VJ und HS bestätigen Unterstützung von NIH R01 GM094246 bis VJ. HS erkennt Start-up-Fonds aus dem Clemson University Creative Anfrage-Programm und dem Zentrum für Optische Materialien Wissenschaft und Technik Technologien an der Clemson University. Dieses Projekt wurde auch von einem Ausbildungsstipendium des Keck-Zentrums für interdisziplinäre Bioscience Training der Golfküstenkonsortien (NIGMS Grant Nr. 1 T32GM089657-05) und der Schissler Stiftungsstipendium für Translationsstudien allgemeiner menschlicher Krankheiten an DD unterstützt. Der Inhalt liegt allein in der Verantwortung der Autoren und stellt nicht unbedingt die offiziellen Ansichten der National Institutes of Health dar.

Alle Autoren erklären, dass sie keine konkurrierenden finanziellen Interessen mit dem Inhalt dieses Artikels haben.

In dieser Arbeit wird das Protokoll zur Ausrichtung, Kalibrierung und Messung von Interdye-Abständen mit hoher Präzision unter Verwendung von PIE-MFD-Einzelmolekül-FRET-Experimenten vorgestellt. Durch sorgfältige Kalibrierung aller Instrumentalparameter kann man die Genauigkeit der gemessenen Distanzen erhöhen und die Angstrom-Genauigkeit erreichen. Dazu werden verschiedene multidimensionale Histogramme verwendet, um Populationen zur weiteren Charakterisierung zu analysieren und zu identifizieren. Unter Verwendung ...

