CRM is a Damon Runyon-Genentech Clinical Investigator. This work was supported, in part, by grants to CRM from the Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation (CI-45-09), Department of Defense (W81XWH-09-2-0042), and University of North Carolina University Cancer Research Fund (UCRF). The authors wish to thank Daniel Roth for mouse husbandry assistance. The authors also wish to thank Hannah Chae, Carter McCormick, Demi Canoutas, Stephanie Gillette, and Susannah Krom for tissue culture and immunofluorescence assistance.

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Die wichtigsten Maßnahmen zur Gewährleistung der Ernte und Kultur der kortikalen Astrozyten 1) sicherzustellen, um den Kortex ohne Gewebe unterhalb des Balkens herauszuschneiden, 2), um die Hirnhaut zu entfernen, 3) vollständig zu dissoziieren, die Zellen, und 4), die für GFAP bereichern + Astrozyten. Obwohl wir verwendet mechanische (Zittern) und genetische (Einschränkung der genetischen Rekombination mit einem Ad5GFAPCre Vektor oder Nutzung einer beherrschenden Transformation Transgen (TgGZT 1...

Astrozytome sind die häufigsten primären Hirntumoren und Glioblastom (GBM), ein Astrozytom Grad IV, ist die häufigste und aggressive Subtyp mit einer medianen Überlebensrate von 12-15 Monaten 1,2. Invasion diffuse Astrozytome, insbesondere GBM, schließt die vollständige chirurgische Resektion, begrenzt die Wirksamkeit der adjuvanten und führt zwangsläufig zu Nachbehandlung Wiederholung 3. Patienten, die ursprünglich vorhanden entweder mit de novo (primären) GBM oder mit niedrigeren Astrozytomen, die unweigerlich fortschreitet, um (sekundär) 4 GBM. GBM ist genomisch heterogen und durch sich gegenseitig ausschließende und Co-vorkommende Mutationen in Genen, die drei Hauptsignalwege geregelt gekennzeichnet: der G 1 / S (Rb) Zellzyklus-Kontrollpunkt, Rezeptor-Tyrosinkinase (RTK) und TP53 Pfade 5-7. GBM besteht aus vier Subtypen mit unterschiedlichen genomischen Expressionsprofile, die verschiedenen Hirnzelltypen ähneln, was darauf hindeutet, dass GBM-Subtyp ist beeindurch seine Ursprungszelle 6,8,9 beeinflusst. Besser Astrozytom Modelle erforderlich sind, um die Rolle von spezifischen Kombinationen von Mutationen in bestimmten Zelltypen während Astrozytom Pathogenese definieren. Nutzt diese Modelle für effizientere präklinischen Arzneimittelentwicklung wird letztlich helfen, Patienten zu verbessern. Aktuelle Astrozytom Modelle zählen etablierte humane Zelllinien, Patienten abgeleitet Xenografts (PDX), gentechnisch veränderte normalen menschlichen Astrozyten und neuronalen Stammzellen (NSC), und gentechnisch veränderte Mäuse (GEM) 10-14. Wir entwickelten eine alternative, nicht-Keimbahn-GEM (Ngem) Modell 15 Nutzung von Primärgehirnzellen - kortikalen Astrozyten und NSC - von GEM beherbergen verschiedene Kombinationen von floxed onkogenen Allele geerntet. Das Ziel war, Astrozytom Modelle mit genetisch definierten Zellen, die phänotypisch sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo eingesetzt charakterisiert werden konnte und möglicherweise für die präklinische Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln in i erzeugenmmune kompetenten Mäusen. Etablierten humanen Zelllinien sind die am häufigsten verwendete Modell der Pathogenese Astrozytom und Drogenantwort in vitro und in vivo. Sie sind technisch unkompliziert, überall verfügbar und wurden Kinetik und Tumorbildung bei orthotopen xenografting in immundefizienten Mäusen 10,11,16-18 definiert . Ihre Nachteile sind die Unfähigkeit, etablierte Zelllinien von Low-grade-Astrozytome erzeugen, die Begrenzung Studie nur auf High-Astrozytome; Mangels einer definierten Ursprungszelle; die Anwesenheit von komplexer genomischer Anomalien, häufig mit genomischen Profile, die sich deutlich von der ursprünglichen Patientenprobe unterscheiden; und die Anfälligkeit für phänotypische und genotypische Drift während Serienkultur in Serum 11,17,19-22. Die phänotypische Folgen der einzelnen onkogenen Mutationen in etablierten humanen Zelllinien können GBM durch die Vielzahl von Anomalien, die tatsächlich vorhanden sind, die oft entgegensteht eluc maskiert werdendierung der direkten Genotyp-Phänotyp-Folgen. PDX durch subkutane Gang von Patienten isoliert Astrozytomzellen in immundefizienten Mäusen oder durch die Kultur als nichthaft Sphäroide in definierten, serumfreien Medium vor der orthotopen Injektion in das Gehirn von immundefizienten Mäusen 12,23 erzeugt. PDX genauer Aufrechterhaltung der genomischen Landschaft der menschlichen Astrozytomen, aber ähnlich etablierten humanen Zelllinien kann die phänotypische Wirkung einzelner onkogenen Mutationen aufgrund ihrer genomischen Komplexität 19,24 maskiert werden. Um die phänotypischen Auswirkungen von spezifischen Mutationen onkogenen insbesondere als Reaktion auf neue Therapien zu definieren, werden Platten aus etablierten humanen Zelllinien oder PDX häufig verwendet, um Genotyp-Phänotyp-Korrelationen zu etablieren, zeigen Generalisierbarkeit und die Wahrscheinlichkeit von Zelllinie spezifische Effekte zu minimieren. Während PDX genau rekapitulieren die histopathologische Kennzeichen der menschlichen Astrozytomen, incLuding Invasion orthotopen Xenografts von etablierten humanen Zelllinien in der Regel nicht 21,23,25. Zusätzlich normalen menschlichen Astrozyten und NSC wurden mit definierten onkogenen Mutationen gentechnisch zu Astrozytom Tumorgenese in