The authors thank Mike Myles, Sam Saunders, and C.W. Elton at the ECU Multimedia &amp; Technology Services for providing assistance in video production. We acknowledge the grant support from North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Golfers against Cancer, Brody Brothers Endowment Fund, American Heart Association, and ECU/Vidant Cancer Research and Education Fund (L.V.Y. and M.J.R.).

1. Ensayo de cierre de la herida Cultivo Celular <ol><li> Separar las células de la placa de cultivo de tejidos usando 0,25% de solución de tripsina-EDTA. Precipitar las células en un tubo cónico de 15 ml por centrifugación, aspirar el sobrenadante, y las células en medio de cultivo re-suspenden. Placa del número apropiado de células en una placa de 6 pocillos para el 100% de confluencia en 24 horas. Nota: Se pueden necesitar exámenes para determinar el tiempo y el número de células para lograr el 100% de confluencia por el tipo celular y el tamaño de la siendo bien utilizado (por ejemplo, 1 x 10 6 células de melanoma B16F10 se sembraron en un pocillo de una placa de 6 pocillos 24 horas antes de la generación de la herida). Alternativamente, se pueden utilizar de 12 pocillos o placas de 24 pocillos. Nota: Si está disponible, las células pueden ser sembradas en una cultura-Insert (de ibidi LLC) en una placa de cultivo de tejido tratado de hacer la herida previamente fundido. Una cultura-Insert puede proteger la superficie de la placa de cultivo de tejidos del daño causado por la punta de la pipeta. Si una cultura-Insert se utiliza el paso de omisión1.2. </li><li> En un entorno estéril (típicamente una campana de bioseguridad) utiliza una punta de pipeta 200 l para presionar con firmeza contra la parte superior de la placa de cultivo de tejidos y rápidamente crea una herida vertical de abajo a través de la monocapa de células. Una punta de pipeta de tamaño diferente puede ser utilizado para hacer el tamaño de la herida que se desea. No use fuerza excesiva contra la placa de cultivo de tejidos con la punta de la pipeta, ya que puede dañar la superficie. Si la herida es pre-fundido, este paso se puede omitir. </li><li> Aspirar con cuidado los medios de comunicación y los restos celulares. Agregar lentamente suficiente medio de cultivo contra la pared del pozo para cubrir la parte inferior del pozo y evitar separar las células adicionales. Después de la generación y la inspección de la herida se debe tomar una imagen inicial. Coloque la placa de cultivo de tejido en una incubadora a la temperatura adecuada y la concentración de CO 2 (típicamente 37 ° C y 5% de CO 2). </li><li> En varios momentos de la hora, por ejemplo, cada 3 horas, retire la placa de la incuo y lo coloca bajo un microscopio invertido para tomar una imagen instantánea y para verificar el cierre de heridas. Si el tiempo transcurrido microscopía está disponible, tomar una foto cada X número de minutos (por lo general a partir de cada 5 minutos) para cualquier duración de tiempo en una temperatura y CO 2 cámara controlada. Dependiendo del tipo de célula, el tiempo de cierre de la herida puede variar. </li><li> Para analizar los resultados de las imágenes de captura, medir la distancia de un lado de la herida al otro usando una barra de escala. Analizar y cierre claramente presente la herida en el tiempo utilizando un gráfico de dispersión o gráfico de barras, por ejemplo, la Figura 1. </li><li> Para analizar las imágenes con lapso de tiempo, importar las imágenes en el software ImageJ (disponible gratuitamente en http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) para hacer un video. Para ello ImageJ abierto, haga clic en Archivo, Importar y, Secuencia de imágenes. Busque el archivo con imágenes; haga clic en la primera foto en el archivo. Guardar vídeo seleccionando Archivo, Guardar como, y AVI. Las células individuales que migran se pueden observar a characterize movimiento direccional. Además, las características morfológicas, tales como la formación de lamelipodios y posterior retracción del borde pueden ser estudiados como así (Figura 2 y de vídeo adicional). </li></ol> 2. Migración celular y la invasión Transwell Ensayo <ol><li> En un entorno estéril (típicamente una campana de bioseguridad) separar las células de la placa de cultivo de tejidos utilizando un tampón no enzimático de disociación de células o 0,25% de solución de tripsina-EDTA, las células de pellets por centrifugación, y aspirar el medio existente dejando las células sedimentadas. Volver a suspender las células en medio de cultivo celular libre de suero que contiene 0,1% de BSA (albúmina de suero bovino). Nota: Dependiendo de la línea celular que se investiga 0,25% de tripsina-EDTA puede afectar a la migración celular y la invasión debido a la escisión de varios receptores en la superficie de la célula 17. Nota: El número de células por ml depende del tamaño de las células. Será