Ein wesentliches Ziel der strukturellen Biologie ist es, die Beziehung zwischen Struktur und Funktion von biomolekularen Maschinen zu entschlüsseln. Der erste visuelle Eindruck von Biomolekülen ( zB Proteine ​​und Nukleinsäuren) trat in den 1950er Jahren durch die Entwicklung der Röntgenkristallographie 1 , 2 auf . Die Röntgenkristallographie liefert hochauflösende, statische Strukturinformationen, die durch die Kristallpackung eingeschränkt werden. Daher scheut die inhärente Unbeweglichkeit von Röntgenstrukturmodellen die dynamische Natur von Biomolekülen, ein Faktor, der die meisten biologischen Funktionen 3 , 4 , 5 beeinflusst. Kernmagnetische Resonanz (NMR) 6 , 7 , 8 lieferte eine alternative Lösung für das Problem durch die Lösung von Strukturmodellen in wässrigen Lösungen. Ein großer VorteilVon NMR ist seine Fähigkeit, die intrinsische Dynamik von Biomolekülen und Konformationsensembles wiederherzustellen, was hilft, die intrinsischen Beziehungen zwischen Struktur, Dynamik und Funktion 3 , 4 , 5 zu klären. Trotzdem erfordert NMR, begrenzt durch Stichprobengröße und große Probenmengen, komplexe Etikettierungsstrategien für größere Systeme. Daher besteht ein dringender Bedarf, alternative Methoden in der Strukturbiologie zu entwickeln. Historisch gesehen hat die Förster-Resonanz-Energieübertragung (FRET) 9 in der Strukturbiologie keine wichtige Rolle gehabt, weil das FRÜSSE, dass FRET mit einer geringen Genauigkeitsmessung ausgestattet ist. Es ist der Zweck dieses Protokolls, die Fähigkeit von FRET zu überprüfen, um Entfernungen auf der Nanometer-Skala zu bestimmen, so dass diese Abstände für den Aufbau von Strukturmodellen von Biomolekülen verwendet werden können. Die erste experimentelle VerifikationDie Abweichung von der R - 6 - Abhängigkeit von der FRET - Effizienz wurde von Stryer im Jahre 1967 10 durch Messung von Polyprolinen verschiedener Längen als &quot;spektroskopisches Lineal&quot; durchgeführt. Ein ähnliches Experiment wurde auf der Einzelmolekül-Ebene im Jahr 2005 erreicht 11 . Polyprolin-Moleküle erwiesen sich als nicht-ideal, und so wurden doppelsträngige DNA-Moleküle später verwendet 12 . Dies öffnete das Fenster für präzise Abstandsmessungen und die Idee, FRET zu verwenden, um strukturelle Eigenschaften von Biomolekülen zu identifizieren. FRET ist optimal, wenn der Interdye-Distanzbereich von ~ 0.6-1.3 R 0 liegt , wobei R 0 der Förster-Abstand ist. Für typische Fluorophore, die in Einzelmolekül-FRET-Experimenten verwendet werden, beträgt R &amp; sub0 ; ~ 50 Å. Typischerweise bietet FRET viele Vorteile gegenüber anderen Methoden in seiner Fähigkeit, die Strukturen und Dynamiken zu lösen und zu differenzierenHeterogene Systeme: (i) Aufgrund der ultimativen Empfindlichkeit der Fluoreszenz können einzelne Molekül-FRET-Experimente 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 heterogene Ensembles durch direktes Zählen und gleichzeitiges Charakterisieren der Strukturen ihrer einzelnen Mitglieder lösen. (Ii) Komplexe Reaktionswege können in Einzelmolekül-FRET-Studien direkt entschlüsselt werden, da keine Synchronisation eines Ensembles erforderlich ist. (Iii) FRET kann auf eine breite Palette von zeitlichen Domänen zugreifen, die sich über 10 Jahrzehnte erstrecken und eine Vielzahl von biologisch relevanten Dynamiken abdecken. (Iv) FRET-Experimente können in beliebigen Lösungsbedingungen sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo durchgeführt werden. Die Kombination von FRET mit Fluoreszenzmikroskopie ermöglicht die Untersuchung molekularer Strukturen und Wechselwirkungen direkt in lebenden Zellen 15 , 16 , </<html> Sup&gt; 17 , 18 , 19 , auch mit hoher Präzision 20 . (V) FRET kann auf Systeme von nahezu jeder Grße angewendet werden ( z. B. Polyprolin-Oligomere 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , Hsp90 25 , HIV-Reverse-Transkriptase 26 und Ribosomen 27 ). (Vi) Schließlich könnte ein Netzwerk von Abständen, das alle Dimensionalitäten von Biomolekülen enthält, verwendet werden, um strukturelle Modelle von statischen oder dynamischen Molekülen 18 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ,Ref &quot;&gt; 35 , 36 , 37 . Daher kann die Einzelmolekül-FRET-Spektroskopie verwendet werden, um Abstände abzuleiten, die präzise genug sind, um für die Distanz-zurückhaltende Strukturmodellierung verwendet zu werden 26 . Dies ist möglich, indem man die Multiparameter-Fluoreszenzdetektion (MFD) 28 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , die acht Dimensionen von Fluoreszenzinformationen verwendet ( dh Anregungsspektrum, Fluoreszenzspektrum, Anisotropie, Fluoreszenzlebensdauer, Fluoreszenzquantenausbeute, Makroskopische Zeit, die Fluoreszenzintensitäten und der Abstand zwischen den Fluorophoren), um genau und präzise Abstandsbeschränkungen zu liefern. Zusätzlich wird die gepulste verschachtelte Erregung (PIE) mit MFD kombiniert(PIE-MFD) 42, um die direkte Anregungsakzeptorfluoreszenz zu überwachen und Einzelmolekülereignisse auszuwählen, die aus Proben resultieren, die eine 1: 1-Donor-zu-Akzeptor-Stöchiometrie enthalten. Ein typischer PIE-MFD-Aufbau verwendet zwei gepulste verschachtelte Anregungslaser, die mit einem konfokalen Mikroskopkörper verbunden sind, wobei die Photonendetektion in vier verschiedene Kanäle in verschiedenen Spektralfenstern und Polarisationseigenschaften aufgeteilt wird. Weitere Details finden Sie in Abbildung 1 . Es ist wichtig zu beachten, dass FRET mit rechnerischen Methoden kombiniert werden muss, um atomistische Strukturmodelle zu erreichen, die mit den FRET-Ergebnissen 26 , 30 übereinstimmen. Es ist nicht das Ziel des vorliegenden Protokolls, über die damit verbundene Methodik zu gehen, um Strukturmodelle mit FRET-abgeleiteten Abständen zu erstellen. Diese Ansätze wurden jedoch in Kombination mit anderen Techniken ( z. B. Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung) angewendetOder Elektronen-paramagnetische Resonanz), die Geburten des Feldes der integrativen Strukturbiologie 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 . Das aktuelle Ziel ist es, den Weg für FRET als quantitatives Werkzeug in der Strukturbiologie zu ebnen. Als Beispiel wurde diese Methode verwendet, um drei Konformationszustände in der Ligandenbindungsdomäne (LBD) des N-Methyl-D-aspartat (NMDA) -Rezeptors zu identifizieren. Ziel ist es, die vorgenannten Einschränkungen zu überwinden und FRET zu den integrativen Methoden zu bringen, die für die strukturelle Bestimmung von Biomolekülen verwendet werden, indem gemessene Distanzen mit hoher Präzision bereitgestellt werden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="672">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">charcoal</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Merck KGaA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">K42964486 320</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">syringe filter</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisherbrand</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">09-719C</td>
			<td>size: 0.20um</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">chambered coverglass</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">155409</td>
			<td>1.5 borosilicate glass, 8 wells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">microscope cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">063014-9</td>
			<td>size: 24X60-1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Nuclease free water</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">148859</td>
			<td>nuclease free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">tween-20</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">28320</td>
			<td>10% solution of Polysorbate 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">acceptor DNA strand (High FRET)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">178124895</td>
			<td>5&#180;-d(CGG CCT ATT TCG GAG TTG TAA ACA GAG AT(Cy5)C GCC TTA AAC GTT CGC CTA GAC TAG TCC AAG TAT TGC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">acceptor DNA strand (Low FRET)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">177956424</td>
			<td>5&#180;-d(CGG CCT ATT TCG GAG TTG TAA ACA GAG ATC GCC TT(Cy5)A AAC GTT CGC CTA GAC TAG TCC AAG TAT TGC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">donor DNA strand</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">177951437</td>