vitro und in vivo 13,14,26 modellieren. Diesen Zellen fehlt die genomische Komplexität der etablierten humanen Zelllinien und PDX und Menschen Astrozytom Histopathologie genau rekapitulieren, erfordern aber xenografting in immundefizienten Nagern in vivo. Da alle menschlichen Zellmodelle erfordern immundefiziente Nager Hosts immunvermittelte Abstoßung von Xenotransplantaten zu verhindern, sind diese Modelle nicht den nativen Tumor-Stroma-Interaktionen einer syngenen System rekapitulieren und es fehlt ein intaktes Immunsystem Begrenzungs präklinischen Untersuchung von Stroma-bezogenen und immunmodulatorischen Therapien 10,11. GEM Genehmigung Untersuchung der phänotypischen Folgen der vorgegebenen Kombinationen von onkogenen mutagen in vivo während der Tumorgenese in situ. Während nicht-bedingten GEM Mutationen in allen Geweben während der Entwicklung haben bedingten GEM onkogenen Allele, die Targeting von Mutationen durch Beschränkung Cre-vermittelte Rekombination an spezifische Zelltypen durch die Verwendung von zelltypspezifischen Promotoren 10,11,15,18 ermöglichen floxed. Bedingte Astrozytom GEM wurden verwendet, um die funktionelle Rolle von onkogenen Mutationen in verschiedenen Zelltypen in einer intakten Gehirn 11 zu erläutern. Das präklinische Nützlichkeit in situ gliomagenesis mit bedingtem GEM wird durch eine Anzahl von Faktoren, einschließlich 1) das Fehlen eines in vitro-Korrelat, 2) Schwierigkeiten bei der Erzeugung von großen Kohorten von Mäusen mit komplexen Genotypen, 3) mit langer Latenzzeit von in situ Tumorentwicklung limitiert , 4) und stochastische Tumorprogression. Da in situ Tumorentstehung fehlt eine entsprechende in-vitro-Modell, können Drogentests in vitro nicht w durchgeführt werdenit herkömmlichen bedingten GEM-Modelle. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Krebsarten, sind bedingte GEM-Modelle von Astrozytomen selten von einzelnen onkogenen Mutationen 11 induziert. So werden komplexe Systeme benötigt, um Zucht bedingte GEM mit mehreren onkogenen Mutationen zu erzeugen. Darüber hinaus tritt Astrozytom Initiierung mit variabler Penetranz nach einer langen Latenzzeit in diesen Modellen, während das Fortschreiten zu hohen Astrozytomen erfolgt in der Regel in einer nicht gleichmäßigen, stochastische Weise und führt zu Tumoren mit komplexen genomischen Landschaften und das schnelle Wachstum Kinetik 27 letztlich 28. Die variable Penetranz und stochastische Natur der malignen Progression in bedingten GEM Modelle erfordert, dass einzelne Mäuse durch Röntgenaufnahmen untersucht, um das Vorhandensein und die Lage von hochwertigen Astrozytome vor ihrer Einschreibung in präklinischen Studien nachzuweisen. Zusammengenommen sind diese Einschränkungen behindern die Erzeugung und Prüfung der großen Kohorten von bedingten GEM für PR erforderlicheClinical Drogentests. Die RCAS-TVA GEM-System, das Vogelgrippe retroviralen (RCAS)-Vektoren verwendet, um GEM entwickelt, um die viralen Rezeptor (TVA) auf bestimmten neuronalen Zelltypen infizieren auszudrücken, wurde ausgiebig genutzt, um die Tumorgenese Astrozytom 11 zu modellieren. Im Gegensatz zu bedingten GEM, ermöglicht dieses Modell die Systemeinführung von mehreren onkogenen Mutationen in bestimmten Zelltypen ohne das Erfordernis für komplexe Systeme Zucht. Es wird jedoch durch variable Penetranz der Anforderung aktiv teilenden Zellen, die virale Integration zu erreichen, und die zufällige Insertion von Transgenen in das Wirtsgenom 29 begrenzt. Nicht-Keimbahn-GEM (Ngem) Modelle, die Zellen von GEM geerntet zu nutzen, werden immer wichtiger, weil sie zu überwinden viele der Einschränkungen von anderen Modellsystemen 15. Die Rolle der Einleitung Zelltyp und Co-auftretende Mutationen in Astrozytom Pathogenese sind schwer davon abhaltenMine verwendet etablierten humanen Zelllinien oder GBM PDX, weil sie aus im Endstadium Tumoren, die umfangreichen genetischen Mutationen in undefinierten Zelltypen während des Verlaufs der malignen Progression angesammelt haben, abgeleitet. Im Gegensatz dazu können alle Sorten von Astrozytomen mit Ngem durch Induzieren definierten genetischen Mutationen in spezifischen gereinigten Gehirnzelltypen 11,30 modelliert werden. Somit kann der Einfluss der spezifischen genetischen Mutationen und Zelltyp auf zelluläre und molekulare Phänotypen in vitro und in vivo bestimmt werden. Ähnlich etablierten humanen GBM-Zelllinien, können erste in-vitro-Wirkstoffprüfung mit Ngem verwendet werden, um Medikamente für in vivo-Tests unter Verwendung der gleichen Zellen zu priorisieren. Tumorentstehung in vivo kann dann durch Allotransplantation Ngem Zellen orthotopisch in die Gehirne von immunkompetenten syngenen Wurf 30 bestimmt werden. Diese orthotopen Allograft-Modelle in-vivo-Tests nicht nur von konventionellen zytotoxischen eine Genehmigung dahernd zielgerichtete Therapien, aber immunmodulatorischen und Stroma-zielgerichtete Therapien auch. Schließlich kann die Rolle der Mikroumgebung auf Tumor Initiation und Progression durch den Vergleich der Ergebnisse zwischen Ngem und GEM herkömmlichen Modellen unter Verwendung der gleichen Mutationen in den gleichen Zelltypen bestimmt werden. Wir und andere haben Astrozytom Ngem entwickelt unter Verwendung von primären Zellen - Astrozyten, NSC oder Oligodendrozyten-Vorläuferzellen (OPC) - von GEM 30-34 geerntet. Der Grund für die Entwicklung von einem Astrozytom Ngem war es, ein Modell, um die