This publication is a product resulting from NYSG project R/CHD-14 funded under award NA18OAR4170096 from the National Sea Grant College Program of the U.S. Department of Commerce&#8217;s National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, to the Research Foundation for State University of New York on behalf of New York Sea Grant. The statements, findings, conclusions, views and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of any of those organizations.

All methods used were approved by the Hofstra University Institutional Research Board (IRB). The VR video game developed was used to survey 64 individuals.
NOTE: Scripts were written in the C# language, and are available for download at: https://github.com/Jasebern/HofstraVR.
1. Creation of VR rip current video game: Virtual environment and user input/output
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	<li>Open VR development platform (e.g., Unity18). This procedure was complete...

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	<li>Rip Current Science. National Weather Service Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.weather.gov/safety/ripcurrent-science">https://www.weather.gov/safety/ripcurrent-science</a> (2020)</li><li>Moulton, M., Dusek, G., Elgar, S., Raubenheimer, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+rip+current+hazard+likelihood+forecasts+with+observed+rip+current+speeds.">Comparison of rip current hazard likelihood forecasts with observed rip current speeds.</a> Weather and Forecasting. 32 (4), 1659-1666 (2017).</li><li>Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics. National Weather Service Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.weather.gov/hazstat">https://www.weather.gov/hazstat</a> (2020)</li><li>Gensini, V. A., Ashley, W. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+examination+of+rip+current+fatalities+in+the+United+States.">An examination of rip current fatalities in the United States.</a> Natural Hazards. 54 (1), 159-175 (2010).</li><li>Houser, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Public+perceptions+of+a+rip+current+hazard+education+program:+"Break+the+Grip+of+the+Rip!".">Public perceptions of a rip current hazard education program: "Break the Grip of the Rip!".</a> Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 17 (7), 1003 (2017).</li><li>Doelp, M. B., Puleo, J. A., Cowan, P., Arford-Granholm, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delaware+coast+Delaware+surf+zone+injury+demographics.">Delaware coast Delaware surf zone injury demographics.</a> The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 36 (8), 1372-1379 (2018).</li><li>Castelle, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surf+zone+hazards+and+injuries+on+beaches+in+SW+France.">Surf zone hazards and injuries on beaches in SW France.</a> Natural Hazards. 93 (3), 1317-1335 (2018).</li><li>Brannstrom, C., Trimble, S., Santos, A., Brown, H. L., Houser, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perception+of+the+rip+current+hazard+on+Galveston+Island+and+North+Padre+Island,+Texas,+USA.">Perception of the rip current hazard on Galveston Island and North Padre Island, Texas, USA.</a> Natural Hazards. 72 (2), 1123-1138 (2014).</li><li>Caldwell, N., Houser, C., Meyer-Arendt, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ability+of+beach+users+to+identify+rip+currents+at+Pensacola+Beach,+Florida.">Ability of beach users to identify rip currents at Pensacola Beach, Florida.</a> Natural Hazards. 68 (20), 1041-1056 (2013).</li><li>Fallon, K., Lai, Q., Leatherman, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rip+current+literacy+of+beachgoers+at+Miami+Beach,+Florida.">Rip current literacy of beachgoers at Miami Beach, Florida.</a> Natural Hazards. 90 (2), 601-621 (2018).</li><li>Berg, L. P., Vance, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Industry+use+of+virtual+reality+in+product+design+and+manufacturing:+a+survey.">Industry use of virtual reality in product design and manufacturing: a survey.</a> Virtual Reality. 21 (1), 1-17 (2017).</li><li>Sundar, S. 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National Weather Service Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/safety/rip/rip_brochure_51419b.pdf">https://www.weather.gov/media/safety/rip/rip_brochure_51419b.pdf</a> (2019)</li><li>Rip Current Survival Guide transcript. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/ripcurrentfeature/">https://oceantoday.noaa.gov/ripcurrentfeature/</a> (2016)</li><li>McCarroll, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+swimmer-based+rip+current+escape+strategies.">Evaluation of swimmer-based rip current escape strategies.</a> Natural Hazards. 71 (3), 1821-1846 (2014).</li><li>. Unity User Manual Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/2Dor3D.html">https://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/2Dor3D.html</a> (2019)</li><li>. 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Preliminary analysis of the results from the follow-up survey demonstrates the VR rip current video game was generally effective in accurately portraying risk and demonstrating proper actions to take in an engaging and memorable way. Respondents to the Likert-scale questions indicated the VR simulation resulted in them feeling more prepared than not for a rip current and also that it was fairly immersive. Moreover, the results of choosing one of six brief statements clearly showed the video game was helpful given that ov...