			<td>5&#180; -d(GCA ATA CTT GGA CTA GTC TAG GCG AAC GTT TAA GGC GAT CTC TGT TT(Alexa488)A CAA CTC CGA AAT AGG CCG)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">DNA strand (No FRET)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>5&#180; -d(CGG CCT ATT TCG GAG TTG TAA ACA GAG ATC GCC TTA AAC GTT CGC CTA GAC TAG TCC AAG TAT TGC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">thermal cycler</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E6331000025</td>
			<td>nexus gradient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Alexa Fluor 488 C5&#160;Maleimide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A10254</td>
			<td>termed cyan-green fluorophore in the manuscript</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Alexa Fluor 647 C2&#160;Maleimide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A20347</td>
			<td>termed far-red fluorophore in the manuscript</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Rhodamine 110</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">83695-250MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Rhodamine 101</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">83694-500MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">LB Broth, Miller</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1426</td>
			<td>For culture of E. coli</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A0166</td>
			<td>Used at 100 ug/ml final concentration in selective LB medium to maintain plasmid selection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Tetracyline&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">58346</td>
			<td>Used at 12.5 ug/ml final concentration in selective LB medium to maintain gor (flutathione reductase) mutation in Origami B(DE3) strains to facilitate disulfide bond oxidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Kanamycin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP906-5</td>
			<td>Used at 15 ug/ml final concentration in selective LB medium to maintain trxB (rhioredoxin reductase) mutation in B(DE3) stains to facilitate disulfide bond oxidation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Origami B(DE3) Competent Cells</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">70837-3</td>
			<td>Competent E. coli cells for expression of protein with disulfide bridges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Isopropyl-&#946;-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BP1755</td>
			<td>For induction of E. coli protein expression</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">HiTrap Chelating HP</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-0409-01</td>
			<td>For Large-scale FPLC Purification of His-tagged protein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Imidazole</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">56749</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Ni-NTA Agarose&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">30210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">PD-10 Desalting Column</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17-0851-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">AktaPurifier</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">28406264</td>
			<td>FPLC Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Dialysis tubing</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Spectrum labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">132562</td>
			<td>15 kD MWCO 24 mm Flath width, 10 meters/roll</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Dichroics</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Semrock</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FF500/646-Di01-25x36</td>
			<td>500/646 BrightLight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">50/50 Beam splitter polarizer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qioptiq Linos&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G33 5743 000</td>
			<td>10x10 film polarizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Green pass filer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ET525/50m</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">ET525/50m 25 mm diameter mount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Red pass filter</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Chroma</td>
			<td>ET720/150m</td>
			<td>ET720/150m 25 mm diameter mount</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Power Meter</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ThorLabd</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PM200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Varian</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Cary300Bio</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Fluorolog 3 fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Horiba</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FL3-22-R3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Fluorohub TCSPC controller</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Horiba</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Fluorohub-B</td>
			<td>TCSPC electronics for ensemble measurements</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">NanoLed 485L</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Horiba</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">485L</td>
			<td>Blue diode laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">NanoLed 635L</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Horiba</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">635L</td>
			<td>Red diode laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">Olympus IX73 Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">IX73P2F</td>
			<td>Microscope frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">PMA 40 Hybrid Detector</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PicoQuant GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">932200, PMA 40</td>
			<td>Optimized for green detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">PMA 50 Hybrid Detector</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PicoQuant GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">932201, PMA 50</td>
			<td>Optimized for ed shifter sensitivity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">485nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PicoQuant GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LDH-D-C-485</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">640nm laser</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PicoQuant GmbH</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">LDH-D-C-640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">Hydraharp 400 and TTTR acqusition software</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PicoQuant</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">930021</td>
			<td>Picosecond event timer and Time Correlated Single Photon Coutning Unit, includes TTTR acqusition software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">SEPIA II SLM 828 and SEPIA software</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PicoQuant</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">910028</td>
			<td>Laser driver for picosecond pulses , includes SEPIA software controller.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Dell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">optiplex 7010</td>
			<td>cpu: i7-3770 ram:16GB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:204px;">FRET Positioning and Screening (FPS) software</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Heinrich Heine Unviersity</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>It include the Accesibel Volume clacualtor available at http://www.mpc.hhu.de/software/fps.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:204px;">MFD suite</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Heinrich Heine Unviersity</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>It includes the BIFL software package Paris; Margarita for visualization of the multiparameter hisotrams, and Probability Distribution Analysis software availabel at http://www.mpc.hhu.de/software/software-package.html</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high precision fret at single-molecule level for biomolecule structure determination

