A Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Failure with a Continuous Infusion of Oleic Acid

Summary

Infusing oleic acid continuously into the pulmonary artery of an anesthetized adult pig induces acute respiratory failure, enabling controlled experimentation during acute respiratory decompensation.

Abstract

This protocol outlines an acute respiratory distress model utilizing centrally administered oleic acid infusion in Yorkshire pigs. Prior to experimentation, each pig underwent general anesthesia, endotracheal intubation, and mechanical ventilation, and was equipped with bilateral jugular vein central vascular access catheters. Oleic acid was administered through a dedicated pulmonary artery catheter at a rate of 0.2 mL/kg/h. The infusion lasted for 60-120 min, inducing respiratory distress. Throughout the experiment, various parameters including heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, peak airway pressures, and plateau pressures were monitored. Around the 60 min mark, decreases in partial arterial oxygen pressure (PaO₂) and fraction of oxygen-saturated hemoglobin (SpO₂) were observed. Periodic hemodynamic instability, accompanied by acute increases in pulmonary artery pressures, occurred during the infusion. Post-infusion, histological analysis of the lung parenchyma revealed changes indicative of parenchymal damage and acute disease processes, confirming the effectiveness of the model in simulating acute respiratory decompensation.

Introduction

The utilization of porcine models in translational research holds significant importance in advancing our understanding of human medicine¹. Porcine models, due to their physiological and anatomical similarities to humans, provide a valuable platform for studying complex diseases and therapeutic interventions¹. In the context of acute respiratory failure, porcine models offer a unique opportunity to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms, evaluate treatment strategies, and assess potential interventions^1,2,3. The ability t....

Protocol

The protocol received approval from the Vanderbilt University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol M1800176-00) and strictly adhered to the National Institute of Health Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Male and female Yorkshire pigs, weighing approximately 40-45 kg, were utilized in this experiment. The animals were obtained from a commercial source (see Table of Materials). The current practice does not involve screening for any pre-existing medical conditions in t.......

Discussion

The key element in this protocol is to closely monitor the hemodynamic condition of the pig during the administration of oleic acid to induce respiratory distress¹⁵. It is of the utmost importance for researchers to take the necessary time to appropriately position the hemodynamic monitoring devices. One specific drawback of this model is the potential hemodynamic instability that may arise as a result of inflammation and injury to the respiratory vasculature^8,

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1% Isoflurane	Primal, Boston, MA, USA	26675-46-7	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/792632?gclid=Cj0KCQjw9fqnBhDSARIsAHl cQYS_W-q6tS2s6LQw2Qn7Roa3T GIpTLPf52351vrhgp44foEcRozPqt YaAtvfEALw_wcB
Arterial Catheter	Merit Medical, South Jordan, UT, USA	MAK401	MAK Mini Access Kit 4F
Blood Pressure Amp	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	FE117	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/bp-blood-pressure-amp
Central Venous Catheter	Arrow International, Cleveland, OH, USA	AK-09800	8.5 Fr. x 4" (10 cm) Arrow-Flex
Disposable Pressure Transducers	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	MLT0670	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/disposable-bp-transducers
Edwards Lifesciences Triple Stage Venous Cannulas	Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA	TF293702	https://www.graylinemedical.com/products/edwards-lifesciences-triple-stage-venous-cannulas-venous-dual-stage-cannula-tf293702?variant=31851942576185&gad=1& gclid=Cj0KCQiAr8eqBhD3ARIsAIe -buNdmkzavUBaIx-1be7boWn2kW hbUR6QCjaobB08uuK9qJW66JvY TM4aAufGEALw_wcB
Kelly Scissors	MPM Medical Supply, Freehold, NJ 07728	104-5516	https://www.mpmmedicalsupply.com/products/kelly-scissors
Kendall 930 FoamElectrodes	Covidien, Mansfield, MA, USA	22935	https://www.cardinalhealth.com/en/product-solutions/medical/patient-monitoring/electrocardiography/monitoring-ecg-electrodes/radiolucent-electrodes/kendall-930-series-radiolucent-foam-electrodes.html
Ketamine Hydrochloride 100 mg/mL, Injectable Solution, 10 mL	Patterson Veterinary, Loveland, CO 80538	07-894-8462	https://www.pattersonvet.com/ProductItem/078948462?omni=ketamine
LabChart 8 software	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	N/A	https://www.adinstruments.com/products/labchart
Lahey Retractor	BOSS Instruments LTD, Gordonsville, VA 22942	18-1210	https://bossinstruments.com/product/7-3-4-lahey-thyroid-retractor-6mmx28mm/
Oleic Acid	Sigma-Aldrich, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	O1008	https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/sial/o1008?gclid=CjwKCAjwzJmlBhBBEiwAEJy Lu2047wRpXqF_Z2BegUyhgZJ _WygsWfErhgrGCIyMp8PxwNH sTZ8qARoCl1QQAvD_BwE&gcl src=aw.ds
Peripheral IV Catheter Angiocath 18-24 G 1.16 inch	McKesson, Irving, TX, USA	329830	https://mms.mckesson.com/product/329830/Becton-Dickinson-381144
Piezoelectrode	MuRata Manuractoring Co, Ltd., Nagaokakyo, Kyoto, Japan	7BB-12-9	https://www.murata.com/en-us/products/productdetail?partno=7BB-12-9
PlasmaLyte	Baxter International, Deerfield, IL, USA	2B2544X	https://www.ciamedical.com/baxter-2b2544x-each-solution-plasma-lyte-a-inj-ph-7-4-1000ml
Pulmonary Artery Catheter	Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA	131F7	Swan Ganz 7F x 110cm
Standard Endotracheal Tubes	Teleflex, Morrisville, NC 27560	5-10313	https://www.teleflex.com/usa/en/product-areas/anesthesia/airway-management/endotracheal-tubes/standard-tubes/index.html
SurgiVet Clearview Foley Catheter, 8 Fr, 55 cm Silicone	Penn Veterinary Supply, Inc, West Rendering, PN 13971	SVCFC1030	https://www.pennvet.com/customer/portal/catalog/home?urile=wcm:path%3APennVet+Catalog/Super+Sku+Catalog/SS0672/Surgivet+Clearview+Silicone+Foley+Catheters
Telazol (Tiletamine HCl and Zolazepam HCl), Injectable Solution, 5 mL	Patterson Veterinary, Loveland, CO 80538	07-801-4969	https://www.pattersonvet.com/ProductItem/078014969?omni=telazol
Welch Allyn E-MacIntosh Standard Laryngoscope Blade	MFIMedical, San Diego, CA 92131	WLA-69242	https://mfimedical.com/products/welch-allyn-e-macintosh-standard-laryngoscope-blade?variant=12965771870285&currency =USD&utm_medium=product_sync &utm_source=google&utm_content =sag_organic&utm_campaign=sag _organic&gclid=Cj0KCQiAr8eqBhD 3ARIsAIe-buMhpgM96qRXkCUKA 6Mhmdat0p93JbecCGTaLStexhV pkUVa9VkWUzgaAr-iEALw_wcB
Xylazine HCl 100 mg/mL, Injectable Solution, 50 mL	Patterson Veterinary, Loveland, CO 80538	07-894-5244	https://www.pattersonvet.com/ProductItem/078945244
Yorkshire Pigs	Oak Hill Genetics, Ewing, IL, USA	138274	Female/Male Swine- Yorkshire/Landrace 81-100lbs