Multiplex Cyclic Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry

Summary

Multiplex cyclic immunohistochemistry allows in situ detection of multiple markers simultaneously using repeated antigen-antibody incubation, image scanning, and image alignment and integration. Here, we present the operating protocol for identifying immune cell substrates with this technology in lung cancer and paired brain metastasis samples.

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment involves interactions between host cells, tumor cells, immune cells, stromal cells, and vasculature. Characterizing and spatially organizing immune cell subsets and target proteins are crucial for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. This has led to the development of multiplexed immunohistochemistry staining methods. Multiplex fluorescence immunohistochemistry allows the simultaneous detection of multiple markers, facilitating a comprehensive understanding of cell function and intercellular interactions. In this paper, we describe a workflow for the multiplex cyclic fluorescent immunohistochemistry assay and its application in the quantification analysis of lymphocyte subsets. The multiplex cyclic fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining follows similar steps and reagents as standard immunohistochemistry, involving antigen retrieval, cyclic antibody incubation, and staining on a formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue slide. During the antigen-antibody reaction, a mixture of antibodies from different species is prepared. Conditions, such as antigen retrieval time and antibody concentration, are optimized and validated to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. This technique is reproducible and serves as a valuable tool for immunotherapy research and clinical applications.

Introduction

Brain metastases (BM) represent the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumors, occurring in nearly half of non-small cell lung cancer cases (NSCLC), with a poor prognosis¹. An estimated 10%-20% of NSCLC patients already have BM at the time of initial diagnosis, and approximately 40% of NSCLC cases will develop BM during the course of treatment². The tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely associated with NSCLC occurrence and BM, including various components, such as blood vessels, fibroblasts, macrophages, extracellular matrix (ECM), lymphoid, bone marrow-derived immune cells, and signaling molecules

Protocol

The research was approved by the medical ethics committee of Yunnan Cancer Hospital/the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University. All the subjects/legal guardians signed informed consent.

1. Slide preparation

1. Cut sections of paired paraffin blocks containing primary lung tumor or lung cancer brain metastases cells at a thickness of 4 µm using a microtome. Remove sections to water and separate with tweezers, choose the best one and adhere it onto.......

Discussion

We have described the process for multiplex cyclic fluorescence immunohistochemistry staining. The primary antibody selection is a crucial aspect of the fluorescence immunohistochemistry assay, and monoclonal antibodies are recommended for better specificity and repeatability. To optimize the working concentration of the primary antibody, a series of dilutions have been tested through immunohistochemistry experiments. Both positive controls (to assess target antigen expression) and negative controls (no primary antibody .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.15 mol/L KmnO4	Maixin Biotechnology Co. Ltd.	MST-8005
100x sodium citrate	Maixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd	MVS-0100
3% hydrogen peroxide	Maixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd	SP KIT-A1
3D Pannoramic MIDI	3D histech Ltd	Pannoramic MIDI 1.18
Alexa Fluor 488	Abcam	ab150113
Alexa Fluor 568	Abcam	ab175701
Alexa Fluor 594	Abcam	ab150116
Alexa Fluor 647	Abcam	ab150079
Bond primary antibody diluent	Lecia	AR9352
CD20	Maixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd	kit-0001
CD3	Maixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd.	kit-0003
CD8	Maixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd	RMA-0514
CK	Maixin Biotechnology Co. Ltd.	MAB-0671,
DAPI	sig-ma	D8417
ethanol	Sinopharm Group Chemical reagent Co., LTD	10009218
Histocore Multicut	lecia	2245
PBS(powder)	Maixin Biotechnology Co., Ltd	PBS-0061
slide viwer	3D histech Ltd
xylene	Sinopharm Group Chemical reagent Co., LTD	10023418