Ein Protokoll zur Durchführung von hochpräzisen Interdye-Distanzmessungen mit Förster-Resonanz-Energietransfer (FRET) auf der Einzelmolekül-Ebene im Multiplex-Fluoreszenz-Nachweis (MFD) -Modus wird hier vorgestellt. MFD maximiert die Nutzung aller &quot;Dimensionen&quot; der Fluoreszenz, um photophysikalische und experimentelle Artefakte zu reduzieren und ermöglicht die Messung der Interdye-Distanz mit einer Genauigkeit bis zu ~ 1 Å in starren Biomolekülen. Diese Methode wurde verwendet, um drei Konformationszustände der Ligandenbindungsdomäne des N-Methyl-D-aspartat (NMDA) -Rezeptors zu identifizieren, um die Aktivierung des Rezeptors bei der Ligandenbindung zu erklären. Beim Vergleich der bekannten kristallographischen Strukturen mit experimentellen Messungen stimmten sie innerhalb von weniger als 3 Å für mehr dynamische Biomoleküle zu. Das Sammeln eines Satzes von Abstandsbeschränkungen, die die gesamte Dimensionalität der Biomoleküle abdecken, würde es ermöglichen, ein Strukturmodell eines dynamischen Biomoleküls bereitzustellenEs

In typischen smFRET-Experimenten unter Verwendung eines MFD-Aufbaus (Laserlinien: 485 nm bei 60 μW und 640 nm bei 23 μW, Abschnitt 5.1) wird die Fluoreszenzprobe auf eine niedrigpikomolare Konzentration (10 -12 M = 1 pM) verdünnt und platziert In einem konfokalen Mikroskop, bei dem ein Sub-Nanosekunden-Laserpuls markierte Moleküle erregt, die durch ein Erregungsvolumen frei diffundieren. Ein typisches konfokales Volumen ist &lt;4 femtoliter (fL). Bei derart niedrigen Konze...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination at JoVE.com

