Funded by the NSF (0854551).

1. Pre-experimental Preparations
<ol>
	<li>Prepare six solutions (see Table 1 for compositions): (a) 100 ml NZR (normal zebrafish Ringer's), (b) 50 ml NZR + Tricaine (MS222), (c) 10 ml NZR +BSA; (d) 100 ml LoCaS (low Ca2+ solution), (e) 10 ml LoCaS + papain, (f) 100 ml K+-internal solution. Solutions (a), (b), (d) and (f) can be stored for up to one month at 4 &deg;C. Solutions (c) and (e) should be prepared the day of experimentation. All solutions should be at room temperature before beginning experiments.</li>
	<li>Label and fill four 35 mm Petri dishes approximately halfway with solutions (a), (c), (d) and (e).</li>
	<li>Make a dissecting dish by filling a 60 mm Petri dish with Sylgard (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) and then cutting a cavity into it that will allow a fish to sit upright without tipping over.</li>
	<li>Prepare at least two cell isolation tools by gluing the follicle end of a dog hair to the end of a glass Pasteur pipette with superglue, allowing the hair to extend past the end of the pipette by approximately 0.5 cm. The hairs from soft-furred dogs like Labrador Retrievers and Weimaraners work well.</li>
</ol>
2. Isolation of Auditory and Vestibular Labyrinth
<ol>
	<li>Sacrifice one adult zebrafish by immersion in a beaker containing NZR + Tricaine. Visually monitor the gills until all opercular movements have ceased. Wait an additional ten minutes before removing fish and rinsing with fresh NZR. These procedures have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Pepperdine University but approval should be obtained from your own institution.</li>
	<li>Pin the fish to the dissecting dish dorsal side up by inserting one standard sewing straight pin (approximately 2.5 cm long) through each eye socket and a third pin through the dorsal-ventral axis about one-third to one-half of the distance from head to tail as illustrated in Figure 1A.</li>
	<li>Under a zoom (0.62-5x) stereo dissecting microscope fitted with 10x eyepieces, use spring scissors (Fine Science Tools catalogue number 15000-02) to expose the brain and a short segment of the spinal cord by removing the skull roof from a point approximately 0.5 cm caudal to the level of the gills forward to the nose of the fish. Cut the spinal cord and lift the brain with fine forceps (Fine Science Tools catalogue number 11251-30) while cutting the spinal nerves and other attachments; remove the brain and discard (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>The ventral half of the skull capsule that remains forms a "bowl" that contains the inner ear organs. Observe the prominent, white, opaque otoliths in the lagenas and sacculi located symmetrically at the caudal end of each inner ear and the laterally positioned utricle otoliths more rostrally (Figures 1C and 4A).</li>
	<li>Remove the bowl of bone by cutting all ventral and lateral attachments while gently lifting it out of the head with fine forceps. Place it into the Petri dish containing LoCaS (Figures 1D and 4B).</li>
	<li>Using two pairs of fine forceps, crack apart the bowl at its midline by either grabbing the lateral edges of the bone and pulling them apart or alternatively, separating the right and left halves by inserting the points of the forceps in the center and prying the halves apart. Remove the two labyrinths from the bone using fine forceps (Figure 2).</li>
	<li>Inspect the labyrinths to identify the auditory and vestibular end-organs: the semicircular canals, utricles, sacculi and lagenas (Figure 4C). The pinkish areas under each otolith are the maculae containing the hair cells. Similarly, a strip of pink inside the ampullae of the semicircular canals identifies the cupula where the hair cells are located.</li>
	<li>Carefully remove the otoliths from the lagena and utricle using the fine forceps (Figures 2 and 4C). It is not necessary to remove the otolith from the saccule as doing so may damage the saccular hair cells.</li>
</ol>
3. Hair Cell Isolation
<ol>
	<li>Using a plastic transfer pipette (Fisher Scientific catalogue number 13-711-9AM), move the end organs to the dish containing LoCaS + papain minimizing the volume of fluid transferred.</li>
	<li>Incubate these structures in this solution for thirty minutes at room temperature.</li>
	<li>At the end of the incubation period, move the structures to the dish containing NZR + BSA and incubate in this solution for at least thirty minutes. Hair cells will remain healthy in this solution for up to four hours but will deteriorate after 1-2 hours after isolation (see next steps).</li>
	<li>In preparation for cell isolation, move one of the end-organs to the dish containing NZR.</li>
	<li>For the lagenas and utricles, use a dog hair to gently lift off the maculae-sheets of pinkish epithelial tissue that contain the hair cells (Figure 3A). The maculae can be scooped out (using a dog hair) from under the otoliths of the sacculi, and the cupulae from their locations inside the ampullae of the semicircular canals.</li>
	<li>Using two cell isolation tools prepared in step 1.4, triturate a macula or cupula to generate a debris field that contains the hair cells (Figure 3B). Allow the cells at least five minutes to settle onto the bottom of the dish before moving it.</li>
	<li>Relocate the dish to the stage of an inverted microscope equipped with phase contrast optics. Observe cells under 40X magnification and note the diversity in morphology. Many cells are avocado-shaped while others are long and thin. The presence of apical hair bundles identifies them as hair cells and phase-brightness assures their health. Photomicrographs of isolated hair cells are shown in Figure 5.</li>
</ol>
4. Patch Clamping Zebrafish Hair Cells
<ol>
	<li>In preparation for perforated patch recordings5,6, prepare amphotericin-containing internal solution as follows: place 5 mg amphotericin B (Sigma A4888) into a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube and fill with 100 &mu;l DMSO. Immediately vortex this solution for 10-20 seconds until all of the amphotericin is dissolved. Then, pipette 625 &mu;l K+-internal solution into a second microcentrifuge tube. Add 10 &mu;l of the amphotericin solution to the K+-internal solution and vortex as above. The stock amphotericin solution will last several hours but discard the final solution after one hour.</li>