phänotypischen Folgen von onkogenen Mutationen in spezifischen Zelltypen, die möglicherweise für präklinischen Tests in vitro und in vivo in immunkompetenten Tieren verwendet werden könnte, zu bestimmen, zu erstellen. Wir ernteten phänotypisch WT kortikalen Astrozyten und NSC aus Nicht-Cre exprimieren, bedingte GEM auf einem&gt; 94% C57 / Bl6 Hintergrund mit floxed RB Weg gepflegt - Rb1 loxP / loxP oder TgGZT121 - und floxed RTK / RAS / PI3K-Weg - Nf1 loxP / loxP, Kras G12D, Pten loxP / loxP - Gene in verschiedenen Kombinationen 35-39. Wir induzierte genetische Rekombination in vitro unter Verwendung von adenoviralen Vektoren, die Cre-Rekombinase codiert. Da kortikalen Astrozyten Ernten ein Gemisch von Zelltypen, verwendeten wir Ad5GFAPCre Vektoren oder dominant onkogenen Transgene, wie TgGZT 121 von der menschlichen GFAP-Promotor angetrieben wird, um für GFAP + kortikalen Astrozyten in diesen Kulturen zu bereichern. Wir definierten die phänotypischen Auswirkungen der G 1 / S (Rb), MAPK und PI3K Mutationen in kortikalen Astrozyten und NSC in vitro und in vivo. MAPK und PI3K-Weg-Aktiv G1 / S-defekt Astrozyten molekular nachgeahmten menschlichen proneurale GBM und auf orthotope Injektion gebildet Tumoren in einer vordefinierten Stelle mit einheitlichen Wachstumskinetik, kurze Latenzzeiten und der histopathologischenal Markenzeichen der menschlichen GBM 30. Längs Überwachung von Tumorwachstum in vivo unterstützt präklinischen Drogentests durch Normalisierung der Behandlung Kohorten und quantitative Analyse von Tumorwachstum in Reaktion auf die Behandlung 40. Wir bestimmten Tumorwachstum Kinetik durch Längs Biolumineszenz-Bildgebung von Mäusen mit Luciferase kortikalen Astrozyten injiziert. Daher kortikalen Astrozyten und NSC aus bedingtem GEM abgeleitet eine gefügig Modellsystem für die Definition der funktionellen Konsequenzen Astrozytom-assoziierte Mutationen und einem potenziellen Modellsystem für die präklinische Wirkstoffentwicklung.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="784">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:241px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:241px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) (1X)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11995065</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">DMEM can also be purchased from other suppliers including GIBCOSigma and Cellgro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, Regular</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Cellgro</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35-010-CV</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Sharp-Pointed Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">08-395</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Cartilage Thumb Forceps, Curved</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1631</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Miltex 17-301 Style 1 Jeweler Style Forceps, Fine, 4</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Miltex</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-301</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Ethanol (200 proof)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Decon Labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2710</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Razor Blades</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">55411-050</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (1X), liquid</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14175-095</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:241px;">TrypLE Express (1X), Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12605-010</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Other Trypsin solutions are also suitable for cortical astrocyte havest and culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">CULTURE DISH, 60 x 15 mm</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9380H77</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">15 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352096</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">50 ml tubes</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:241px;">Adenovirus stock</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Gene Transfer Vector Core, U. Iowa</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ad5CMVCre</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Store in 5 &#181;l aliquots at -80 C. Hazardous.&#160; Use Bsl2 safetyy&#160; precautions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:241px;">Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">238597</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:241px;">Potassium sulfate (K2SO4)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">221325</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:241px;">Magnesium chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8266</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:241px;">Calcium chloride (CaCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">746495</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">HEPES potassium