High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination

Ein Protokoll für hochpräzise FRET-Experimente auf der Ebene der einzelnen Moleküle wird hier vorgestellt. Zusätzlich kann diese Methodik verwendet werden, um drei Konformationszustände in der Ligandenbindungsdomäne des N-Methyl-D-aspartat (NMDA) -Rezeptors zu identifizieren. Die Bestimmung von präzisen Abständen ist der erste Schritt zum Aufbau von Strukturmodellen auf der Basis von FRET-Experimenten.

Hochpräzisions-FRET auf Einzelmolekül-Niveau für die Bestimmung der Biomolekülstruktur

A protocol on how to perform high-precision interdye distance measurements using F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) at the single-molecule ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to perform high precision inter-dye distance measurements using multi-parameter fluorescence detection of F

high-precision-fret-at-single-molecule-level-for-biomolecule

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

10.6K Aufrufe.  Clemson University. The overall goal of this protocol is to perform high precision inter-dye distance measurements using multi-parameter fluorescence detection of F

Serie: High Precision FRET at Single-molecule Level for Biomolecule Structure Determination

Structural Information from Single-molecule FRET Experiments Using the Fast Nano-positioning System

Single-molecule F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) can be used to obtain structural information on biomolecular complexes in real-time. Thereby, multiple smFRET measurements are used to localize an unknown dye position inside a protein complex by means of trilateration. In order to obtain quantitative information, the Nano-Positioning System (NPS) uses probabilistic data analysis to combine structural information from X-ray crystallography with single-molecule fluorescence data to calculate not only the most probable position but the complete three-dimensional probability distribution, termed posterior, which indicates the experimental uncertainty. The concept was generalized for the analysis of smFRET networks containing numerous dye molecules. The latest version of NPS, Fast-NPS, features a new algorithm using Bayesian parameter estimation based on Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling and parallel tempering that allows for the analysis of large smFRET networks in a comparably short time. Moreover, Fast-NPS allows the calculation of the posterior by choosing one of five different models for each dye, that account for the different spatial and orientational behavior exhibited by the dye molecules due to their local environment.
Here we present a detailed protocol for obtaining smFRET data and applying the Fast-NPS. We provide detailed instructions for the acquisition of the three input parameters of Fast-NPS: the smFRET values, as well as the quantum yield and anisotropy of the dye molecules. Recently, the NPS has been used to elucidate the architecture of an archaeal open promotor complex. This data is used to demonstrate the influence of the five different dye models on the posterior distribution.

We present the setup and experimental procedure to obtain smFRET data from large donor-acceptor networks with a TIRF microscope. The step-by-step analysis of these measurements with the Bayesian inference software Fast-NPS yields high-resolved structural information via the application of adapted dye models.

Strukturelle Informationen vom Einzelmolekül-FRET-Experimente unter Verwendung des Fast Nano-Positionierungssystem

Single-molecule F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET) can be used to obtain structural information on biomolecular complexes in real-time. ...