	<li>Fabricate patch pipettes from BF 150-86-10 borosilicate glass (Sutter Instruments) using a multi-stage puller (Sutter P-1000). Pipettes should have tip diameters of approximately 2 &mu;m and will have resistances of 1-3 M&Omega; with the solutions in Table 1. The settings on the puller that work well are as follows: Heat=Ramp minus10, Pull=0, Velocity=18, Delay=1, Pressure=600. The shape of the tip of a good pipette is evident from the photograph in the inset c of Figure 5. Blunt "bullet-shaped" pipettes are preferred as they offer the least access resistance during electrophysiological recordings.</li>
	<li>Use a 28 gauge Microfil syringe needle (MF28G-5; World Precision Instruments) to fill a recording electrode halfway with the amphotericin-containing K+-internal solution.</li>
	<li>Affix the electrode to the headstage of a patch clamp amplifier. Apply -10 mV, 10 ms voltage steps at 10 Hz and maintain positive pressure in the electrode as it is maneuvered through the air/solution interface and down to the bottom of the recording dish near the cells.</li>
	<li>Position the electrode orthogonally to a healthy looking cell. When the electrode is near enough to the cell so that it begins move away from the out-flowing solution, quickly reverse the pressure, applying a slight vacuum to the electrode until the cell "jumps" onto it. Immediately cease suction on the electrode and apply a holding potential of -70 mV to the inside of the electrode. Within a few seconds a gigaohm seal will form.</li>
	<li>Observe the capacitive current transients at the onset and termination of the voltage steps that appear soon after seal formation. Continue to monitor the perforation of the membrane under the electrode by the amphotericin by watching as the transients grow in magnitude to their maximum size (in about ten minutes).</li>
	<li>To confirm the establishment of whole-cell (perforated) configuration in a healthy cell, elicit outward K+ currents by applying hyperpolarizing and depolarizing steps of voltage. Most hair cells have prominent outward currents (see Figure 6).</li>
</ol>
5. Representative Results
Figure 4 shows images taken during the steps of cell isolation. In panel A, the otoliths associated with the lagenas, saccluli and utricles can be seen through the thin layer of bone that overlies them. These opaque structures provide convenient landmarks to aid in the safe removal of the end organs from the animal during the subsequent steps of the dissection. Panel B shows the "bowl" of bone that contains the intact labyrinths and the prominent otoliths in the utricles, lagenas and sacculi. Panel C shows a labyrinth that has been removed from the bone. Note the large otolith with the scalloped edge in the lagena, the icicle-shaped otolith in the saccule and the bean-shaped otolith in the utricle. Some of the diversity in size and morphology seen in cells isolated from the lagena is illustrated in Figure 5. A healthy cell is readily identified as being phase bright with a sharp perimeter. Cell shapes can be roughly divided into two classes: avocado-shaped (avo) and long and thin (thn) although the sizes of cells within each group can vary markedly (compare for example avo 1 and avo 3). Inset a shows a cluster of three cells that were not completely isolated from one another. The black color and granular appearance of the cell in inset b readily identifies this cell as dead. Inset c shows the tip of a patch pipette illustrating the shape and dimensions appropriate for recording from these cells.
The current traces shown in Figure 6 were obtained in response to hyperpolarizing and depolarizing steps of potential imposed on a lagena cell similar to the avo 2 shown in Figure 5. Current responses in cells of different sizes and shapes can vary widely suggesting diversity in the complement of voltage-gated channels.
Figures 1-3: Cartoons illustrating steps in the isolation of hair cells.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4281/4281fig1.jpg" /> 
 Figure 1. Removal of the skull capsule containing the inner ear labyrinths from zebrafish. A. Pin sacrificed zebrafish dorsal side up to dissecting dish. B. Open skull, remove and discard brain. C. Observe otoliths in utricles, lagenas and sacculi. D. Remove ventral portion of skull capsule containing the labyrinths.
<img alt="Figure 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4281/4281fig2.jpg" /> 
 Figure 2. Removal of labyrinths from skull capsule. A. Crack apart skull capsule at its midline. B. Remove labyrinths from bone. C. Remove the otoliths from the lagenas and utricles using forceps.
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4281/4281fig3.jpg" /> 
 Figure 3. Isolation of hair cells from labyrinths. A. Gently lift off maculae with a dog hair. B. Triturate maculae with two dog hairs. C. Use isolated hair cells for patch clamp.
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4281/4281fig4.jpg" /> 
 Figure 4. Images taken during steps in the isolation of individual cells. A. After removal of the brain, the otoliths associated with the two lagenas and sacculi (arrows) and utricles (arrowheads) can be visualized. B. After removal of the ventral portion of the skull capsule that contains the inner ear organs from the animal. The cartoon in the right half of B identifies the locations of the left utricle, lagena and saccule. The dashed line indicates the approximate position of the left labyrinth. C. Right labyrinth (medial view) D: Cartoon drawing illustrating key portions of labyrinth in C. a: anterior semicircular canal, b: horizontal canal, c: posterior canal, d: utricular otolith, e: saccular otolith, f: lagenal otolith. Scale bar in D represents 1 mm for A and B, 0.5 mm for C and D.
<img alt="Figure 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/4281/4281fig5.jpg" /> 
 Figure 5. Isolated, healthy cells from the lagena illustrating the diversity of morphology; avo: avocado shaped cells; thn: long, thin cells. Inset a: cluster of three incompletely isolated cells; inset b: dead cell; inset c: tip of patch electrode used in electrophysiological recordings from zebrafish hair cells. Scale bar = 20 &mu;m applies to the main figure and all insets.
<img alt="Figure 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/4281/4281fig6.jpg" /> 
 Figure 6. Currents recorded in a patch clamped hair cell. Averaged responses in a cell (similar to avo 2 in Figure 5) to three presentations of voltage steps applied in 10 mV increments from -140 mV to +70 mV from a holding potential of -70 mV. Note the inactivating current that appears at more depolarized potentials. Voltage step magnitudes are shown next to some of the traces.