necesario realizar más pruebas para determinar una densidad de siembra que prociona los mejores resultados. Típicamente 1 x 10 6 células / ml es un buen punto de partida para la mayoría de tipos de células cuando se utiliza el 24 pocillos Transwell insertar. Hay una gama de tamaños de inserto Transwell y el número de células añadidas se debe ajustar para en consecuencia. </li><li> Placa de 100 l de solución de células en la parte superior de la membrana de filtro en un inserto de Transwell y se incuba durante 10 minutos a 37 ° C y 5% de CO 2 para permitir que las células se colocan abajo. Nota: El tamaño de poro particular de la membrana Transwell utilizado depende del tamaño individual de las células en la muestra. Por ejemplo, si las células son demasiado pequeñas que pueden pasar a través de los poros sin la necesidad de facilitar la migración o si son demasiado grande no puede encajar a través de los poros. Hay varias inserciones Transwell con tamaños de poro que varían desde 3 m, 5 m, y 8 m para ensayos de migración celular. Los insertos Transwell están disponibles comercialmente de compañías tales como Corning. Nota: El transwell mensayo a migración se puede modificar fácilmente para realizar el ensayo de invasión celular. Para ello, agregue la matriz extracelular (ECM) de materiales en la parte superior de la membrana transwell y luego añadir las células en la parte superior de la ECM. Por ejemplo, Matrigel se descongela y se licua en hielo, y luego 30-50 l de Matrigel se añade a un 24-así Transwell insertar y solidificó en una incubadora a 37 ° C durante 15-30 minutos para formar una capa de gel delgada. Solución de células se añade en la parte superior de la capa de Matrigel para simular invasión a través de la matriz extracelular. Nota: Existen claras diferencias entre la migración celular transwell y los ensayos de invasión celular transwell. El ensayo de migración de células Transwell mide la capacidad quimiotáctica de las células hacia una quimio-atrayente. El ensayo de invasión de células Transwell, sin embargo, mide tanto la quimiotaxis de células y la invasión de células a través de la matriz extracelular, un proceso que se encuentra comúnmente en la metástasis del cáncer o el desarrollo embrionario. </li><li> Con una pipeta, muy carefañadir ully 600 l de la quimio-atrayente deseado en la parte inferior de la cámara baja en una placa de 24 pocillos. Añadir la quimio-atrayente sin mover el inserto transwell y evitar la generación de burbujas. Asegúrese de que el líquido-quimio atrayente en el pozo inferior hace contacto con la membrana en el pocillo superior para formar un gradiente quimiotáctico. El tiempo de incubación depende del tipo de célula y la quimio-atrayente utilizado. Nota: Se pueden necesitar pruebas adicionales para determinar el período de incubación. Nota: Para las células adherentes, las células migradas se adjunte al otro lado de la membrana 1,8. La cuantificación de células migradas se puede realizar siguiendo los pasos 2.4 a 2.8 (pasos 2.4 a 2.8 no necesita ser realizado en un ambiente estéril). Para las células no adherentes, las células migraron caerán en los medios de comunicación en la cámara baja. El número de células migradas se puede contar mediante el uso de hemocitómetro o citómetro de flujo 5. </li><li> Retire el inserto transwell de la placa. Utilice un aplicador con punta de algodón tantas veces como sea necesario para remover cuidadosamente los medios de comunicación y las células restantes que no han migrado desde la parte superior de la membrana sin dañarlo. </li><li> Añadir 600-1.000 l de etanol al 70% en un pocillo de una placa de 24 pocillos. Coloque el inserto Transwell en el etanol al 70% durante 10 minutos para permitir la fijación de células. Eliminar Transwell inserto de la placa de 24 pocillos y utilizar un aplicador con punta de algodón para eliminar el etanol restante desde la parte superior de la membrana. Permita que la membrana transwell se seque (normalmente 10-15 minutos). </li><li> Añadir 600-1.000 l de 0,2% de cristal violeta en un pocillo de una placa de 24 pocillos y la posición de la membrana en él para la tinción. Se incuba a temperatura ambiente durante 5-10 minutos. </li><li> Retire suavemente el cristal violeta en la parte superior de la membrana con una punta de pipeta o punta de algodón aplicador. Con mucho cuidado, para evitar el lavado de células fijadas, sumergir la membrana en agua destilada tantas veces como sea necesario para eliminar el exceso viole cristalt. Permita que la membrana transwell se seque. </li><li> Ver debajo de un microscopio invertido y contar el número de células en diferentes campos de visión para obtener una suma promedio de células que han migrado a través de la membrana hacia la quimio-atrayente y unidos en la parte inferior de la membrana (Figura 3). </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

