The authors thank Mike Myles, Sam Saunders, and C.W. Elton at the ECU Multimedia &amp; Technology Services for providing assistance in video production. We acknowledge the grant support from North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Golfers against Cancer, Brody Brothers Endowment Fund, American Heart Association, and ECU/Vidant Cancer Research and Education Fund (L.V.Y. and M.J.R.).

1. Culture cellulaire fermeture de la plaie Assay <ol><li> Détacher les cellules de la plaque de culture de tissu en utilisant 0,25% de solution de trypsine-EDTA. cellules à granules dans un tube conique de 15 ml par centrifugation, aspirer le surnageant et les cellules dans un milieu de culture re-suspension. Plate le nombre approprié de cellules dans une plaque à 6 puits à 100% de confluence dans les 24 heures. Remarque: Les essais peuvent être nécessaires pour déterminer le moment et le nombre de cellules d&#39;atteindre 100% de confluence en raison du type de cellule et de la taille de l&#39;être bien utilisée (par exemple, 1 x 10 6 cellules B16F10 de mélanomes sont ensemencées dans un puits d&#39;une plaque à 6 puits 24 heures avant la génération de la plaie). En variante, des plaques à 12 puits ou à 24 puits peuvent être utilisées. Remarque: Si possible, les cellules peuvent être ensemencées dans une culture-insertion (à partir LLC ibidi) sur un tissu plaque de culture traité faisant la plaie pré-coulé. Une culture-Insert peut protéger la surface de la plaque de culture de tissu des dommages causés par l&#39;embout de pipette. Si une culture-Insérer permet pas omettre le1.2. </li><li> Dans un environnement stérile (généralement une hotte de sécurité biologique), utilisez une pointe de pipette 200 ul d&#39;appuyer fermement contre le haut de la plaque de culture de tissus et de faire rapidement une plaie verticale à travers la monocouche cellulaire. Un embout de pipette de taille différente peut être utilisée pour rendre la taille de la plaie que l&#39;on souhaite. Ne pas utiliser une force excessive contre la plaque de culture de tissu avec la pointe de la pipette, cela pourrait endommager la surface. Si la plaie est pré-coulé, cette étape peut être omise. </li><li> Aspirer délicatement les médias et les débris cellulaires. Lentement, ajouter suffisamment de milieux de culture contre la paroi du puits pour couvrir le fond du puits et éviter détacher des cellules supplémentaires. Suite à la génération et à l&#39;inspection de la plaie une image initiale doit être prise. Placer la plaque de culture tissulaire dans un incubateur réglé à la température appropriée et la concentration de CO 2 (typiquement 37 ° C et 5% CO 2). </li><li> À plusieurs moments, par exemple toutes les 3 heures, retirer la plaque du incubatou et le placer sous un microscope inversé pour prendre une photo de l&#39;instantané et de vérifier la fermeture de la plaie. Si la microscopie time-lapse est disponible, prendre une photo tous les X minutes (généralement à partir de toutes les 5 minutes) pour une durée de temps dans une température et CO 2 chambre contrôlée. Selon le type cellulaire, le temps de fermeture de plaie peut varier. </li><li> Pour analyser les résultats de l&#39;instantané des photos, mesurer la distance d&#39;un côté de la plaie à l&#39;autre en utilisant une barre d&#39;échelle. Analyser et bien présents fermeture de la plaie au cours du temps en utilisant un nuage de points ou graphique à barres, par exemple, la figure 1. </li><li> Pour analyser les photos time-lapse, importer les photos dans le logiciel ImageJ (disponible gratuitement à http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/) à faire une vidéo. Pour ce faire, ImageJ ouvert, cliquez sur Fichier, Importer, et une séquence d&#39;images. Trouver le fichier avec des images; cliquez sur la première photo dans le fichier. Enregistrement de vidéos en sélectionnant Fichier, Enregistrer sous, et AVI. Cellules migrantes simples peuvent être observés à characterize mouvement directionnel. En outre, les caractéristiques morphologiques telles que la formation de lamellipodes et bord de fuite de rétraction peuvent être étudiées ainsi (Figure 2 et vidéo supplémentaire). </li></ol> 2. Transwell migration cellulaire et l&#39;invasion de dosage <ol><li> Dans un environnement stérile (typiquement une hotte de biosécurité) détacher les cellules de la plaque de culture de tissu en utilisant un tampon non-enzymatique de dissociation de cellules ou de 0,25% de solution de trypsine-EDTA, un culot de cellules par centrifugation, et aspirer le support existant en laissant le culot cellulaire. Re-suspendre les cellules dans des milieux de culture cellulaire sans sérum contenant 0,1% de BSA (albumine de sérum bovin). Remarque: En fonction de la lignée cellulaire étant étudiée 0,25% de trypsine-EDTA peut influer sur la migration et l&#39;invasion cellulaire