Forschung

Biochemie

Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA processing, and telomere elongation. During these processes, various proteins bind and resolve G4 structures to perform their function. As the function of G4 often depends on the stability of its folded structure, it is important to investigate how G4 binding proteins regulate the stability of G4. This work presents a method to manipulate single G4 molecules using magnetic tweezers, which enables studies of the regulation of G4 binding proteins on a single G4 molecule in real time. In general, this method is suitable for a wide scope of applications in studies for proteins/ligands interactions and regulations on various DNA or RNA secondary structures.

A single-molecule magnetic tweezers platform to manipulate G-quadruplexes is reported, which allows for the study of G4 stability and regulation by various proteins.

Einzelmolekül-Manipulation von G-Quadruplexe von magnetischen Pinzette

Non-canonical nucleic acid secondary structure G-quadruplexes (G4) are involved in diverse cellular processes, such as DNA replication, transcription, RNA ...

High Throughput, Absolute Determination of the Content of a Selected Protein at Tissue Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot Analysis (QDB)

Lacking a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method for absolute determination of the content of a specific protein at cellular and tissue level significantly hampers the progress in proteomic research. Results derived from currently available immunoblot techniques are also relative, preventing any efforts to combine independent studies with a large-scale analysis of protein samples. In this study, we demonstrate the process of quantitative dot blot analysis (QDB) to achieve absolute quantification in a high throughput format. Using a commercially available protein standard, we are able to determine the absolute content of capping actin protein, gelsolin-like (CAPG) in protein samples prepared from three different mouse tissues (kidney, spleen, and prostate) together with a detailed explanation of the experimental details. We propose the QDB analysis as a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method of absolute quantification of individual proteins at the cellular and tissue level. This method will substantially aid biomarker validation and pathway verification in various areas of biological and biomedical research.

High Throughput, Absolute Determination of the Content of a Selected Protein at Tissue Levels Using Quantitative Dot Blot Analysis QDB

Here we demonstrate a detailed process of quantitative dot blot analysis (QDB) by determining the absolute content of a targeted protein, capping actin protein, gelsolin-like (CAPG), in three different mouse tissues. We demonstrate a high throughput, convenient, quantitative immunoblot technique for biomarker validation at the cellular and tissue level.

Hoher Durchsatz, Absolute Bestimmung des Inhalts eines ausgewählten Proteins auf Gewebe Ebenen mit quantitativen Dot Blot Analyse (QDB)

Lacking a convenient, quantitative, high throughput immunoblot method for absolute determination of the content of a specific protein at cellular and ...

Using Three-color Single-molecule FRET to Study the Correlation of Protein Interactions

Single-molecule F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has become a widely used biophysical technique to study the dynamics of biomolecules. For many molecular machines in a cell proteins have to act together&#160;with interaction partners in a functional cycle to fulfill their task. The extension of two-color to multi-color smFRET makes it possible to simultaneously probe more than one interaction or conformational change. This not only adds a new dimension to smFRET experiments but it also offers the unique possibility to directly study the sequence of events and to detect correlated interactions when using an immobilized sample and a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM). Therefore, multi-color smFRET is a versatile tool for studying biomolecular complexes in a quantitative manner and in a previously unachievable detail.
Here, we demonstrate how to overcome the special challenges of multi-color smFRET experiments on proteins. We present detailed protocols for obtaining the data and for extracting kinetic information. This includes trace selection criteria, state separation, and the recovery of state trajectories from the noisy data using a 3D ensemble Hidden Markov Model (HMM). Compared to other methods, the kinetic information is not recovered from dwell time histograms but directly from the HMM. The maximum likelihood framework allows us to critically evaluate the kinetic model and to provide meaningful uncertainties for the rates.
By applying our method to the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), we are able to disentangle the nucleotide binding and the global conformational changes of the protein. This allows us to directly observe the cooperativity between the two nucleotide binding pockets of the Hsp90 dimer.

Here, we present a protocol to obtain three-color smFRET data and its analysis with a 3D ensemble Hidden Markov Model. With this approach, scientists can extract kinetic information from complex protein systems, including cooperativity or correlated interactions.