La migración celular es un aspecto importante para estudiar en la investigación del cáncer y también se puede aplicar a los estudios de curación de desarrollo, inmunológicos y de la herida. El cultivo de células de ensayo de la herida cierre y ensayos de la migración celular y la invasión Transwell revelar información detallada de comportamientos migratorios celulares y se puede utilizar para investigar los mecanismos moleculares de la migración de células 1,2,10,14. Nuestro estudio utilizó estos...

La motilidad es una característica esencial de las células vivas. La migración celular está implicado en la concepción de la vida, el desarrollo embrionario, la respuesta inmune, y muchos procesos patológicos, tales como la metástasis del cáncer y la inflamación 1-9. Por lo tanto, los métodos para estudiar el comportamiento migratorio de células son las herramientas de investigación de gran utilidad para una amplia gama de disciplinas en las ciencias biomédicas, biología, bioingeniería y otros campos relacionados. El estudio de la migración celular en la investigación del cáncer es de particular interés como la principal causa de muerte en los pacientes de cáncer está relacionado con la progresión metastásica. Con el fin de cáncer se propague y difundir a través del cuerpo, las células cancerosas deben migrar e invadir a través de la matriz extracelular (ECM), intravasate en circulación de la sangre, adjuntar a un sitio distante, y finalmente extravasación para formar focos distantes 1,10-12. Varios métodos biológicos se pueden emplear para estudiar estos eventos en detalle. El cultivo de células de la herida-cierre de unensayos d la migración y la invasión transwell se utilizan ampliamente en la comunidad científica de 1,10. Estas pruebas pueden proporcionar los datos necesarios que puedan permitir una comprensión de lo bien que un tipo particular de célula de forma espontánea puede migrar o responder a una quimio-atrayente y direccionalmente migrar hacia ella. Varios fenotipos migratorias se han descrito. Las células pueden migrar en forma de una sola célula, como se ve en mesenquimales o movimiento ameboide como o por el movimiento multicelular marcado la migración colectiva de células o streaming de 13. El método de movimiento utilizado en células móviles se puede observar fácilmente usando el ensayo de cierre de la herida cultivo celular. Entre las numerosas formas de estudiar la migración celular, el ensayo de cierre de la herida celular es uno de los más sencillos. Este método es útil para determinar la capacidad de migración de masas de células enteras. Cuando se toma un paso más allá que puede ser utilizado para observar las características morfológicas de células individuales durante la migración 14. Tras el análisis de la cierre de la herida muchos fenotipos pueden ser revelados. Medición de la distancia de cierre con el tiempo cuando se compara con un control puede revelar cambios específicos de migración o un fenotipo migratorio deteriorado que no se conocía previamente. Por otra parte, la formación de un solo lamellipodium celular, retracción de la cola, y el movimiento direccional pueden dar pistas de lo que puede verse afectada o el incremento en las células de interés 14. La migración Transwell y ensayos de invasión se pueden usar para analizar la capacidad de las células individuales para responder direccionalmente a varios quimioatrayentes si son quimiocinas, factores de crecimiento, lípidos, nucleótidos o 4,5,8,15,16. También se puede evaluar la capacidad migratoria diferencial debido a la sobre-expresión de un receptor de 1,14. Estos ensayos también se pueden utilizar para identificar y caracterizar los principales reguladores de la migración celular, tales como la familia Rho de pequeñas GTPasas 2. A raíz de estos cortos y de fácil accespruebas bles, el modo de la migración celular y la capacidad de una célula para invadir en una matriz de 3-D también se pueden determinar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="601">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11995-073</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gemini</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">100106</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A4503-50G</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:169px;">Trypsin EDTA 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25200-056</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14190-250</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:169px;">Crystal violet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">C0775-100G</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Dissolved in water at 0.2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Cell disassociation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">13151-014</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # 3145</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">SterilGARD biosafety hood</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">The Baker Company, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # VBM-600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">EVOS Fl inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # AMF-4302-US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:169px;">Tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Catalog number varies depending on the type of culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="63" rowspan="2" style="height:63px;width:169px;">Corning Transwell insert</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:133px;">Fisher</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:107px;">07-200-150</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:193px;">Catalog number varies depending on the pore size of the membrane</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro cell migration and invasion assays

