SS는 TBMM 프로그램을 통해 그라드 교육 교부금에 HHMI 메드에 의해 부분적으로 지원됩니다. MHW는 재향 군인의 담당 부서에서 경력 개발 상 박사 부부 해롤드 M. Selzman의 관대 한 지원에 의해 부분적으로 지원됩니다. 이 작품은 NIH 림프종 포자 부여 P50CA126752와 NIH R01 DK093660에 의해 부분적으로 지원되었다.

일 0 1. 인간의 피에서 PBMCs의 절연 <ol><li> 오세영 - 헤파린 vacutainer 튜브에 venipuncture를 사용하여 신선한 인간의 피 20 ML를 수집합니다. </li><li> 믹스의 피와 1시 1분의 고급 RPMI 1640 (V / V) 비율입니다. </li><li> 50 ML의 원심 분리기 튜브 (25 ° C) 20 ML lymphoprep 매체를 추가 할 수 있습니다. lymphoprep 상단에 혈액 RPMI 1640 믹스 천천히 층 25-30 ML. </li><li> 브레이크없이 40 분 400 XG에 원심 분리기. </li><li> 1X PBS (25 ° C)의 10 ML에 일회용 피펫을 사용하여 독특하고 퍼지 레이어를 모두 수집하고 1X PBS있는 50 ML에 볼륨을 가져. </li><li> 10 분에 450 XG에 원심 분리기. </li><li> 완전히 표면에 뜨는을 대기음 및 고급 RPMI 1640의 20 ML를 추가합니다. </li><li> 5 분 400 XG에 원심 분리기. </li><li> 표면에 뜨는을 대기음. 5 NG / ML rhIL-15과 보충 완전한 T 세포 미디어 10 ML를 추가 37 ° C.에 prewarmed </li><li> 24 잘 조직 문화 코트에서 세포와 판의 수를 카운트/ 잘 완전한 T 세포 미디어 2 X 10 6 세포에서 에드 판은 5 NG / ML rhIL-15는 주변 우물에 멸균 물을 추가로 보충. 37 humidified 인큐베이터에서 하루 아침에 길러 ° C, 5 % CO 2. </li></ol> 1 일 2. T 세포를 자극을위한 안티 CD28 및 안티 3 번 CD 항체로 코팅 플레이트 <ol><li> 1 μg / ML 각각의 농도에서 살균 물에 안티 CD28 및 안티 3 번 CD 항체를 희석. </li><li> 비 코팅 조직 문화 24 잘 플레이트의 5 표시 우물 500 μl 각 항체 솔루션을 추가합니다. </li><li> 우물의 휴식 멸균 물을 추가합니다. 4 ° C 냉장고에서 수축 랩과 장소에 판을 넣어. </li></ol> 3. Unstimulated T 세포의 Nucleofection <ol><li> 37 번 Prewarm T 세포 미디어 ° C와 rhIL-15 5 NG / ML로 보충. Nucleofector 솔루션의 2.25 ML에 Nucleofector 보충 한 500 μl를 추가하여 완벽한 nucleofector 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li><li>liquot 5 μg transposon (Zeo-PT-CMV-eGFP)와 1.5 ML의 microfuge 관 transposase (pCMV-piggyBac)의 각. 참고 :이 최적의 유전자 전달을위한 transposase와 transposon의 DNA 금액을 최적화하고 최소화하기 위해 필요할 수 있습니다 세포 독성. plasmids 요청에 의해 저자에서 얻을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 50 ML 튜브에 24 잘 조직 배양 플레이트에서 수확 PBMCs. 셀의 개수를 계산합니다. 유동 세포 계측법 동안 제어 등의 사용이 X 10 6 세포를 저장합니다. </li><li> 400 XG, 5 분에서 15 ML 튜브와 원심 분리기에 7-10 X 10 6 세포를 추가 표면에 뜨는 및 손가락 제스처 펠릿 대기음. </li><li> 느슨하게 세포 펠렛에 대한 T 세포 완벽한 nucleofection 솔루션 100 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> plasmids를 포함하는 관에 솔루션 세포 혼합물을 추가합니다. </li><li> nucleofection 큐벳의 맨 아래에 솔루션 휴대 플라스미드 혼합물을 추가합니다. 모든 거품을 소개하지 않도록주의하십시오. </li><li> 프로를 사용하여 셀을 Nucleofectg U-014 (Unstimulated T 세포, 인간, <a href="http://bio.lonza.com/resources/product-instructions/protocols/" target="_blank">http://bio.lonza.com/resources/product-instructions/protocols/</a> ). </li><li> 즉시 큐벳에 rhIL-15 prewarmed 미디어 500 μl를 추가합니다. rhIL15과 prewarmed 미디어의 1.5 ML과 24 잘 접시의 우물에 세포를 전송합니다. </li><li> 37 humidified 인큐베이터에서 하루 아침에 길러 ° C, 5 % CO 2. </li></ol> 2 일 4. T 세포의 특이 현상 자극 <ol><li> 수확 셀 및 셀 번호를 결정합니다. GFP 양성 세포의 빈도를 결정하는 유동 세포 계측법 0.5 X 10 6 세포를 따로 설정합니다. 컨트롤로 비 transfected PBMCs을 사용합니다. </li><li> 비 조직 배양 코팅 플레이트에서 CD3/28 항체 솔루션을 기음과 T 세포 미디어와 각 잘 씻어. </li><li> 전체 CTL 미디어 ML 당 0.5 X 10 6 세포에서 nucleofected 세포를 Resuspend5 NG / ML rhIL-15 보충. 2.0 ML 이외의 조직 문화 판의 4 우물에 nucleofected 셀의 각을 추가합니다. 잘 5 일에 0.5 X 10 6 비 nucleofected 셀을 추가합니다. </li><li> 37 humidified 인큐베이터에서 3 일 동안 배양 ° C, 5 % CO 2. </li></ol> 5 일 <ol><li> 비 코팅 조직 문화 판에서 자극 T 세포를 수확. </li><li> 0.7에서 24도 코팅 조직 배양 판에있는 셀을 카운트하고 replate X 10 5 NG / ML IL-15 6 세포 / T 세포 미디어 ML.주세요 </li></ol> 7 일 7. 유전자 발현 분석 <ol><li> 수확 세포와 반 인간 CD8 항체와 얼룩은 (또한 반에는 3 번 CD 및 안티 CD4를 사용할 수)와 %의 GFP 발현을위한 유동 세포 계측법을 분석합니다. </li></ol> 일 8 (선택 사항) 8. T 세포의 확장 <ol><li> transfection 후 일 8 일, T 세포는 T에 replated 할 수 있습니다더 확장 16도 당 0.7 X 10 6 세포 밀도에 IL-15과 셀은 미디어. </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

