细胞。我们之前测试过的piggyBac转座子系统的使用，修改T细胞表达的报告基因（超过4周），一个非免疫原性自杀的基因，过继免疫治疗的嵌合抗原受体（超过100天），工程师免疫抑制药物的抗7,13-15。非病毒的T细胞过继免疫治疗和其他应用程序的修改应该是更便宜，因此，更广泛地利用比逆转录病毒转导。新的过动座子?...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 的试剂的名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论（可选） </td></tr><tr><td> Lympholyte </td><td> CEDARLANE </td><td> CL5015 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>高级RPMI 1640。 </td><td> LifeTechnologies </td><td> 12633020 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hyclone公司的胎牛血清</td><td> Fisher Scientific则</td><td> SH3008803 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GlutaMAX-I补充</td><td> LifeTechnologies </td><td> 35050-061 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>人IL-15重组蛋白质的</td><td> eBioscience公司</td><td> 14-8159 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EndoFree质粒试剂盒</td><td> Qiagen公司</td><td> 12362 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Amaxa公司Nucleofector </td><td>龙沙</td><td> AAD-1001S </td><td> ＆NBSP; </td></tr><tr><td>人类T细胞Nucleofector套件</td><td>龙沙</td><td> VPA-1002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CD8-APC </td><td>南方生物技术</td><td> 9536-11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>抗人CD3 </td><td> eBioscience公司</td><td> 16-0037-81 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>抗人CD28 </td><td> BD Pharmingen公司</td><td> 555725 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 24孔组织培养处理板</td><td> BD猎鹰</td><td> 353047 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 24孔非组织培养处理板</td><td> BD猎鹰</td><td> 351147 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 完整的T细胞培养基成分 1X增强型RPMI 1640 5％热灭活的胎儿牛血清白蛋白 2毫米GlutamaxIM-I </td></tr></tbody></table>

piggybac transposon system modification of primary human t cells

piggyBac转座子系统自然是积极的，最初来自甘蓝尺蠖蛾1,2。质粒基于此非病毒的系统，是最常用的利用两个质粒与表达一个的piggyBac转座酶和转座子的质粒转染的基因（s）之间的反向重复元件所必需的基因转移活性景点PiggyBac转介导的基因转移通过“剪切和粘贴”机制转座整合到基因组中的目标小区（s）的权益。转座子段PiggyBac转已表现出高效率的基因转运活性在多种昆虫1,2，哺乳动物3-5，和人cells6包括初级人类T细胞7,8。近日，“恨铁不成钢”的座子转座产生，提高转基因效率9,10。 人类T淋巴细胞的临床欢迎有兴趣过继免疫治疗癌症的11日。值得注意的是，第一次临床试验涉及使用睡美人转座子系统的人类T细胞的转座子修改已批准12。我们先前已经评价piggyBac的人类T细胞的遗传修饰的非病毒方法的效用。我们发现piggyBac转是高效率的在带记者基因和非免疫原性诱导的自杀基因7的人类T细胞的遗传修饰。基因组的整合位点的分析，揭示了缺乏或称为原癌基因附近的偏好整合到13。我们使用piggyBac转基因修改细胞毒性T淋巴细胞，以进行针对肿瘤抗原的HER2的嵌合抗原受体，并发现，基因修饰的T细胞介导的有针对性的杀害在原位小鼠模型的HER2阳性肿瘤细胞在体外和体内 14。我们也使用座子以产生耐雷帕霉素的人类T细胞，这应该是有用的癌症疗法，其中雷帕霉素是利用15。 在这里，我们描述了使用座子基因修饰初级人类T细胞的方法。这包括分离的外周血单核细胞（PBMCs）培养，基因修饰，和活化的T细胞随后从人类血液。对于本报告而言，T细胞进行了修改与一个报告基因（EGFP）基因表达的流式细胞仪分析和量化。 PiggyBac转可用于与感兴趣的基因的各种修改的人T细胞。虽然我们已经使用piggyBac转指示T细胞对肿瘤抗原14，我们也使用piggyBac转添加诱导型安全开关，以消除基因修饰的细胞，如果需要7。大货的piggyBac的能力，也使转基因的大雷帕霉素抗mTOR的分子（15 KB）15。因此，我们提出了一种稳定的基因改性的初级人T细胞，用于各种各样的目的的非病毒方法。

遗传修饰与报告基因（绿色荧光蛋白）的人T淋巴细胞中的步骤的示意性展示图1中所示。这些质粒可根据作者的要求。展示的步骤与报告基因（EGFP）转基因人类T淋巴细胞是一个schemtic舒如图2所示。激活T细胞，以获得它们分裂，扩大和传播文化，这是必要的。修改人类T细胞，然后培养，并用流式细胞仪分析的第1天，7天的基因表达。所示的结果在图3中从一个?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells at JoVE.com