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and inflammation. Methods to examine cell migration are very useful and important for a wide range of biomedical research such as cancer biology, immunology, vascular biology, cell biology and developmental biology. Here we use tumor cell migration and invasion as an example and describe two related assays to illustrate the commonly used, easily accessible methods to measure these processes. The first method is the cell culture wound closure assay in which a scratch is generated on a confluent cell monolayer. The speed of wound closure and cell migration can be quantified by taking snapshot pictures with a regular inverted microscope at several time intervals. More detailed cell migratory behavior can be documented using the time-lapse microscopy system. The second method described in this paper is the transwell cell migration and invasion assay that measures the capacity of cell motility and invasiveness toward a chemo-attractant gradient. It is our goal to describe these methods in a highly accessible manner so that the procedures can be successfully performed in research laboratories even just with basic cell biology setup.

El ensayo de cierre de la herida y el ensayo de migración de células Transwell que aquí se presenta se realizaron con células de melanoma de ratón B16F10 como un sistema modelo. En el ensayo de cierre de la herida, B16F10 células se sembraron en una placa de cultivo tisular de 6 pocillos y se cultivaron hasta 100% de confluencia en 24 horas. Una herida de aproximadamente 700 m de ancho se ha generado utilizando una punta de pipeta y el cierre de la herida (migración celular) fue grabado usando la microscopía de ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays at JoVE.com

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

De uso general, se describen métodos muy accesibles para el examen de la migración celular y la invasión in vitro. El primer método es el ensayo de cierre de la herida de células que mide la motilidad celular. El segundo método es la migración y la invasión de ensayo Transwell que evalúa la quimiotaxis y la capacidad invasiva de las células.

En la migración celular y la invasión ensayos in vitro

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and ...

in-vitro-cell-migration-and-invasion-assays

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

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Cell Biology

Biology

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Unit 1

Cell Polarization and Migration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

136.9K vistas.  East Carolina University.  De uso general, se describen métodos muy accesibles para el examen de la migración celular y la invasión in vitro. El primer método es el ensayo de cierre de la herida de células que mide la motilidad celular. El segundo método es la migración y la invasión de ensayo Transwell que evalúa la quimiotaxis y la capacidad invasiva de las células. 