Rip currents are &#8220;strong, narrow flows of water that extend away from the beach1.&#8221; Rip currents can commonly occur on any beach with breaking waves and can transport swimmers quickly away from shore. Hazardous rip currents can occur on seemingly &#8216;safe&#8217; beach days with wave heights of only 2 to 3 feet2, and thus can surprise swimmers as they are carried a considerable distance from shore. This puts swimmers at risk of panic, exhaustion, and even drowning. As a result, rip currents are one of the leading causes of weather fatalities in the United States. For example, in 2018, 71 deaths were attributed to rip currents, and for the 10-year period 2009-2018, an average of 58 individuals perished each year3. Rip currents are the leading hazard for beachgoers; in 2018, rip current deaths represented 65% of all &#8216;surf zone&#8217; fatalities in the United States. There seems to be some demographic control on rip current vulnerability, as one study found that men are over six times more likely than females to drown from rip currents than females4. Moreover, additional research found that infrequent beach users are more likely to make poorer beach safety choices5 and that non-locals are considerably more likely than locals to sustain injury in the surf zone6,7.
Nevertheless, despite their place among the deadliest weather hazards in the United States, rip currents are poorly understood by the public. A survey of 392 public beach users in Texas determined that only 13% could correctly identify a rip current from photographs presented to them8, while similar results were found in studies conducted in Pensacola Beach, Florida9 (15%) and Miami Beach, Florida10 (27%). More broadly, Houser et al (2017)5 performed an Internet-based survey with 1622 respondents across 49 of the 50 US states and found that 54% of the participants correctly reported an action to take when caught in a rip current. However, the self-selected nature of the survey sample dictated that only 10% of the sample was infrequent beach users, who are most vulnerable to rip currents and were shown in the survey to possess less knowledge of what to do in one.
It is clear that rip currents present a unique challenge, given that they are poorly understood by the public, can occur suddenly over small scales with minimal or no prior warning, and may result in death. Thus, new approaches are needed to address this public safety challenge. Immersive technology such as virtual reality (VR) provides an innovative approach to increase rip current literacy and encourage positive behavior upon impact. Prior research has indicated that VR and similar types of immersive media are highly effective at communicating information. VR is generally defined as an interactive experience taking place within a simulated environment that incorporates auditory and visual feedback, usually with the assistance of a headset. One recent study11 asserted that VR is a mature technology, well-suited to assist in the scientific inquiry process. Moreover, other recent research12 showed that when individuals read a New York Times story with a VR supplement, they were more likely to perceive the source as being credible, recall the information presented, share it with others, and feel an emotional connection, than those who read the article in traditional media, with just text and graphics. Additional studies13,14 concluded that immersive media promotes education by increasing engagement and real-world applicability of a topic. Most recently, researchers15 leveraged VR to simulate a Category 3 hurricane landfall and determined that survey respondents viewing the VR were significantly more likely to consider evacuation than those only viewing traditional text and graphic products. Despite its clear utility, no studies or initiatives have shown comprehensively how VR can be effectively applied to the unique challenge of training beach users to better locate and react to rip currents. The present work fills that research gap by first teaching individuals how to swim and wave in a virtual ocean environment and then evaluating how they react to the sudden and unwarned onset of a rip current. Participants were trained in both swimming and waving for help because each of those actions are regarded as valid responses when caught in a rip current16,17, with conditions particular to an individual rip often dictating which action might be most effective in facilitating escape18. We hypothesize that the realistic and memorable nature of a VR rip current simulation will allow participants to successfully take evasive action in the virtual game and then report that the experience enhanced their knowledge of rip current risk and mitigation.&#160;

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Dell 17.3&#34; Alienware 17 R5 Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Dell</td>
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			<td style="width:229px;">PC for virtual reality development</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Oculus Rift S</td>
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			<td>Virtual reality headset</td>
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developing a virtual reality video game to simulate rip currents

Beachgoers in the United States face many different hazards, but rip currents are annually the deadliest for ocean swimmers. Despite the risk presented by rip currents, it is apparent that the public has a limited understanding of their danger and the proper mitigating actions to take when caught in one. A virtual reality (VR) video game placing participants in a simulated rip current was developed to help ameliorate this issue. The VR game was used to survey beachgoers on the Atlantic Coast of Long Island, New York during July and August 2019. The actions participants took when confronted with the rip current were recorded, along with whether they escaped it or drowned. An interview with each player was also conducted after they partook in the game to determine the realism of the rip current simulation and its effectiveness in demonstrating proper actions to take when impacted by one. Analysis of those results indicates that VR has potential to communicate rip current risk and ways to minimize it in a unique and engaging manner. However, further work is needed to improve ease of use of the VR simulation and better understand how factors such as demographics influence perceived rip current risk and behavioral response.

The VR rip current video game survey was conducted in July and August 2019 on Long Island at the Town of Hempstead Beach in Point Lookout, New York (detailed results can be found in Supplementary Table 1-3). 64 individuals played the game and responded to the survey, with 60 escaping the rip current and 4 drowning (i.e., stamina reached zero). Among the 60 who escaped, 51 exited by waving for help, and 9 did so by physically swimming out of the rip. Given that most participants waved for help as a means ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents at JoVE.com

Developing a Virtual Reality Video Game to Simulate Rip Currents

Rip currents are among the deadliest meteorological hazards in the United States. In order to demonstrate the proper actions to take when caught in a rip current in a memorable and engaging way, a virtual reality video game is developed.