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

我们描述了一种方法，初级人类T细胞的转基因使用的非病毒基因修饰<em&gt;座子</em&gt;转座子系统。修改，以使用的T细胞<em&gt;座子</em转座系统具有稳定的转基因表达。

piggyBac转座子初级人类T细胞系统改造

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

piggybac-transposon-system-modification-of-primary-human-t-cells

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Immunology and Infection

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

17.1K 次观看.  Baylor College of Medicine. 我们描述了一种方法，初级人类T细胞的转基因使用的非病毒基因修饰座子转座子系统。修改，以使用的T细胞座子

视频: piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

扩展人外周血γδT细胞使用Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

科研

免疫与感染

Determining Optimal Cytotoxic Activity of Human Her2neu Specific CD8 T cells by Comparing the Cr51 Release Assay to the xCELLigence System

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host cells1. These cells express a specialized receptor, called the T cell receptor (TCR), which can recognize a specific antigenic peptide bound to HLA class I molecules2. Engagement of infected cells or tumor cells through their HLA class I molecule results in production of lytic molecules such as granzymes and perforin resulting in target cell death. While it is useful to determine frequencies of antigen-specific CD8 T cells using assays such as the ELIspot or flow cytometry, it is also helpful to ascertain the strength of CD8 T cell responses using cytotoxicity assays3. The most recognizable assay for assessing cytotoxic function is the Chromium Release Assay (CRA), which is considered a standard assay 4. The CRA has several limitations, including exposure of cells to gamma radiation, lack of reproducibility, and a requirement for large numbers of cells. Over the past decade, there has been interest in adopting new strategies to overcome these limitations. Newer approaches include those that measure caspase 
release 4, BLT esterase activity 5 and surface expression of CD107 6. The impedance-based assay, using the Roche xCelligence system, was examined in the present paper for its potential as an alternative to the CRA. Impedance or opposition to an electric current occurs when adherent tumor cells bind to electrode plates. Tumor cells detach following killing and electrical impedance is reduced which can be measured by the xCelligence system. The ability to adapt the impedance-based approach to assess cell-mediated killing rests on the observation that T cells do not adhere tightly to most surfaces and do not appear to have much impact on impedance thus diminishing any concern of direct interference of the T cells with the measurement. Results show that the impedance-based assay can detect changes in the levels of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells with increased sensitivity relative to the standard CRA. Based on these results, impedance-based approaches may be good alternatives to CRAs or other approaches that aim to measure cytotoxic CD8 T cell functionality.

The chromium release assay, a common assay for detecting cytotoxic T cell activity, has several limitations. Using antigen-specific CD8 T cells and the human breast cancer tumor line, SKBR3, in the present article, an impedance-based approach was examined for the capability of detecting cell killing.

确定最佳人力Her2neu特异性CD8 + T细胞的细胞毒活性的比较CR51发行含量xCELLigence系统

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T  cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host  cells1. These cells express ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&amp;#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

从初级人类的幼稚和记忆T细胞的诱导调节性T细胞的生成

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

评估的HIV-1感染的CD4的先天传感<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;性T细胞浆细胞样树突细胞使用<em&gt;体外</em&gt;共培养体系。

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Identification of Novel Genes Associated with Alginate Production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Mini-himar1 Mariner Transposon-mediated Mutagenesis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, environmental bacterium with versatile metabolic capabilities. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen which establishes chronic pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The overproduction of a capsular polysaccharide called alginate, also known as mucoidy, promotes the formation of mucoid biofilms which are more resistant than planktonic cells to antibiotic chemotherapy and host defenses. Additionally, the conversion from the nonmucoid to mucoid phenotype is a clinical marker for the onset of chronic infection in CF. Alginate overproduction by P. aeruginosa is an endergonic process which heavily taxes cellular energy. Therefore, alginate production is highly regulated in P. aeruginosa. To better understand alginate regulation, we describe a protocol using the mini-himar1 transposon mutagenesis for the identification of novel alginate regulators in a prototypic strain PAO1. The procedure consists of two basic steps. First, we transferred the mini-himar1 transposon (pFAC) from host E. coli SM10/&#955;pir into recipient P. aeruginosa PAO1 via biparental conjugation to create a high-density insertion mutant library, which were selected on Pseudomonas isolation agar plates supplemented with gentamycin. Secondly, we screened and isolated the mucoid colonies to map the insertion site through inverse PCR using DNA primers pointing outward from the gentamycin cassette and DNA sequencing. Using this protocol, we have identified two novel alginate regulators, mucE (PA4033) and kinB (PA5484), in strain PAO1 with a wild-type mucA encoding the anti-sigma factor MucA for the master alginate regulator AlgU (AlgT, &#963;22). This high-throughput mutagenesis protocol can be modified for the identification of other virulence-related genes causing change in colony morphology.