Video: In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

Ensayo de adhesión y la invasión de agar en S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Investigación

Biología

Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful tool for studying seizure like activity. A variety of mutants in which seizures can be induced through either physical shock or electrical stimulation is available for study of various aspects of seizure activity and behavior. All flies, including wild-type, will undergo seizure-like activity if stimulated at a high enough voltage. Seizure like activity is an all-or-nothing response and each genotype has a specific seizure threshold. The seizure threshold of a specific genotype of fly can be altered either by treatment with a drug or by genetic suppression or enhancement. The threshold is easily measured by electrophysiology. Seizure-like activity can be induced via high frequency electrical stimulation delivered directly to the brain and recorded through the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs) in the thorax. The DLMs are innervated by part of the giant fiber system. Starting with low voltage, high frequency stimulation, and subsequently raising the voltage in small increments, the seizure threshold for a single fly can be measured.

Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila

Using high frequency electrical stimulation, seizure-like activity can be induced in Drosophila. This activity is easily recorded from the giant fiber system.

Neurocircuit ensayos para las convulsiones en la epilepsia de los mutantes Drosophila</em

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful tool for studying seizure like activity. A variety of mutants in which seizures can be induced through either physical ...

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to both secrete proteases that break down the basement membrane as well as migrate in order to be invasive. BD BioCoat Tumor Invasion System provides cells with conditions that allow assessment of their invasive property in vitro1,2. It consists of a BD Falcon FluoroBlok 24-Multiwell Insert Plate with an 8.0 micron pore size PET membrane that has been uniformly coated with BD Matrigel Matrix. This uniform layer of BD Matrigel Matrix serves as a reconstituted basement membrane in vitro providing a true barrier to non-invasive cells while presenting an appropriate protein structure to study invasion. The coating process occludes the pores of the membrane, blocking non-invasive cells from migrating through the membrane. In contrast, invasive cells are able to detach themselves from and migrate through the coated membrane. Quantitation of cell invasion can be achieved by either pre- or post-cell invasion labeling with a fluorescent dye such as DiIC12(3) or calcein AM, respectively, and measuring the fluorescence of invading cells. Since the BD FluoroBlok membrane effectively blocks the passage of light from 490-700 nm at &gt;99% efficiency, fluorescently-labeled cells that have not invaded are not detected by a bottom-reading fluorescence plate reader. However, cells that have invaded to the underside of the membrane are no longer shielded from the light source and are detected with the respective plate reader. This video demonstrates an endpoint cell invasion assay, using calcein AM to detect invaded cells.

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

This video demonstrates how to measure cell invasion through cell culture inserts using a fluorescence-based methodology.

Un In vitro Tumor FluoroBlok invasión de ensayo

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to ...

Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or separation step. When the IL-8 target was present, a 'sandwich'-based assay attached magnetic beads with IL-8 capture antibody to streptavidin coupled fluorescent protein via the IL-8 target and a biotinylated IL-8 antibody. The magnetic beads are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The fluorescent proteins, which are attached to the magnetic beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out of an orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. The magnetic modulation biosensing system was previously used to detect the coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) [2]. The techniques that are demonstrated in this work for external manipulation and condensation of particles may be used for other applications, e.g. delivery of magnetically-coupled drugs in-vivo or enhancing the contrast for in-vivo imaging applications.

Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.

Detección rápida homogénea de Ensayos Biológicos Usando el Sistema de modulación magnética biosensores

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or ...