여기에 설명 된 방법은 기본 인간 T 림프구의 안정적인 transgene의 수정이 가능합니다. 우리는 이전에 리포터 유전자 (4 개 이상의 주), 비 immunogenic 자살 유전자 입양 immunotherapy에 대한 키메라 항원 수용체를 (100 개 이상의 일), 표현하는 T 세포를 수정하는 piggyBac transposon 시스템의 사용을 테스트 한 그리고 면역 억제 약물 7,13-15에 대한 내성을 처리합니다. 입양 immunotherapy 및 기타 응용 ...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 (선택 사항) </td></tr><tr><td> Lympholyte </td><td> Cedarlane </td><td> CL5015 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 고급 RPMI 1640 </td><td> LifeTechnologies </td><td> 12633020 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Hyclone 태아 소 혈청 </td><td> 피셔 과학 </td><td> SH3008803 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> GlutaMAX-I의 보충 </td><td> LifeTechnologies </td><td> 35050-061 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 인간 IL-15 재조합 단백질 </td><td> eBioscience </td><td> 14-8159 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> EndoFree 플라스미드 맥시 키트 </td><td> Qiagen </td><td> 12,362 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> Amaxa Nucleofector </td><td> Lonza </td><td> AAD-1001S </td><td> &amp; NBSP; </td></tr><tr><td> 인간 T 세포 Nucleofector 키트 </td><td> Lonza </td><td> VPA-1002 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> CD8-APC </td><td> 남부 생명 공학 </td><td> 9536-11 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 안티 - 인간 3 번 CD </td><td> eBioscience </td><td> 16-0037-81 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 안티 - 인간 CD28 </td><td> BD Pharmingen </td><td> 555725 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 24 잘 조직 문화 치료 플레이트 </td><td> BD 팔콘 </td><td> 353047 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 24 자 비 조직 문화 판을 치료 </td><td> BD 팔콘 </td><td> 351147 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td> 전체 T 세포 미디어 구성 1X 고급 RPMI 1640 5 %의 열 Inactivated 태아 소 혈청 이 MM GlutamaxIM-I </td></tr></tbody></table>