<ol>
	<li>Lewis, R. S., Hudspeth, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Voltage-+and+ion-dependent+conductances+in+solitary+vertebrate+hair+cells.">Voltage- and ion-dependent conductances in solitary vertebrate hair cells.</a> Nature. 304, 538-5341 (1983).</li><li>Art, J. J., Fettiplace, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+of+membrane+properties+in+hair+cells+isolated+from+the+turtle+cochlea.">Variation of membrane properties in hair cells isolated from the turtle cochlea.</a> J. Physiol. 385, 207-242 (1987).</li><li>Sugihara, I., Furukawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+and+functional+aspects+of+two+different+types+of+hair+cells+in+the+goldfish+sacculus.">Morphological and functional aspects of two different types of hair cells in the goldfish sacculus.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 62, 1330-1343 (1989).</li><li>Lee, S., Briklin, O., Hiel, H., Fuchs, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-dependent+inactivation+of+calcium+channels+in+cochlear+hair+cells+of+the+chicken.">Calcium-dependent inactivation of calcium channels in cochlear hair cells of the chicken.</a> J. Physiol. 583, 909-922 (2007).</li><li>Horn, R., Marty, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscarinic+activation+of+ionic+currents+measured+by+a+new+whole-cell+recording+method.">Muscarinic activation of ionic currents measured by a new whole-cell recording method.</a> J. Gen. Physiol. 92, 145-159 (1988).</li><li>Rae, J. R., Cooper, K., Gates, P., Watsky, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+access+perforated+patch+recordings+using+amphotericin+B.">Low access perforated patch recordings using amphotericin B.</a> J. Neurosci. Meth. 37, 15-26 (1991).</li><li>Lumpkin, E. A., Hudspeth, A. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-triggered+exocytosis+in+an+isolated+presynaptic+cell:+capacitance+measurements+in+saccular+hair+cells.">Calcium-triggered exocytosis in an isolated presynaptic cell: capacitance measurements in saccular hair cells.</a> Neuron. 13, 875-883 (1994).</li><li>Kim, M. -. H., Vickers, E., von Gersdorff, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patch-clamp+capacitance+measurements+and+Ca2++imaging+at+single+nerve+terminals+in+retinal+slices.">Patch-clamp capacitance measurements and Ca2+ imaging at single nerve terminals in retinal slices.</a> J. Vis Exp. 59, e3345 (2012).</li><li>Housley, G. D., Ashmore, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+measurement+of+the+action+of+acetylcholine+on+isolated+outer+hair+cells+of+the+guinea+pig+cochlea.">Direct measurement of the action of acetylcholine on isolated outer hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea.</a> Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 244, 161-167 (1991).</li><li>Nicolson, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+hearing+and+balance+in+zebrafish.">The genetics of hearing and balance in zebrafish.</a> Ann. Rev. Genetics. 39, 9-22 (2005).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