Verwendung von dreifarbigen Einzelmolekül-Bund, die Korrelation von Protein-Interaktionen zu studieren

Single-molecule F&#246;rster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) has become a widely used biophysical technique to study the dynamics of biomolecules. For ...

Proteome-wide Quantification of Labeling Homogeneity at the Single Molecule Level

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a fluorescent dye and are spotted by a photodetector following their separation. Single molecule fluorescence imaging can provide ultrasensitive protein detection with its ability for visualizing individual fluorescent molecules. However, the application of this powerful imaging method to electrophoresis assays is hampered by the lack of ways to characterize the homogeneity of fluorescent labeling of each protein species across the proteome. Here, we developed a method to evaluate the labeling homogeneity across the proteome based on a single molecule fluorescence imaging assay. In our measurement using a HeLa cell sample, the proportion of proteins labeled with at least one dye, which we termed &#8216;labeling occupancy&#8217; (LO), was determined to range from 50% to 90%, supporting the high potential of the application of single molecule imaging to sensitive and precise proteome analysis.

Here, we present a protocol to assess the labeling homogeneity for each protein species in a complex protein sample at the single molecule level.

Proteom-weite Quantifizierung des Benennens Homogenität auf der Ebene des einzelnen Moleküls

Cell proteomes are often characterized using electrophoresis assays, where all species of proteins in the cells are non-specifically labeled with a ...

Single-Molecule Dwell-Time Analysis of Restriction Endonuclease-Mediated DNA Cleavage

This novel total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-based assay facilitates the simultaneous measurement of the length of the catalytic cycle for hundreds of individual restriction endonuclease (REase) molecules in one experiment. This assay does not require protein labeling and can be carried out with a single imaging channel. In addition, the results of multiple individual experiments can be pooled to generate well-populated dwell-time distributions. Analysis of the resulting dwell-time distributions can help elucidate the DNA cleavage mechanism by revealing the presence of kinetic steps that cannot be directly observed. Example data collected using this assay with the well-studied REase, EcoRV - a dimeric Type IIP restriction endonuclease that cleaves the palindromic sequence GAT&#8595;ATC (where &#8595; is the cut site) - are in agreement with prior studies. These results suggest that there are at least three steps in the pathway to DNA cleavage that is initiated by introducing magnesium after EcoRV binds DNA in its absence, with an average rate of 0.17 s-1 for each step.

Using quantum-dot-labeled DNA and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we can investigate the reaction mechanism of restriction endonucleases while using unlabeled protein. This single-molecule technique allows for massively multiplexed observation of individual protein-DNA interactions, and data can be pooled to generate well-populated dwell-time distributions.

Einzelmolekül-Verweilzeitanalyse der Restriktionsendonuklilease-vermittelten DNA-Spaltung

This novel total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-based assay facilitates the simultaneous measurement of the length of the catalytic cycle for ...

Making Precise and Accurate Single-Molecule FRET Measurements using the Open-Source smfBox

The smfBox is a recently developed cost-effective, open-source instrument for single-molecule F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET), which makes measurements on freely diffusing biomolecules more accessible. This overview includes a step-by-step protocol for using this instrument to make measurements of precise FRET efficiencies in duplex DNA samples, including details of the sample preparation, instrument setup and alignment, data acquisition, and complete analysis routines. The presented approach, which includes how to determine all the correction factors required for accurate FRET-derived distance measurements, builds on a large body of recent collaborative work across the FRET Community, which aims to establish standard protocols and analysis approaches. This protocol, which is easily adaptable to a range of biomolecular systems, adds to the growing efforts in democratising smFRET for the wider scientific community.

This article provides step-by-step instructions for making fully-corrected accurate FRET measurements on individual, freely diffusing biomolecules using the open-source, inexpensive smfBox, from switch on, through alignment and focusing, to data collection and analysis.

Präzise und genaue Einzelmolekül-FRET-Messungen mit der Open-Source-smfBox

The smfBox is a recently developed cost-effective, open-source instrument for single-molecule F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET), which makes ...