salt</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H0527</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">D-(+)- Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G8270&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3532</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5881</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Papain</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Worthington</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LS003127</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">L-Cysteine-HCl</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C1276</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Syringe filter (0.22 &#181;m pore size)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLGP033NS</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:241px;">Neurocult proliferation kit, mouse</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5702</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">This kit contains the NeuroCult NSC Basal Medium and NeuroCult NSC supplement needed for NSC culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">0.2% Heparin solution</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7980</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">EGF&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PMG8041</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">bFGF&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PHG0261</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Hanks&#39; Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14185-052</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:241px;">Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7506</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:241px;">Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5761</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">E-64</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E3132</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Make 10 mM stock in DMSO, store at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">6-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-200-83</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Cell strainer (40 &#181;m pore size)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">352340</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Stem cell dissociation solution</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5707</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">Alternatively, use gentle enzyme solutions such as Accutase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Methyl cellulose 15 cP</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M7027</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle&#39;s Media 2X</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SLM-202-B</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For making 5% methyl cellulose solution</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">1.7mL Snap Cap Microcentrifuge Tube</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">3620</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Hamilton syringe, 250 &#181;l LT no needle</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-815-92</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">PB600-1 Antigen Dispenser</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Disposable 18 ga needles&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">27 ga 1/2&#34; luer tip needle</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14-826-48</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">2,2,2-Tribromoethanol (Avertin)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T48402</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Betadine</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NC9386574</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Puralube Opthalmic Ointment</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">&#160;Model 900 Stereotaxic frame</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">VETBOND</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Lidocaine&#160;</td>
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			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:241px;">CellTiter 96 AQueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay (MTS)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G3580</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">Anti-Sox2</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AB5603</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">Polyclonal Rabbit Anti-Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP)</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Dako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Z0334&#160;</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">IVIS Kinetic</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For in vivo imaging</td>
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			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:241px;">D-Luciferin - K+ Salt Bioluminescent Substrate</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">122796</td>
			<td style="width:233px;">For in vivo bioluminescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:241px;">EdU Imaging Kit</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C10340</td>
			<td style="width:233px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:241px;">MSCV Luciferase PGK-hygro</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18782</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo using cortical astrocytes or neural stem cells from conditional, genetically engineered mice