piggybac transposon system modification of primary human t cells

piggyBac transposon 시스템은 원래 양배추 자벌레 나방의 1,2에서 파생, 자연적으로 활성화됩니다. 이 비 바이러스 시스템은 가장 일반적으로 하나가 piggyBac transposase 효소 및 유전자 전달 활동에 필요한 역 반복 요소 사이에 관심의 유전자를 (들) 숨겨 플라스미드 transposon을 표현으로 두 plasmids을 활용, 기반 플라스미드입니다. PiggyBac의 mediates 유전자 전송을 통해 transposase 관심의 대상 셀 (들)의 게놈에 transposon 세그먼트를 통합된다 &quot;잘라 내기 및 붙여 넣기&quot;메커니즘이 있습니다. PiggyBac 3-5 포유류의 곤충 1,2의 다양한 효율적인 유전자 전달 활동을 시연하고있다 7,8 차 인간의 T 세포를 포함 cells6 인간. 최근 활동적인 piggyBac의 transposase는 유전자 전달 효율을 향상 9,10 생성되었습니다. 인간 T 림프구는 임상 intere의 역할암 (11)의 입양 immunotherapy에 대한 ST. 참고 중, 잠자는 숲속의 미녀의 transposon 시스템을 사용하여 인간의 T 세포의 transposon 수정을 포함한 첫 번째 임상 실험은 12을 승인했습니다. 우리는 이전에 인간의 T 세포의 유전자 변형에 대한 비 바이러스 성 방법으로 piggyBac의 유틸리티를 평가하고 있습니다. 우리는 리포터 유전자와 비 immunogenic inducible 자살 유전자 7 인간의 T 세포의 유전자 변형에 효율이 piggyBac 발견했다. 게놈 통합 사이트의 분석은 13로 또는 알려진 proto-oncogenes 근처 통합 환경의 부족을 공개했다. 우리는 종양 항원 HER2에 대한 감독 키메라 항원 수용체를 수행하는 유전자 - 수정 세포 독성 T 림프구에 piggyBac 사용하고, 유전자 수정 된 T 세포가 orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 체외 및 생체 내 HER2-양성 종양 세포의 살인을 대상으로 중재 것을 발견 14. 우리는 또한 piggyBac을 사용한rapamycin은 15 활용 암 치료에 도움이 될 것 rapamycin에 강한 인간의 T 세포를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 유 전적으로 인간의 기본 T 세포를 수정 piggyBac을 사용하는 방법을 설명합니다. 이 문화, 유전자 수정, 및 T 세포의 활성화에 이어 인간의 피에서 말초 혈 mononuclear 세포 (PBMCs)의 절연을 포함하고 있습니다. 이 보고서의 목적을 위해, T 세포는 유동 세포 계측법에 의한 유전자 발현의 분석 및 정량화를위한​​ 리포터 유전자 (eGFP)로 수정되었습니다. PiggyBac는 관심 유전자의 다양한 인간의 T 세포를 수정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 우리가 종양 항원 14 T 세포를 직접 할 수 piggyBac 사용했지만, 우리는 또한 7 필요한 경우 유전자 변형 세포를 제거하기 위해 inducible 안전 스위치를 추가 할 수 piggyBac 사용했습니다. piggyBac의 대형화물 용량은 유전자 전송을 사용하고 있습니다큰 rapamycin의 방지를 mTOR 분자 (15 KB) 15. 따라서, 우리는 목적으로 다양한 종류의에 대한 일차적 인간의 T 세포의 안정적인 유전자 변형에 대한 비 바이러스 방법론을 제시한다.

유전자 리포터 유전자 (eGFP)와 인간의 T 림프구를 수정의 단계를 보여주는 도식은 그림 1에 표시됩니다. 이러한 plasmids은 작성자의 요청시 이용 가능합니다. 리포터 유전자 (eGFP)와 유전자 변형 인간 T 림프구의 단계를 보여주는 schemtic은도 2의 바바리 수 있습니다. 그것은 그들에게, 분할 확장하고 문화에 전파하게하기 위해 T 세포를 활성화 할 필요가 있습니다...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells at JoVE.com

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

우리는 유전자 비 바이러스를 사용하여 transgene과 기본 인간의 T 세포를 수정하는 방법을 설명<em&gt; piggyBac</em&gt; transposon 시스템입니다. T 세포는를 사용하여 수정<em&gt; piggyBac</em&gt; transposon 시스템 전시 안정적인 transgene 표현.

