Ex Vivo OCT-Based Multimodal Imaging of Human Donor Eyes for Research into Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Summary

Laboratory assays can leverage prognostic value from the longitudinal optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based multimodal imaging of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Human donor eyes with and without AMD are imaged using OCT, color, near-infrared reflectance scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and autofluorescence at two excitation wavelengths prior to tissue sectioning.

Abstract

A progression sequence for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) learned from optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based multimodal (MMI) clinical imaging could add prognostic value to laboratory findings. In this work, ex vivo OCT and MMI were applied to human donor eyes prior to retinal tissue sectioning. The eyes were recovered from non-diabetic white donors aged ≥80 years old, with a death-to-preservation time (DtoP) of ≤6 h. The globes were recovered on-site, scored with an 18 mm trephine to facilitate cornea removal, and immersed in buffered 4% paraformaldehyde. Color fundus images were acquired after anterior segment removal with a dissecting scope and an SLR camera using trans-, epi-, and flash illumination at three magnifications. The globes were placed in a buffer within a custom-designed chamber with a 60 diopter lens. They were imaged with spectral domain OCT (30° macula cube, 30 µm spacing, averaging = 25), near-infrared reflectance, 488 nm autofluorescence, and 787 nm autofluorescence. The AMD eyes showed a change in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), with drusen or subretinal drusenoid deposits (SDDs), with or without neovascularization, and without evidence of other causes. Between June 2016 and September 2017, 94 right eyes and 90 left eyes were recovered (DtoP: 3.9 ± 1.0 h). Of the 184 eyes, 40.2% had AMD, including early intermediate (22.8%), atrophic (7.6%), and neovascular (9.8%) AMD, and 39.7% had unremarkable maculas. Drusen, SDDs, hyper-reflective foci, atrophy, and fibrovascular scars were identified using OCT. Artifacts included tissue opacification, detachments (bacillary, retinal, RPE, choroidal), foveal cystic change, an undulating RPE, and mechanical damage. To guide the cryo-sectioning, OCT volumes were used to find the fovea and optic nerve head landmarks and specific pathologies. The ex vivo volumes were registered with the in vivo volumes by selecting the reference function for eye tracking. The ex vivo visibility of the pathology seen in vivo depends on the preservation quality. Within 16 months, 75 rapid DtoP donor eyes at all stages of AMD were recovered and staged using clinical MMI methods.

Introduction

Fifteen years of managing neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with anti-VEGF therapy under the guidance of optical coherence tomography (OCT) has offered new insights into the progression sequence and microarchitecture of this prevalent cause of vision loss. A key recognition is that AMD is a three-dimensional disease involving the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choroid. As a result of the OCT imaging of trial patients and the fellow eyes of treated clinic patients, the features of pathology beyond those seen by color fundus photography, a clinical standard for decades, are now recognized. These include intraretinal neovascul....

Protocol

The institutional review board at the University of Alabama at Birmingham approved the laboratory studies, which adhered to Good Laboratory Practices and Biosafety Level 2/2+. All US eye banks conform to the 2006 Uniform Anatomical Gifts Act and US Food and Drug Administration. Most US eye banks, including Advancing Sight Network, conform to the medical standards of the Eye Bank Association of America.

The Table of Materials lists the supplies and equipment. Supplement.......

Discussion

Using a population-based screening approach during a 16 month period in the pre-COVID era, it was possible to procure 75 donor eyes with AMD. All were recovered with a short DtoP and staged using OCT-anchored MMI. The age criterion (>80 years) is outside the typical age range for tissue recoveries intended for transplantable corneas. Despite the advanced age, our criteria resulted in eyes at all stages of AMD. Many RPE phenotypes are common to all AMD stages, and some are exclusive to neovascular AMD

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Beakers, 250 mL	Fisher	# 02-540K
Bottles, 1 L, Pyrex	Fisher	# 10-462-719	storage for preservative
Bunsen burner or heat source	Eisco	# 17-12-818	To melt wax
Camera, digital	Nikon D7200	D7200
Computer and storage	Apple	iMac Pro; 14 TB external hard drive	Image storage
Container, insulated	Fisher	# 02-591-45	For wet ice
Containers, 2 per donor, 40 mL	Fisher	Sameco Bio-Tite  40 mL # 13-711-86	For preservative
Crucible, quartz 30 mL	Fisher	# 08-072D	Hold globe for photography
Cylinder, graduate, 250 mL	Fisher	# 08-549G
Disinfectant cleaning supplies			https://www.cardinalhealth.com/en/product-solutions/medical/infection-control/antiseptics.html
Eye holder with lens and mounting bracket	contact J. Messinger	jeffreymessinger@uabmc.edu	custom modification of Heidelberg Engineering original design
Face Protection Masks	Fisher	# 19-910-667
Forceps, Harmon Fix	Roboz	# RS-8247
Forceps, Micro Adson	Roboz	# RS-5232
Forceps, Tissue	Roboz	# RS-5172
Glass petri dish, Kimax	Fisher	# 23064
Gloves Diamond Grip	Fisher	# MF-300
Gowns GenPro	Fisher	# 19-166-116
Image editing software	Adobe	Photoshop 2021, Creative Suite
KimWipes	Fisher	# 06-666
Lamps, 3 goosenecks	Schott Imaging	# A20800
Microscope, stereo	Nikon	SMZ 1000	for dissection
Microscope, stereo	Olympus	SZX9	color fundus photography
Paraformaldehyde, 20%	EMS	# 15713-S	for preservative; dilute for storage
pH meter	Fisher	# 01-913-806
Phosphate buffer, Sorenson’s, 0.2 M pH 7.2	EMS	# 11600-10
Ring flash	B & H Photo Video	Sigma EM-140 DG
Ruby bead, 1 mm diameter	Meller Optics	# MRB10MD
Safety Glasses 3M	Fisher	# 19-070-940
Scanning laser ophthalmoscope	Heidelberg Engineering	HRA2
Scissors, curved spring	Roboz	# RS-5681
Sharps container	Fisher	# 1482763
Shutter cord, remote	Nikon	MC-DC2
Spectral Domain OCT device	Heidelberg Engineering	Spectralis HRA&OCT	https://www.heidelbergengineering.com/media/e-learning/Totara-US/files/pdf-tutorials/2238-003_Spectralis-Training-Guide.pdf
Stainless steel ball bearing, 25.4 mm diameter	McMaster-Carr	# 9529K31
Tissue marking dye, black	Cancer Diagnostics Inc	# 0727-1
Tissue slicer blades	Thomas Scientific	# 6767C18
Trephine, 18-mm diameter	Stratis Healthcare	# 6718L
TV monitor (HDMI) and cord for digital camera	B&H Photo Video	BH # COHD18G6PROB	for live viewing and remote camera display features
Wax, pink dental	EMS	# 72670
Wooden applicators	Puritan	# 807-12