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.

Wir entwickelten ein Modellsystem mit Ngem kortikalen Astrozyten und NSC von Neugeborenen GEM Beherbergung geerntet floxed bedingten onkogenen Allele, die phänotypisch in vitro und in vivo charakterisiert werden können (Abbildung 1). Um die Folgen von onkogenen Mutationen insbesondere in kortikalen Astrozyten in vitro zu untersuchen, ist es wichtig, zunächst anreichern Astrozyten. Kortikalen Astrozyten Ernten enthalten eine Mischung von Mikrogliazellen, Astrozyten, Oligoden...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice at JoVE.co

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

Modellierung Astrozytom Pathogenese<em&gt; In-vitro-</em&gt; Und<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; Verwenden kortikale Astrozyten oder neuralen Stammzellen aus dem Bedingten, gentechnisch veränderte Mäuse

Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease ...

modeling-astrocytoma-pathogenesis-vitro-vivo-using-cortical

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

13.3K Aufrufe.  University of North Carolina School of Medicine. Phenotypically wild-type astrocytes and neural stem cells harvested from mice engineered with floxed, conditional oncogenic alleles and transformed via viral Cre-mediated recombination can be used to model astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo by orthotopic injection of transformed cells into brains of syngeneic, immune-competent littermates.

Serie: Modeling Astrocytoma Pathogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo Using Cortical Astrocytes or Neural Stem Cells from Conditional, Genetically Engineered Mice

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ultimately give rise to intermediate progenitors and later, the various neuronal and glial cell subtypes that form the cerebral cortex. The capacity to generate and expand human NSCs (so called neurospheres) from discarded normal fetal tissue provides a means with which to directly study the functional aspects of normal human NSC development 1-5. This approach can also be directed toward the generation of NSCs from known neurological disorders, thereby affording the opportunity to identify disease processes that alter progenitor proliferation, migration and differentiation 6-9. We have focused on identifying pathological mechanisms in human Down syndrome NSCs that might contribute to the accelerated Alzheimer's disease phenotype 10,11. Neither in vivo nor in vitro mouse models can replicate the identical repertoire of genes located on human chromosome 21. 
Here we use a simple and reliable method to isolate Down syndrome NSCs from aborted human fetal cortices and grow them in culture. The methodology provides specific aspects of harvesting the tissue, dissection with limited anatomical landmarks, cell sorting, plating and passaging of human NSCs. We also provide some basic protocols for inducing differentiation of human NSCs into more selective cell subtypes.

A simple and reliable method on isolation and culture of neural stem cells from discarded human fetal cortical tissue is described. Cultures derived from known human neurological disorders can be used for characterization of pathological cellular and molecular processes, as well as provide a platform to assess pharmacological efficacy.

Generierung von neuralen Stammzellen aus menschlichen Föten Ausrangierte Rindengewebe

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Forschung

Neurowissenschaften

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers. 
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic and modulate SD immune signaling.

Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are immense healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro using spreading depression in hippocampal slice cultures, as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets.

Modeling Neural Immune Signalisierung von episodischen und chronischen Migräne mit Spreading Depression In Vitro</em

Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options.  We seek to define how neural immune ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