기본 인간 T 세포 piggyBac Transposon 시스템 변경

The piggyBac transposon system is naturally active, originally derived from the cabbage looper moth1,2. This non-viral system is plasmid based, most ...

piggybac-transposon-system-modification-of-primary-human-t-cells

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

17.1K 조회수.  Baylor College of Medicine. 우리는 유전자 비 바이러스를 사용하여 transgene과 기본 인간의 T 세포를 수정하는 방법을 설명 piggyBac transposon 시스템입니다. T 세포는를 사용하여 수정 piggyBac transposon 시스템 전시 안정적인 transgene 표현.

비디오: piggyBac Transposon System Modification of Primary Human T Cells

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &gamma;&delta; T Cells using Zoledronate

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and anti-infective activity.1 The majority of &gamma;&delta; T cells in peripheral blood have the V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cell receptor. These cells recognize antigen in a major histocompatibility complex-independent manner and develop strong cytolytic and Th1-like effector functions.1Therefore, &gamma;&delta; T cells are attractive candidate effector cells for cancer immunotherapy. V&gamma;9V&#x03B4;2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens such as (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), which is synthesized in bacteria via isoprenoid biosynthesis;2 and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), which is produced in eukaryotic cells through the mevalonate pathway.3 In physiological condition, the generation of IPP in nontransformed cell is not sufficient for the activation of &gamma;&delta; T cells. Dysregulation of mevalonate pathway in tumor cells leads to accumulation of IPP and &gamma;&delta; T cells activation.3 Because aminobisphosphonates (such as pamidronate or zoledronate) inhibit farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the enzyme acting downstream of IPP in the mevalonate pathway, intracellular levels of IPP and sensitibity to &gamma;&delta; T cells recognition can be therapeutically increased by aminobisphosphonates. IPP accumulation is less efficient in nontransfomred cells than tumor cells with a pharmacologically relevant concentration of aminobisphosphonates, that allow us immunotherapy for cancer by activating &gamma;&delta; T cells with aminobisphosphonates. 4 Interestingly, IPP accumulates in monocytes when PBMC are treated with aminobisphosphonates, because of efficient drug uptake by these cells. 5 Monocytes that accumulate IPP become antigen-presenting cells and stimulate V&gamma;9V&delta;2 T cells in the peripheral blood.6 Based on these mechanisms, we developed a technique for large-scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cell cultures using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2).7 Other methods for expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells utilize the synthetic phosphoantigens bromohydrin pyrophosphate (BrHPP)8 or 2-methyl-3-butenyl-1-pyrophosphate (2M3B1PP).9 All of these methods allow ex vivo expansion, resulting in large numbers of &gamma;&delta; T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy. However, only zoledronate is an FDA-approved commercially available reagent. Zoledronate-expanded &gamma;&delta; T cells display CD27-CD45RA- effector memory phenotype and thier function can be evaluated by IFN-&gamma; production assay. 7

Expansion of Human Peripheral Blood  &amp;#947;&amp;#948; T Cells using Zoledronate

A method to expand &gamma;&delta; T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) is described. PBMC-derived &gamma;&delta; T cells are stimulated and expanded using zoledronate and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Large scale expansion of &gamma;&delta; T cells can be applied to autologous cellular immunotherapy of cancer.

Zoledronate를 사용하는 사람 말초혈의 확장 γδ T 세포

Human &gamma;&delta; T cells can recognize and respond to a wide variety of stress-induced antigens, thereby developing innate broad anti-tumor and ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Determining Optimal Cytotoxic Activity of Human Her2neu Specific CD8 T cells by Comparing the Cr51 Release Assay to the xCELLigence System