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal regeneration and sprouting by secreting growth factors 1,2 and providing growth promoting adhesion molecules 3 and extracellular matrix molecules 4. In addition they myelinate the demyelinated axons at the site of injury 5.
However following transplantation, Schwann cells do not migrate from the site of implant and do not intermingle with the host astrocytes 6,7. This results in formation of a sharp boundary between the Schwann cells and astrocytes, creating an obstacle for growing axons trying to exit the graft back into the host tissue proximally and distally. Astrocytes in contact with Schwann cells also undergo hypertrophy and up-regulate the inhibitory molecules 8-13.
In vitro assays have been used to model Schwann cell-astrocyte interactions and have been important in understanding the mechanism underlying the cellular behaviour.
These in vitro assays include boundary assay, where a co-culture is made using two different cells with each cell type occupying different territories with only a small gap separating the two cell fronts. As the cells divide and migrate, the two cellular fronts get closer to each other and finally collide. This allows the behaviour of the two cellular populations to be analyzed at the boundary. Another variation of the same technique is to mix the two cellular populations in culture and over time the two cell types segregate with Schwann cells clumped together as islands in between astrocytes together creating multiple Schwann-astrocyte boundaries.
The second assay used in studying the interaction of two cell types is the migration assay where cellular movement can be tracked on the surface of the other cell type monolayer 14,15. This assay is commonly known as inverted coverslip assay. Schwann cells are cultured on small glass fragments and they are inverted face down onto the surface of astrocyte monolayers and migration is assessed from the edge of coverslip.
Both assays have been instrumental in studying the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular exclusion and boundary formation. Some of the molecules identified using these techniques include N-Cadherins 15, Chondroitin Sulphate proteoglycans(CSPGs) 16,17, FGF/Heparin 18, Eph/Ephrins19.
This article intends to describe boundary assay and migration assay in stepwise fashion and elucidate the possible technical problems that might occur.

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

This article intends to describe in stepwise fashion the commonly used in vitro assays used in studying Schwann cell-asrtocyte interactions.

El análisis de Schwann-astrocito interacciones utilizando In Vitro Ensayos

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal ...

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The density of NFT correlates well with cognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative symptoms, thus prompting the endeavor of developing tau aggregation-based therapeutics. Thus far, however, tau aggregation assays use recombinant or synthetic tau that is devoid of the pathology-related phosphorylation marks. Here we describe two assays using recombinant, hyperphosphorylated tau as the subject. These assays can be scaled up for high-throughput screens for compounds that can modulate the kinetics or stability of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies can potentially be discovered using hyperphosphorylated tau isoforms.

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Unmodified and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins were used in two in vitro aggregation assays to reveal the hyperphosphorylation-dependent fast aggregation kinetics. These assays pave the way for future screens for compounds that can modulate the propensity of hyperphosphorylated tau to form fibrils that underlie the progression of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

En Vitro agregación ensayos usando hiperfosforilada proteína tau

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of ...

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound responses and repair in this model have illuminated our understanding of the cytoskeletal and genomic responses to tissue damage. The two most commonly used methods to wound the C. elegans adult skin are pricks with microinjection needles, and local laser irradiation. Needle wounding locally disrupts the cuticle, epidermis, and associated extracellular matrix, and may also damage internal tissues. Laser irradiation results in more localized damage. Wounding triggers a succession of readily assayed responses including elevated epidermal Ca2+ (seconds-minutes), formation and closure of an actin-containing ring at the wound site (1-2 hr), elevated transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes (2-24 hr), and scar formation. Essentially all wild type adult animals survive wounding, whereas mutants defective in wound repair or other responses show decreased survival. Detailed protocols for needle and laser wounding, and assays for quantitation and visualization of wound responses and repair processes (Ca dynamics, actin dynamics, antimicrobial peptide induction, and survival) are presented.

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The adult C. elegans skin is a tractable model for studies of epithelial wound responses, including wound closure, scar formation, and innate immunity.