Funktionelle Bildgebung mit Ultraschall-Blut-Hirnschranke Störung und Mangan-MRT

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for tissue formation during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis during adulthood 1. Currently, great efforts are invested towards controlling the switch of somatic stem cells from expansion to differentiation because this is thought to be fundamental for developing novel strategies for regenerative medicine 1,2. However, a major challenge in the study and use of somatic stem cell is that their expansion has been proven very difficult to control.
Here we describe a system that allows the control of neural stem/progenitor cell (altogether referred to as NSC) expansion in the mouse embryonic cortex or the adult hippocampus by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, a major regulator of the G1 phase of the cell cycle and somatic stem cell differentiation 3,4. Specifically, two different approaches are described by which the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex is overexpressed in NSC in vivo. By the first approach, overexpression of the cell cycle regulators is obtained by injecting plasmids encoding for cdk4/cyclinD1 in the lumen of the mouse telencephalon followed by in utero electroporation to deliver them to NSC of the lateral cortex, thus, triggering episomal expression of the transgenes 5-8. By the second approach, highly concentrated HIV-derived viruses are stereotaxically injected in the dentate gyrus of the adult mouse hippocampus, thus, triggering constitutive expression of the cell cycle regulators after integration of the viral construct in the genome of infected cells 9. Both approaches, whose basic principles were already described by other video protocols 10-14, were here optimized to i) reduce tissue damage, ii) target wide portions of very specific brain regions, iii) obtain high numbers of manipulated cells within each region, and iv) trigger high expression levels of the transgenes within each cell. Transient overexpression of the transgenes using the two approaches is obtained by different means i.e. by natural dilution of the electroporated plasmids due to cell division or tamoxifen administration in Cre-expressing NSC infected with viruses carrying cdk4/cyclinD1 flanked by loxP sites, respectively 9,15.
These methods provide a very powerful platform to acutely and tissue-specifically manipulate the expression of any gene in the mouse brain. In particular, by manipulating the expression of the cdk4/cyclinD1 complex, our system allows the temporal control of NSC expansion and their switch to differentiation, thus, ultimately increasing the number of neurons generated in the mammalian brain. Our approach may be critically important for basic research and using somatic stem cells for therapy of the mammalian central nervous system while providing a better understanding of i) stem cell contribution to tissue formation during development, ii) tissue homeostasis during adulthood, iii) the role of adult neurogenesis in cognitive functions, and perhaps, iv) better using somatic stem cells in models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Expansion of Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cells by In Utero Electroporation or Viral Stereotaxic Injection

Controlling the expansion of somatic stem cells is a major factor hampering their study and use in therapy. Here we describe a system to temporally control neural stem cells expansion during development and adulthood, which can be used to increase the number of neurons generated in the mouse brain.

Erweiterung der embryonalen und adulten neuralen Stammzellen<em&gt; In Utero</em&gt; Elektroporation oder Viral stereotaktische Injektion

Somatic stem cells can divide to generate additional stem cells (expansion) or more differentiated cell types (differentiation), which is fundamental for ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migrates throughout the embryo, giving rise to diverse cell types 1-3. NC also has the unique ability to influence the differentiation and maturation of target organs4-6. When explanted in vitro, NC progenitors undergo self-renewal, migrate and differentiate into a variety of tissue types including neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, cartilage and bone. 
NC multipotency was first described from explants of the avian neural tube7-9. In vitro isolation of NC cells facilitates the study of NC dynamics including proliferation, migration, and multipotency. Further work in the avian and rat systems demonstrated that explanted NC cells retain their NC potential when transplanted back into the embryo10-13. Because these inherent cellular properties are preserved in explanted NC progenitors, the neural tube explant assay provides an attractive option for studying the NC in vitro. 
To attain a better understanding of the mammalian NC, many methods have been employed to isolate NC populations. NC-derived progenitors can be cultured from post-migratory locations in both the embryo and adult to study the dynamics of post-migratory NC progenitors11,14-20, however isolation of NC progenitors as they emigrate from the neural tube provides optimal preservation of NC cell potential and migratory properties13,21,22. Some protocols employ fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to isolate a NC population enriched for particular progenitors11,13,14,17. However, when starting with early stage embryos, cell numbers adequate for analyses are difficult to obtain with FACS, complicating the isolation of early NC populations from individual embryos. Here, we describe an approach that does not rely on FACS and results in an approximately 96% pure NC population based on a Wnt1-Cre activated lineage reporter23. 
The method presented here is adapted from protocols optimized for the culture of rat NC11,13. The advantages of this protocol compared to previous methods are that 1) the cells are not grown on a feeder layer, 2) FACS is not required to obtain a relatively pure NC population, 3) premigratory NC cells are isolated and 4) results are easily quantified. Furthermore, this protocol can be used for isolation of NC from any mutant mouse model, facilitating the study of NC characteristics with different genetic manipulations. The limitation of this approach is that the NC is removed from the context of the embryo, which is known to influence the survival, migration and differentiation of the NC2,24-28.