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host cells1. These cells express a specialized receptor, called the T cell receptor (TCR), which can recognize a specific antigenic peptide bound to HLA class I molecules2. Engagement of infected cells or tumor cells through their HLA class I molecule results in production of lytic molecules such as granzymes and perforin resulting in target cell death. While it is useful to determine frequencies of antigen-specific CD8 T cells using assays such as the ELIspot or flow cytometry, it is also helpful to ascertain the strength of CD8 T cell responses using cytotoxicity assays3. The most recognizable assay for assessing cytotoxic function is the Chromium Release Assay (CRA), which is considered a standard assay 4. The CRA has several limitations, including exposure of cells to gamma radiation, lack of reproducibility, and a requirement for large numbers of cells. Over the past decade, there has been interest in adopting new strategies to overcome these limitations. Newer approaches include those that measure caspase 
release 4, BLT esterase activity 5 and surface expression of CD107 6. The impedance-based assay, using the Roche xCelligence system, was examined in the present paper for its potential as an alternative to the CRA. Impedance or opposition to an electric current occurs when adherent tumor cells bind to electrode plates. Tumor cells detach following killing and electrical impedance is reduced which can be measured by the xCelligence system. The ability to adapt the impedance-based approach to assess cell-mediated killing rests on the observation that T cells do not adhere tightly to most surfaces and do not appear to have much impact on impedance thus diminishing any concern of direct interference of the T cells with the measurement. Results show that the impedance-based assay can detect changes in the levels of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8 T cells with increased sensitivity relative to the standard CRA. Based on these results, impedance-based approaches may be good alternatives to CRAs or other approaches that aim to measure cytotoxic CD8 T cell functionality.

The chromium release assay, a common assay for detecting cytotoxic T cell activity, has several limitations. Using antigen-specific CD8 T cells and the human breast cancer tumor line, SKBR3, in the present article, an impedance-based approach was examined for the capability of detecting cell killing.

xCELLigence 시스템으로 CR51 릴리스 분석을 비교하여 인간 Her2neu 특정한 CD8 T 세포의 최적 세포 독성 활동 결정

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells constitute a subgroup of T  cells that are capable of inducing the death of infected or malignant host  cells1. These cells express ...

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&amp;#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

기본 인적 나이브 및 메모리 T의 세포로부터 유도된 규제 T 세포의 생성

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

HIV-1 감염 CD4의 타고난 감지 평가<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;를 사용하여 형질 수지상 세포에 의한 T 세포<em&gt; 예 생체 내</em&gt; 공동 문화 시스템.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Identification of Novel Genes Associated with Alginate Production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Mini-himar1 Mariner Transposon-mediated Mutagenesis

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, environmental bacterium with versatile metabolic capabilities. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen which establishes chronic pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The overproduction of a capsular polysaccharide called alginate, also known as mucoidy, promotes the formation of mucoid biofilms which are more resistant than planktonic cells to antibiotic chemotherapy and host defenses. Additionally, the conversion from the nonmucoid to mucoid phenotype is a clinical marker for the onset of chronic infection in CF. Alginate overproduction by P. aeruginosa is an endergonic process which heavily taxes cellular energy. Therefore, alginate production is highly regulated in P. aeruginosa. To better understand alginate regulation, we describe a protocol using the mini-himar1 transposon mutagenesis for the identification of novel alginate regulators in a prototypic strain PAO1. The procedure consists of two basic steps. First, we transferred the mini-himar1 transposon (pFAC) from host E. coli SM10/&#955;pir into recipient P. aeruginosa PAO1 via biparental conjugation to create a high-density insertion mutant library, which were selected on Pseudomonas isolation agar plates supplemented with gentamycin. Secondly, we screened and isolated the mucoid colonies to map the insertion site through inverse PCR using DNA primers pointing outward from the gentamycin cassette and DNA sequencing. Using this protocol, we have identified two novel alginate regulators, mucE (PA4033) and kinB (PA5484), in strain PAO1 with a wild-type mucA encoding the anti-sigma factor MucA for the master alginate regulator AlgU (AlgT, &#963;22). This high-throughput mutagenesis protocol can be modified for the identification of other virulence-related genes causing change in colony morphology.

Identification of Novel Genes Associated with Alginate Production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using Mini-himar1 Mariner Transposon-mediated Mutagenesis

Here we describe a protocol using the mini-himar1 mariner transposon-mediated mutagenesis for generating a high-density insertion mutant library to screen, isolate and identify novel alginate regulators in the prototypic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1.

에 알긴산 생산과 관련된 새로운 유전자의 식별<em&gt; 녹농균</em&gt; 사용 미니<em&gt; himar1</em&gt; 마리너 트랜스포존 매개 돌연변이 유발

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative, environmental bacterium with versatile metabolic capabilities. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

말초 혈액에서 인간 Alloantigen 특정 T 세포의 생성

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.

The protocol describes a technique to study the ability of primary polyclonal human T cells to form synaptic interfaces using planar lipid bilayers. We use this technique to show the differential synapse formation capability of human primary T cells derived from lymph nodes and peripheral blood.