Beachgoers in the United States face many different hazards, but rip currents are annually the deadliest for ocean swimmers. Despite the risk presented by ...

This protocol is significant because rip currents are leading beach hazard. We are seeking to help better convey that risk using an innovative virtual reality video game. Because of its VR format, this technique will be more memorable and engaging for users than traditional text-based rip current literature.To create a rip current video game first open an appropriate virtual development platform. Select a new 3D project entitled rip current, in the program open the asset store tab which contain prefabs already created collections of 2 and 3D game objects and audio files developed by other users, that can be added to the project. To create the first new scene, right-click to select the user interface and canvas to add a new canvas entitled main menu with a text box, for the title VR simulation.To attach scripts written in the C sharp language to the game object, select main menu and add component add new script and enter the desired script title. Then select user interface and button to add the start, options, about, and quit buttons to the canvas. Using the appropriate function from the main menu and mouse hover scripts, when a button is selected.To create the buoy test scene, download the realistic water asset from the unity asset store and add the sea prefab to the scene. Add an audio file of ocean waves to the sea prefab on loop and download the standard assets package from the unity asset store. Add the player prefab, which includes a camera that is embedded within the player to the scene.The greatest sensation that the game participant is controlling the player and select assets, create, and animator controller to add an animation to the camera. Use the animator window to record an animation of the camera bobbing up and down and set the animation to loop continuously, to simulate a person keeping a float in the ocean. Download the VR Hands and First-Person Arms Pack from the unity asset store and add the first person character prefab as a child to the player, to allow the arms to move with the player and to bob up and down with the player camera.Download the Simple Buoy asset from unity asset store and add the buoy prefab to the scene as a child of the checkpoint. To duplicate the buoy prefab, right-click on the prefab and select duplicate. In the inspector tab for the checkpoint game object, select add component, physics and a box collider and select edit collider to draw the collider between the two buoys.Then add the checkmarks script to the checkpoint game object. The script will exit the scene once the player enters it and we'll transition to the next scene. To create the wave test scene add a simple wooden boat to the scene and download the Low Poly Animated People asset from the unity asset store.Add the kid prefab to the scene and duplicate the kid prefab to add the child to the boat prefab. Rename the game object, two boat with kids and place the kids onto each of the seats in the boat. Record an animation of the boat slowly circling around the water to emulate a rowboat slowly moving around and add an animator to the wave hand.Then record an animation of the arm and hand moving up and down to simulate a hand wave, and add the female animated script to the wave hand, to allow the game participant to control the hand wave using the oculus controllers. Based on the player motor two script, as soon as the participant sees the boat and waves the unity should transition to the rip current scene. To create the rip current scene, adjust the text in text canvas to read you are being pulled from shore and record an audio file reading that text.Add the audio file to text canvas and set the file to play at the start of the scene. As demonstrated create a new game object in the hierarchy named Rip Collider, and add a Box Collider. The player motor two script, we'll also simulate a rip current by constantly pulling the player perpendicular from shore.As demonstrated use the inspector tab to add the rip exit script and the rip collider game object. The script will record whether the player escapes the rip current. To survey individuals about the VR rip current video game, open the VR software and set up the hardware through the program.To administer the consent form and demographic questions on a separate iPad, allow the participant to proceed through the simulation. The participant should complete the main rip scene on their own. After completing the game, question the participant about their prior knowledge and experience with rip currents and the efficacy of the rip current simulation at demonstrating the proper actions to take in such a way that the participant feels comfortable answering without rushing.Then ask the participant to rate the realism and immersive nature of the game. This representative virtual reality rip current video game survey, was conducted in July and August 2019, on Long Island at the town of Hempstead beach in Point Lookout, New York. 64 individuals played the game and responded to the survey.Given that most participants waved for help as a means of escape from drowning, the amount of time taken in the simulation was skewed towards higher values. With a mean of 11.1 seconds, a median of 9.5 seconds and a standard deviation of 6.2 seconds. Conversely, the ending stamina was skewed toward lower values with a mean of 36.8, a median of 41.3, and a standard deviation of 15.3.After the game participants were provided with a set of six brief statements meant to capture their opinion of the virtual reality experience and asked with which they most agreed. Of the 58 participants who responded to the survey, 38 selected the statement that said the game helped them feel better prepared because it was realistic. 19 selected the statement that said it helped because it was scary, it made them feel worried.While only five participants selected statements that said the game did not help. Take care to make the virtual environment as relatable as possible by including realistic water, sounds, and rip currents. To better evaluate the efficacy of the virtual reality, expand the survey sample to a broader audience especially those who infrequently visit the beach.

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5.2K 次观看.  Hofstra University. 该协议意义重大，因为裂口电流导致海滩危险。我们正在寻求帮助更好地传达这种风险使用创新的虚拟现实视频游戏。由于其VR格式，这种技术将更令人难忘的和吸引用户比传统的基于文本的翻录当前文献。要创建翻录当前视频游戏，首先打开一个合适的虚拟开发平台。选择一个新的 3D 项目名为"翻录电流"，在程序中打开资产存储选项卡，其中包含已创建的 2 和 3D 游戏?...