Isolation of embryonic neural crest from the neural tube facilitates the use of in vitro methods for studying migration, self-renewal, and multipotency of neural crest.

Isolierung und Kultivierung von Zellen der Neuralleiste aus embryonalen murinen Neuralrohr

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety of brain disorders1,2. To better understand the mechanisms by which brain circuits react to an animal's experience requires the ability to monitor the experience-dependent molecular changes in a given set of neurons, over a prolonged period of time, in the live animal. While experience and associated neural activity is known to trigger gene expression changes in neurons1,2, most of the methods to detect such changes do not allow repeated observation of the same neurons over multiple days or do not have sufficient resolution to observe individual neurons3,4. Here, we describe a method that combines in vivo two-photon microscopy with a genetically encoded fluorescent reporter to track experience-dependent gene expression changes in individual cortical neurons over the course of day-to-day experience. 
One of the well-established experience-dependent genes is Activity-regulated cytoskeletal associated protein (Arc)5,6. The transcription of Arc is rapidly and highly induced by intensified neuronal activity3, and its protein product regulates the endocytosis of glutamate receptors and long-term synaptic plasticity7. The expression of Arc has been widely used as a molecular marker to map neuronal circuits involved in specific behaviors3. In most of those studies, Arc expression was detected by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry in fixed brain sections. Although those methods revealed that the expression of Arc was localized to a subset of excitatory neurons after behavioral experience, how the cellular patterns of Arc expression might change with multiple episodes of repeated or distinctive experiences over days was not investigated. 
In vivo two-photon microscopy offers a powerful way to examine experience-dependent cellular changes in the living brain8,9. To enable the examination of Arc expression in live neurons by two-photon microscopy, we previously generated a knock-in mouse line in which a GFP reporter is placed under the control of the endogenous Arc promoter10. This protocol describes the surgical preparations and imaging procedures for tracking experience-dependent Arc-GFP expression patterns in neuronal ensembles in the live animal. In this method, chronic cranial windows were first implanted in Arc-GFP mice over the cortical regions of interest. Those animals were then repeatedly imaged by two-photon microscopy after desired behavioral paradigms over the course of several days. This method may be generally applicable to animals carrying other fluorescent reporters of experience-dependent molecular changes4.

In Vivo Two-photon Imaging Of Experience-dependent Molecular Changes In Cortical Neurons

Experience-dependent molecular changes in neurons are essential for the brain's ability to adapt in response to behavioral challenges. An in vivo two-photon imaging method is described here that allows the tracking of such molecular changes in individual cortical neurons through genetically encoded reporters.

In Vivo Zwei-Photonen-Imaging Of Experience-abhängigen molekularen Veränderungen in kortikalen Neuronen

The brain's ability to change in response to experience is essential for healthy brain function, and abnormalities in this process contribute to a variety ...

Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators

Astrocytes display spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ concentration fluctuations ([Ca2+]i) and in several settings respond to neuronal excitation with enhanced [Ca2+]i signals. It has been proposed that astrocytes in turn regulate neurons and blood vessels through calcium-dependent mechanisms, such as the release of signaling molecules. However, [Ca2+]i imaging in entire astrocytes has only recently become feasible with genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs) such as the GCaMP series. The use of GECIs in astrocytes now provides opportunities to study astrocyte [Ca2+]i signals in detail within model microcircuits such as the striatum, which is the largest nucleus of the basal ganglia. In the present report, detailed surgical methods to express GECIs in astrocytes in vivo, and confocal imaging approaches to record [Ca2+]i signals in striatal astrocytes in situ, are described. We highlight precautions, necessary controls and tests to determine if GECI expression is selective for astrocytes and to evaluate signs of overt astrocyte reactivity. We also describe brain slice and imaging conditions in detail that permit reliable [Ca2+]i imaging in striatal astrocytes in situ. The use of these approaches revealed the entire territories of single striatal astrocytes and spontaneous [Ca2+]i signals within their somata, branches and branchlets. The further use and expansion of these approaches in the striatum will allow for the detailed study of astrocyte [Ca2+]i signals in the striatal microcircuitry.

Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators

The properties and functions of astrocyte intracellular Ca2+ signals in the striatum remain incompletely explored. We describe methods to express genetically encoded calcium indicators in striatal astrocytes using adeno-associated viruses of serotype 2/5 (AAV2/5), as well as procedures to reliably image Ca2+ signals within striatal astrocytes in situ.