말 초 혈액 및 림프 조직에서 기본 인간 T 세포의 시 냅 스 인터페이스의 평가

The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of ...

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow

Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the surface of endothelial cells is mediated in blood flow via mechanosensitive proteins such as the Von Willebrand Factor (VWF). This glycoprotein changes its molecular conformation in response to shear stress, thereby exposing binding sites for a broad spectrum of host-ligand interactions. In general, culturing of primary endothelial cells under a defined shear flow is known to promote the specific cellular differentiation and the formation of a stable and tightly linked endothelial layer resembling the physiology of the inner lining of a blood vessel. Thus, the functional analysis of interactions between bacterial pathogens and the host vasculature involving mechanosensitive proteins requires the establishment of pump systems that can simulate the physiological flow forces known to affect the surface of vascular cells.
The microfluidic device used in this study enables a continuous and pulseless recirculation of fluids with a defined flow rate. The computer-controlled air-pressure pump system applies a defined shear stress on endothelial cell surfaces by generating a continuous, unidirectional, and controlled medium flow. Morphological changes of the cells and bacterial attachment can be microscopically monitored and quantified in the flow by using special channel slides that are designed for microscopic visualization. In contrast to static cell culture infection, which in general requires a sample fixation prior to immune labeling and microscopic analyses, the microfluidic slides enable both the fluorescence-based detection of proteins, bacteria, and cellular components after sample fixation; serial immunofluorescence staining; and direct fluorescence-based detection in real time. In combination with fluorescent bacteria and specific fluorescence-labeled antibodies, this infection procedure provides an efficient multiple component visualization system for a huge spectrum of scientific applications related to vascular processes.

This study describes the microscopic monitoring of pneumococcus adherence to von Willebrand factor strings produced on the surface of differentiated human primary endothelial cells under shear stress in defined flow conditions. This protocol can be extended to detailed visualization of specific cell structures and quantification of bacteria by applying differential immunostaining procedures.

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Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the surface of endothelial cells is mediated in blood flow via mechanosensitive proteins such as the Von ...

Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells

Adoptive cell therapies using chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in patients with hematological malignancies and are currently being investigated for various solid tumors. CAR-T cells are generated by removing T cells from a patient's blood and engineering them to express a synthetic immune receptor that redirects the T-cells to recognize and eliminate target tumor cells. Gene editing of CAR-T cells has the potential to improve safety of current CAR-T cell therapies and further increase the efficacy of CAR-T cells. Here, we describe methods for the activation, expansion, and characterization of human CRISPR-engineered CD19 directed CAR-T cells. This comprises transduction of the CAR lentiviral vector and use of single guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 endonuclease to target genes of interest in T cells. The methods described in this protocol can be universally applied to other CAR constructs and target genes beyond the ones used for this study. Furthermore, this protocol discusses strategies for gRNA design, lead gRNA selection and target gene knockout validation to reproducibly achieve high-efficiency, multiplex CRISPR-Cas9 engineering of clinical grade human T cells.

Here, we present a protocol for gene editing in primary human T cells using CRISPR Cas Technology to modify CAR-T cells.

인간 CRISPR-엔지니어링 CAR-T 셀 생산

Adoptive cell therapies using chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T cells) have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy in patients with ...

Real-time Monitoring of Mitochondrial Respiration in Cytokine-differentiated Human Primary T Cells

During activation, the metabolism of T cells adapts to changes that impact their fate. An increase in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is indispensable for T cell activation, and the survival of memory T cells is dependent on mitochondrial remodeling. Consequently, this affects the long-term clinical outcome of cancer immunotherapies. Changes in T cell quality are often studied by flow cytometry using well-known surface markers and not directly by their metabolic state. This is an optimized protocol for measuring real-time mitochondrial respiration of primary human T cells using an Extracellular Flux Analyzer and the cytokines IL-2 and IL-15, which differently affect T cell metabolism. It is shown that the metabolic state of T cells can clearly be distinguished by measuring the oxygen consumption when inhibiting key complexes in the metabolic pathway and that the accuracy of these measurements is highly dependent on optimal inhibitor concentration and inhibitor injection strategy. This standardized protocol will help implement mitochondrial respiration as a standard for T cell fitness in monitoring and studying cancer immunotherapies.

Metabolic adaptation is fundamental for T cells as it dictates differentiation, persistence, and cytotoxicity. Here, an optimized protocol for monitoring mitochondrial respiration in ex vivo cytokine-differentiated human primary T cells is presented.