Los métodos para la piel Heridas y ensayos para Respuestas de heridas en<em&gt; C. elegans</em

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This occurs when endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, become adhesive to circulating immune cells such as monocytes. In vitro measurement of this adhesiveness has until now been done by quantifying the total number of monocytes that adhere to an endothelial layer either as a direct count or by indirect measurement of the fluorescence of adherent monocytes. While such measurements do indicate the average adhesiveness of the endothelial cell population, they are confounded by a number of factors, such as cell number, and do not reveal the proportion of endothelial cells that are actually adhesive. Here we describe and demonstrate a method which allows the enumeration of adhesive cells within a tested population of endothelial monolayer. Endothelial cells are grown on glass coverslips and following desired treatment are challenged with monocytes (that may be fluorescently labeled). After incubation, a rinsing procedure, involving multiple rounds of immersion and draining, the cells are fixed. Adhesive endothelial cells, which are surrounded by monocytes are readily identified and enumerated, giving an adhesion index that reveals the actual proportion of endothelial cells within the population that are adhesive.

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.

La cuantificación de la adhesividad de la célula endotelial<em&gt; In Vitro</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

A Simplified System for Evaluating Cell Mechanosensing and Durotaxis In Vitro

The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are highly variable between tissue types. This connective tissue stroma diversity greatly impacts cell behavior to regulate normal and pathologic processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion signaling and directional migration. In this regard, the innate ability of certain cell types to migrate towards a stiffer, or less compliant matrix substrate is referred to as durotaxis. This phenomenon plays an important role during embryonic development, wound repair and cancer cell invasion. Here, we describe a straightforward assay to study durotaxis, in vitro, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Preparation of the described durotaxis chambers creates a rigidity interface between the relatively soft PDMS gel and a rigid glass coverslip. In the example provided, we have used these durotaxis chambers to demonstrate a role for the cdc42/Rac1 GTPase activating protein, cdGAP, in mechanosensing and durotaxis regulation in human U2OS osteosarcoma cells. This assay is readily adaptable to other cell types and/or knockdown of other proteins of interests to explore their respective roles in mechanosignaling and durotaxis.

A Simplified System for Evaluating Cell Mechanosensing and Durotaxis In Vitro

Many mammalian cells preferentially migrate towards a more rigid matrix or substrate through durotaxis. The goal of this protocol is to provide a simple in vitro system that can be used to study and manipulate cell durotaxis behaviors by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of defined rigidity, interfacing with glass coverslips.

Un sistema simplificado para la evaluación de la célula Mechanosensing y Durotaxis<em&gt; In Vitro</em

The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are highly variable between tissue types. This connective tissue stroma diversity ...

A Customizable Chamber for Measuring Cell Migration

Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between cells, the extracellular matrix, and soluble and non-soluble chemical factors (e.g., chemoattractants). Standard methods for measuring the migration of cells, such as the Boyden chamber assay, work by counting cells on either side of a divider. These techniques are easy to use; however, they offer little geometric modification for different applications. In contrast, microfluidic devices can be used to observe cell migration with customizable concentration gradients of soluble factors1,2. However, methods for making microfluidics based assays can be difficult to learn.
Here, we describe an easy method for creating cell culture chambers to measure cell migration in response to chemical concentration gradients. Our cell migration chamber method can create different linear concentration gradients in order to study cell migration for a variety of applications. This method is relatively easy to use and is typically performed by undergraduate students.
The microchannel chamber was created by placing an acrylic insert in the shape of the final microchannel chamber well into a Petri dish. After this, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was poured on top of the insert. The PDMS was allowed to harden and then the insert was removed. This allowed for the creation of wells in any desired shape or size. Cells may be subsequently added to the microchannel chamber, and soluble agents can be added to one of the wells by soaking an agarose block in the desired agent. The agarose block is added to one of the wells, and time-lapse images can be taken of the microchannel chamber in order to quantify cell migration. Variations to this method can be made for a given application, making this method highly customizable.

This protocol details a customizable method to measure cell migration in response to chemoattractants that may also be used to determine the diffusion rate of a drug out of a polymer matrix.

Una Cámara personalizable para medir la migración celular

Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between ...