Careful dissection of the end organs and gentle treatment of the cells is critical to the successful isolation of healthy, intact and physiologically active hair cells. Adhering to the following tips will assure success:
<ol>
 <li>It is easier to obtain healthy cells from smaller fish (2-2.5 cm in length). Larger fish have many more fat droplets that obscure visualization during the dissection process.</li>
 <li>Care must be taken when removing the otoliths, which overlie the hair cells. Avoid touching the cells when grabbing the otoliths with forceps. </li>
 <li>Best results are obtained when the maculae and cupulae are lifted off as sheets and the cells triturated from the epithelium.</li>
 <li>We find the use of a dog hair to triturate cells to be superior to other methods, including using human eyelashes7 which are not as tapered and less flexible.</li>
 <li>During patch clamping, application of positive pressure to the electrode as it passes through the air/solution interface is important to keep the tip clean. The release of the positive pressure to enable the cell to "jump" onto the electrode is also important. This method clears a small volume of amphotericin-containing solution away from the tip, thus increasing the likelihood of forming a gigaohm seal with the cell. In our experiments we use the perforated patch recording technique instead of the more traditional whole-cell configuration because of the fragility of the cells. Attempting to "go whole cell" often results in the loss of the gigaohm seal.</li>
</ol>
The method described here will yield hundreds of healthy hair cells per animal. The technique can be performed at room temperature and requires no special equipment beyond a dissecting microscope. A previous report in JoVE describes the dissection of the inner ear in zebrafish using a ventral approach8. These authors demonstrate the dissection of whole, paraformaldehyde-fixed inner ear organs. We encourage the reader to watch this video for comparison with our methods. One advantage of the methods presented here is the obtaining of live cells useful for physiological investigations. Besides their use in patch clamp experiments to study the voltage-gated channels (as shown here) the use of these cells can be extended to study cell resonance9,10, monitor neurotransmitter release by making capacitance measurements11,12, investigate neuromodulation induced by the activation of ligand gated channels13 as well as tap into the wealth of information that can be gleaned from using mutants that affect both hearing and balance14.

