A Visual Approach for Inducing Dolichoectasia in Mice to Model Large Vessel-Mediated Cerebrovascular Dysfunction

Summary

We demonstrate chemically inducing large blood vessel dilatation in mice as a model for investigating cerebrovascular dysfunction, which can be used for vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease modeling. We also demonstrate visualizing the vasculature by injecting silicone rubber compound and providing clear visual guidance for measuring changes in blood vessel size.

Abstract

The blood-brain (BBB) is a crucial system that regulates selective brain circulation with the periphery, as an example, allowing necessary nutrients to enter and expel excessive amino acids or toxins from the brain. To model how the BBB can be compromised in diseases like vascular dementia (VaD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD), researchers developed novel methods to model vessel dilatation. A compromised BBB in these disease states can be detrimental and result in the dysregulation of the BBB leading to untoward and pathological consequences impacting brain function. We were able to modify an existing technique that enabled us to inject directly into the Cisterna magna (CM) to induce dilatation of blood vessels using elastase, and disrupt the tight junctions (TJ) of the BBB. With this method, we were able to see various metrics of success over previous techniques, including consistent blood vessel dilatation, reduced mortality or improved recovery, and improving the fill/opacifying agent, a silicone rubber compound, delivery for labeling blood vessels for dilatation analysis. This modified minimally invasive method has had promising results, with a 19%-32% increase in sustained dilatation of large blood vessels in mice from 2 weeks to 3 months post-injection. This improvement contrasts with previous studies, which showed increased dilatation only at the 2 week mark. Additional data suggests sustained expansion even after 9.5 months. This increase was confirmed by comparing the diameter of blood vessels of the elastase and the vehicle-injected group. Overall, this technique is valuable for studying pathological disorders that affect the central nervous system (CNS) using animal models.

Introduction

Microvascular endothelial cells that line the cerebral capillaries are the main components for forming the blood-brain barrier (BBB)¹ which plays a crucial role in regulating what enters or leaves the brain circulation with the periphery. Essential nutrients needed for nervous tissue are permitted to enter the BBB, while some essential amino acids like glutamate are expelled from the brain, as high concentrations can cause permanent neuroexcitatory damage to brain tissue². Under normal physiological conditions, the BBB limits the amount of plasma proteins like albumin^3,

Protocol

App^NL-Fmice (3 months old) that express human amyloid plaque at a physiological level were used for this study though this system can be used with any rodent model. All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care Committee of CAMH (Protocol #843) and were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines. Mice were bred in-house and kept on a 12-h light-dark cycle with ad libitum access to chow and water.

1. Procedure fo.......

Discussion

This article demonstrates an improved protocol for cerebrovascular dilatation, providing a precise and straightforward approach for elastase injection into the Cisterna magna of mice. This anatomical point serves as a direct gateway to the cerebrospinal fluid, offering a valuable avenue for the investigation of different neurological diseases. One of the main advantages of this modified technique is that injecting a single dose of elastase into the Cisterna magna of mice was able to cause and sustain dilatation of large .......

Materials

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
23 G catheter	University Medstore	2546-CABD305145	Needed for perfusion  (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
Absolute ethanol	University Medstore	https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz	For removing the microfil
Betadine scrub	#	https://www.pittsborofeed.com/products/betadine-surgical-scrub	Sterilization
Betadine solution	Amazon	https://www.amazon.ca/Povidone-Iodine-10-Topical-Solution-100ml/dp/B09DTKJGHW	Sterilization
Bupivacaine	Provided by animal facility	N/A	Analgesic
Clippers	BrainTree Scientific Inc	CLP-41590	Shave fur
Cotton Q-tip	University Medstore	1962	For surgery (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
Elastase	Sigma-aldrich	E7885	Used for the dilatation of blood vessel
Ethanol	University Medstore	39752-P016-EAAN	Sterilization (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
Goat anti-mouse 568	Invitrogen	A11004	For staining mature neurons
Graphpad prism 10	Graphpad prism 10	https://www.graphpad.com/	Statistical analysis software
Hamilton syringe	Sigma-aldrich	28614-U	Injection elastase
Heat pad	Amazon	https://www.amazon.ca/iPower-Temperature-Controller-Terrarium-Amphibians/dp/B08L4DBFFZ	Maintain body temperature
ImageJ software	Fiji Imagej software	imagej.net (USA)	Image analysis software
Induction chamber	Provided by animal facility	N/A	Anesthesia induction
Metacam	Provided by animal facility	N/A	Analgesic
Methyl salicylate	Sigma-aldrich	M6752	For removing the microfil
Microfil	Flow Tech, Carver, Massachusetts	https://www.flowtech-inc.com/order/	Dye (yellow)
Mouse monoclonal anti-NeuN	Millipore Sigma	MAB377	For staining mature neurons
Olympus VS200 slide scanner and VSI software.	Olympus Life Science	https://www.olympus-lifescience.com/en/downloads/detail-iframe/?0[downloads][id]=847254104	Imaging software
Paraformaldehyde	University Medstore	PAR070.1	For protein fixation  (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
Perfusion pump	VWR International	https://pr.vwr.com/store/product/4787969/vwr-variable-speed-peristaltic-pumps	Needed for perfusion
Scalpel	University Medstore	2580-M90-10	For surgery (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
Stereotaxic	Provided by animal facility	N/A	So secure the animal for surgery
Surgical scissor	University Medstore	22751-A9-240	For surgery (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
Surgical tape	University Medstore	https://www.amazon.ca/3M-Micropore-Tape-1530-2-Rolls/dp/B0082A9GS2	Secure the animal on the diaper
Sutures	University Medstore	2297-VS881	For surgery (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)
X2 tweezers	University Medstore	7731-A10-612	For surgery (https://www.uoftmedstore.com/index.sz)