Abbildungsintrazellulären Ca<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt; Signale in Striatal Astrozyten von erwachsenen Mäusen mit gentechnisch-kodierte Kalzium Indikatoren

Astrocytes display spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ concentration fluctuations ([Ca2+]i) and in several settings respond to neuronal excitation with ...

The Detection of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Neural Stem Cells and Brains of Mice

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic mechanisms have been intensively studied. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine displays dynamic features during embryonic and postnatal development of the brain, plays a regulatory function in gene expression, and is involved in multiple neurological disorders. Here, we describe the detailed methods including immunofluorescence staining and&#160;DNA dot-blot to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cultured cells and brain tissues of mouse.

Here, we present a protocol to detect 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in cells and brain tissues, utilizing immunofluorescence staining and DNA dot-blot methods.

Der Nachweis von 5-Hydroxymethylcytosin in neuralen Stammzellen und Gehirnen von Mäusen

Multiple&#160;DNA modifications have been identified in the mammalian genome. Of that, 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated epigenetic ...

Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro

The neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is a potential tool for elucidating the key mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and potentially aid in regenerative medicine. Here, we established an efficient and low cost method for neuronal differentiation from mESCs in vitro, using the strategy of combinatorial screening. Under the conditions defined here, the 2-day embryoid body formation + 6-day retinoic acid induction protocol permits fast and efficient differentiation from mESCs into neural precursor cells (NPCs), as seen by the formation of well-stacked and neurite-like A2lox and 129 derivatives that are Nestin positive. The healthy state of embryoid bodies and the timepoint at which retinoic acid (RA) is applied, as well as the RA concentrations, are critical in the process. In the subsequent differentiation from NPCs into neurons, N2B27 medium II (supplemented by Neurobasal medium) could better support the long term maintenance and maturation of neuronal cells. The presented method is highly efficiency, low cost and easy to operate, and can be a powerful tool for neurobiology and developmental biology research.

Here, we established a low cost and easy to operate method that directs fast and efficient differentiation from embryonic stem cells into neurons. This method is suitable for popularization among laboratories and can be a useful tool for neurological research.

Neuronale Differenzierung von Maus embryonalen Stammzellen In vitro

The neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is a potential tool for elucidating the key mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and ...

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes

Research on neurological disorders focuses primarily on the impact of neurons on disease mechanisms. Limited availability of animal models severely impacts the study of cell type specific contributions to disease. Moreover, animal models usually do not reflect variability in mutations and disease courses seen in human patients. Reprogramming methods for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have revolutionized patient specific research and created valuable tools for studying disease mechanisms. However, iPSC technology has disadvantages such as time, labor commitment, clonal selectivity and loss of epigenetic markers. Recent modifications of these methods allow more direct generation of cell lineages or specific cell types, bypassing clonal isolation or a pluripotent stem cell state. We have developed a rapid direct conversion method to generate induced Neuronal Progenitor Cells (iNPCs) from skin fibroblasts utilizing retroviral vectors in combination with neuralizing media. The iNPCs can be differentiated into neurons (iNs) oligodendrocytes (iOs) and astrocytes (iAs). iAs production facilitates rapid drug and disease mechanism testing as differentiation from iNPCs only takes 5 days. Moreover, iAs are easy to work with and are generated in pure populations at large numbers. We developed a highly reproducible co-culture assay using mouse GFP+ neurons and patient derived iAs to evaluate potential therapeutic strategies for numerous neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. Importantly, the iA assays are scalable to 384-well format facilitating the evaluation of multiple small molecules in one plate. This approach allows simultaneous therapeutic evaluation of multiple patient cell lines with diverse genetic background. Easy production and storage of iAs and capacity to screen multiple compounds in one assay renders this methodology adaptable for personalized medicine.

We describe a protocol to reprogram human skin-derived fibroblasts into induced Neuronal Progenitor Cells (iNPCs), and their subsequent differentiation into induced Astrocytes (iAs). This method leads to fast and reproducible generation of iNPCs and iAs in large quantities.

In-vitro-Modellierung für neurologische Erkrankungen mit direkter Konvertierung von Fibroblasten in neuronale Progenitorzellen und Differenzierung in Astrozyten

Research on neurological disorders focuses primarily on the impact of neurons on disease mechanisms. Limited availability of animal models severely ...