Single-Molecule Imaging of EWS-FLI1 Condensates Assembling on DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 (FET) family of fusion oncoproteins, is one of the most frequently involved fusion genes in Ewing sarcoma. These FET family fusion proteins typically harbor a low-complexity domain (LCD) of FET protein at their N-terminus and a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at their C-terminus. EWS-FLI1 has been confirmed to form biomolecular condensates at its target binding loci due to LCD-LCD and LCD-DBD interactions, and these condensates can recruit RNA polymerase II to enhance gene transcription. However, how these condensates are assembled at their binding sites remains unclear. Recently, a single-molecule biophysics method-DNA Curtains-was applied to visualize these assembling processes of EWS-FLI1 condensates. Here, the detailed experimental protocol and data analysis approaches are discussed for the application of DNA Curtains in studying the biomolecular condensates assembling on target DNA.

Here, we describe the use of the single-molecule imaging method, DNA Curtains, to study the biophysical mechanism of EWS-FLI1 condensates assembling on DNA.

Einzelmolekül-Bildgebung von EWS-FLI1-Kondensaten auf DNA

The fusion genes resulting from chromosomal translocation have been found in many solid tumors or leukemia. EWS-FLI1, which belongs to the FUS/EWS/TAF15 ...

The Extraction of Liver Glycogen Molecules for Glycogen Structure Determination

Liver glycogen is a hyperbranched glucose polymer that is involved in the maintenance of blood sugar levels in animals. The properties of glycogen are influenced by its structure. Hence, a suitable extraction method that isolates representative samples of glycogen is crucial to the study of this macromolecule. Compared to other extraction methods, a method that employs a sucrose density gradient centrifugation step can minimize molecular damage. Based on this method, a recent publication describes how the density of the sucrose solution used during centrifugation was varied (30%, 50%, 72.5%) to find the most suitable concentration to extract glycogen particles of a wide variety of sizes, limiting the loss of smaller particles. A 10 min boiling step was introduced to test its ability to denature glycogen degrading enzymes, thus preserving glycogen. The lowest sucrose concentration (30%) and the addition of the boiling step were shown to extract the most representative samples of glycogen.

An optimal sucrose concentration was determined for the extraction of liver glycogen using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The addition of a 10 min boiling step to inhibit glycogen-degrading enzymes proved beneficial.

Die Extraktion von Leberglykogenmolekülen zur Glykogenstrukturbestimmung

Liver glycogen is a hyperbranched glucose polymer that is involved in the maintenance of blood sugar levels in animals. The properties of glycogen are ...

Visualizing the Conformational Dynamics of Membrane Receptors Using Single-Molecule FRET

The ability of cells to respond to external signals is essential for cellular development, growth, and survival. To respond to a signal from the environment, a cell must be able to recognize and process it. This task mainly relies on the function of membrane receptors, whose role is to convert signals into the biochemical language of the cell. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane receptor proteins in humans. Among GPCRs, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a unique subclass that function as obligate dimers and possess a large extracellular domain that contains the ligand-binding site. Recent advances in structural studies of mGluRs have improved the understanding of their activation process. However, the propagation of large-scale conformational changes through mGluRs during activation and modulation is poorly understood. Single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) is a powerful technique to visualize and quantify the structural dynamics of biomolecules at the single-protein level. To visualize the dynamic process of mGluR2 activation, fluorescent conformational sensors based on unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation were developed that allowed site-specific protein labeling without perturbation of the native structure of receptors. The protocol described here explains how to perform these experiments, including the novel UAA labeling approach, sample preparation, and smFRET data acquisition and analysis. These strategies are generalizable and can be extended to investigate the conformational dynamics of a variety of membrane proteins.

This study presents a detailed procedure to perform single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) experiments on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) using site-specific labeling via unnatural amino acid (UAA) incorporation. The protocol provides a step-by-step guide for smFRET sample preparation, experiments, and data analysis.