<table border="1">
 <tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Solution Name</td>
 <td>Recipe</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(a) NZR (Normal Zebrafish Ringer's) (in mM)</td>
 <td>116 NaCl, 2 KCl, 2 CaCl2, 3 Glucose, 5 Na+-HEPES, pH 7.35.</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(b) NZR + Tricaine</td>
 <td>NZR + 0.02% 3-aminobenzoic acid ethyl ester methane sulfonate (Sigma A5040).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(c) NZR + BSA</td>
 <td>NZR + 0.4% Bovine Serum Albumin (Sigma A2153). </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(d) LoCaS (Low Ca2+ Solution) (in mM)</td>
 <td>100 NaCl, 2 KCl, 0.05 CaCl2, 0.05 MgCl2, 3 Glucose, 30 Na+-HEPES, pH 7.35. </td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(e) LoCaS + papain</td>
 <td>LoCaS + 0.05% L-cysteine (Sigma C1276) + 0.2% papain (Sigma P3375).</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>(f) K+-internal solution (in mM)</td>
 <td>52 K2SO4, 38 KCl, 1 K+-EGTA, 5 K+-HEPES, pH 7.3.</td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>
Table 1. Solutions.

patch clamp recordings in inner ear hair cells isolated from zebrafish

Patch clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this video represents the first application of those techniques to hair cells from zebrafish. Here we demonstrate a method to isolate healthy, intact hair cells from all of the inner ear end-organs: saccule, lagena, utricle and semicircular canals. Further, we demonstrate the diversity in hair cell size and morphology and give an example of the kinds of patch clamp recordings that can be obtained. The advantage of the use of this zebrafish model system over others stems from the availability of zebrafish mutants that affect both hearing and balance. In combination with the use of transgenic lines and other techniques that utilize genetic analysis and manipulation, the cell isolation and electrophysiological methods introduced here should facilitate greater insight into the roles hair cells play in mediating these sensory modalities.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish at JoVE.com

Patch Clamp Recordings in Inner Ear Hair Cells Isolated from Zebrafish

The purpose of this video is to demonstrate procedures for obtaining healthy, intact hair cells from the inner ear organs of adult zebrafish and then using them for patch clamp studies aimed at characterizing the biophysical properties of their voltage-gated channels.

Patch  clamp analyses of the voltage-gated channels in sensory hair cells isolated  from a variety of species have been described previously1-4 but this  ...

patch-clamp-recordings-in-inner-ear-hair-cells-isolated-from-zebrafish

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

16.5K vistas.  Pepperdine University. El propósito de este video es para demostrar los procedimientos para obtener las células sanas, intactas pelo de los órganos del oído interno de pez cebra adultos y luego usarlos para estudios de patch clamp objetivo de caracterizar las propiedades biofísicas de los canales dependientes de voltaje.