Identification of Novel Genes Associated with Alginate Production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Mini-himar1 Mariner Transposon-mediated Mutagenesis

Here we describe a protocol using the mini-himar1 mariner transposon-mediated mutagenesis for generating a high-density insertion mutant library to screen, isolate and identify novel alginate regulators in the prototypic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1.

在伴有海藻酸钠生产新基因的鉴定<em&gt;铜绿假单胞菌</em&gt;使用小型<em&gt; himar1</em&gt;水手转座子介导的诱变

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, environmental bacterium with versatile metabolic capabilities. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

从外周血人类同种异体抗原特异性T细胞的生成

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.

人外周血和淋巴组织中原发性 T 细胞突触界面的评价

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow

Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the surface of endothelial cells is mediated in blood flow via mechanosensitive proteins such as the Von Willebrand Factor (VWF). This glycoprotein changes its molecular conformation in response to shear stress, thereby exposing binding sites for a broad spectrum of host-ligand interactions. In general, culturing of primary endothelial cells under a defined shear flow is known to promote the specific cellular differentiation and the formation of a stable and tightly linked endothelial layer resembling the physiology of the inner lining of a blood vessel. Thus, the functional analysis of interactions between bacterial pathogens and the host vasculature involving mechanosensitive proteins requires the establishment of pump systems that can simulate the physiological flow forces known to affect the surface of vascular cells.
The microfluidic device used in this study enables a continuous and pulseless recirculation of fluids with a defined flow rate. The computer-controlled air-pressure pump system applies a defined shear stress on endothelial cell surfaces by generating a continuous, unidirectional, and controlled medium flow. Morphological changes of the cells and bacterial attachment can be microscopically monitored and quantified in the flow by using special channel slides that are designed for microscopic visualization. In contrast to static cell culture infection, which in general requires a sample fixation prior to immune labeling and microscopic analyses, the microfluidic slides enable both the fluorescence-based detection of proteins, bacteria, and cellular components after sample fixation; serial immunofluorescence staining; and direct fluorescence-based detection in real time. In combination with fluorescent bacteria and specific fluorescence-labeled antibodies, this infection procedure provides an efficient multiple component visualization system for a huge spectrum of scientific applications related to vascular processes.

This study describes the microscopic monitoring of pneumococcus adherence to von Willebrand factor strings produced on the surface of differentiated human primary endothelial cells under shear stress in defined flow conditions. This protocol can be extended to detailed visualization of specific cell structures and quantification of bacteria by applying differential immunostaining procedures.

恒流中原发性人类内皮细胞的肺炎球菌感染

Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the surface of endothelial cells is mediated in blood flow via mechanosensitive proteins such as the Von ...

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Adoptive cell therapies using chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in patients with hematological malignancies and are currently being investigated for various solid tumors. CAR-T cells are generated by removing T cells from a patient's blood and engineering them to express a synthetic immune receptor that redirects the T-cells to recognize and eliminate target tumor cells. Gene editing of CAR-T cells has the potential to improve safety of current CAR-T cell therapies and further increase the efficacy of CAR-T cells. Here, we describe methods for the activation, expansion, and characterization of human CRISPR-engineered CD19 directed CAR-T cells. This comprises transduction of the CAR lentiviral vector and use of single guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 endonuclease to target genes of interest in T cells. The methods described in this protocol can be universally applied to other CAR constructs and target genes beyond the ones used for this study. Furthermore, this protocol discusses strategies for gRNA design, lead gRNA selection and target gene knockout validation to reproducibly achieve high-efficiency, multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 engineering of clinical grade human T cells.

Here, we present a protocol for gene editing in primary human T cells using CRISPR Cas Technology to modify CAR-T cells.

生产人类CRISPR工程的CAR-T细胞

Adoptive cell therapies using chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in patients with ...

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

During activation, the metabolism of T cells adapts to changes that impact their fate. An increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is indispensable for T cell activation, and the survival of memory T cells is dependent on mitochondrial remodeling. Consequently, this affects the long-term clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapies. Changes in T cell quality are often studied by flow cytometry using well-known surface markers and not directly by their metabolic state. This is an optimized protocol for measuring real-time mitochondrial respiration of primary human T cells using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the cytokines IL-2 and IL-15, which differently affect T cell metabolism. It is shown that the metabolic state of T cells can clearly be distinguished by measuring the oxygen consumption when inhibiting key complexes in the metabolic pathway and that the accuracy of these measurements is highly dependent on optimal inhibitor concentration and inhibitor injection strategy. This standardized protocol will help implement mitochondrial respiration as a standard for T cell fitness in monitoring and studying cancer immunotherapies.

Metabolic adaptation is fundamental for T cells as it dictates differentiation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Here, an optimized protocol for monitoring mitochondrial respiration in ex vivo cytokine-differentiated human primary T cells is presented.