en raison de la coupure de différents récepteurs sur la surface de la cellule 17. Note: Le nombre de cellules par ml dépend de la taille des cellules. D&#39;autres tests peuvent être nécessaires pour trouver une densité de semis que proVides les meilleurs résultats. Typiquement 1 x 10 6 cellules / ml est un bon point de départ pour la plupart des types de cellules en utilisant la 24 puits TRANSWELL insérer. Il existe une gamme de transwell tailles de plaquettes et le nombre de cellules ajoutées doit être ajustée en conséquence. </li><li> Plaque 100 pl de solution de cellules sur le dessus de la membrane filtrante dans un insert Transwell et incuber pendant 10 minutes à 37 ° C et 5% de CO2 pour permettre aux cellules de se déposer vers le bas. Remarque: La taille des pores particulière de la membrane Transwell utilisée dépend de la taille individuelle des cellules dans l&#39;échantillon. Par exemple, si les cellules sont trop petites, elles peuvent passer à travers les pores sans la nécessité de faciliter la migration ou s&#39;ils sont trop gros, ils peuvent ne rentre pas par les pores. Il existe plusieurs inserts Transwell avec des tailles de pores allant de 3 um, 5 pm et 8 pm pour des essais de migration cellulaire. Les inserts Transwell sont disponibles commercialement auprès des sociétés telles que Corning. Remarque: Le transwell mdosage de igrations peut être facilement modifié pour réaliser le dosage de l&#39;invasion cellulaire. Pour ce faire, ajoutez la matrice extracellulaire (ECM) des matériaux sur le dessus de la membrane transwell puis ajouter les cellules au-dessus de l&#39;ECM. Par exemple, le Matrigel est décongelé sur de la glace et liquéfié, puis de 30 à 50 ul de Matrigel est ajouté à un 24 puits transwell insérer et solidifié dans un incubateur à 37 ° C pendant 15 à 30 minutes pour former une couche mince de gel. Cell solution est ajoutée sur le dessus de la couche de Matrigel pour simuler invasion à travers la matrice extracellulaire. Remarque: Il ya des différences entre la migration des cellules transwell et les essais d&#39;invasion de cellules transwell. La détermination de la migration cellulaire Transwell mesure la capacité chimiotactique des cellules vers un chimio-attractant. Le dosage de l&#39;invasion de cellules Transwell, cependant, mesure à la fois la chimiotaxie de cellules et l&#39;invasion des cellules à travers la matrice extracellulaire, un processus qui se trouve couramment dans les métastases du cancer ou du développement embryonnaire. </li><li> Avec une pipette, très atmosully ajouter 600 ul de la chimio-attractant souhaitée dans le fond de la chambre inférieure dans une plaque à 24 puits. Ajouter la chimio-attractif sans déplacer l&#39;insert transwell et éviter de générer des bulles. Assurez-vous que le liquide de chimio-attractant dans le fond du puits est en contact avec la membrane dans le puits supérieur afin de former un gradient chimiotactique. Le temps d&#39;incubation dépend du type de cellule et la chimio-attractant est utilisé. Note: D&#39;autres essais peuvent être nécessaires pour déterminer la période d&#39;incubation. Remarque: Pour les cellules adhérentes, les cellules ayant migré se fixer sur l&#39;autre côté de la membrane 1,8. La quantification des cellules ayant migré peut être effectuée en suivant les étapes 2.4 à 2.8 (2.4 à 2.8 étapes n&#39;ont pas besoin d&#39;être exécuté dans un environnement stérile). Pour les cellules non-adhérentes, les cellules ayant migré vont baisser dans les médias à la chambre basse. Le nombre de cellules ayant migré peut être compté en utilisant un hémocytomètre ou cytomètre en flux 5. </li><li> Retirez le cache du transwell de la plaque. Utilisez un coton-tige autant de fois que nécessaire pour retirer soigneusement les médias et les cellules restantes qui n&#39;ont pas migré à partir du haut de la membrane sans l&#39;endommager. </li><li> Ajouter 600-1,000 ul d&#39;éthanol à 70% dans un puits d&#39;une plaque de 24 puits. Placer l&#39;insert Transwell dans l&#39;éthanol à 70% pendant 10 minutes pour permettre la fixation des cellules. Retirer transwell insert de la plaque de 24 puits et utiliser un coton-tige pour enlever le reste d&#39;éthanol à partir du haut de la membrane. Laisser la membrane transwell sécher (en général 10-15 minutes). </li><li> Ajouter 600-1,000 ul de 0,2% de cristal violet dans un puits d&#39;une plaque à 24 puits et la position de la membrane en elle pour la coloration. Incuber à température ambiante pendant 5 à 10 minutes. </li><li> Retirez délicatement le cristal violet du haut de la membrane avec une pointe de pipette ou coton applicateur incliné. Très soigneusement, pour éviter de rincer les cellules fixes, tremper la membrane dans de l&#39;eau distillée autant de fois que nécessaire pour éliminer les cristaux viole excèst. Laisser la membrane transwell sécher. </li><li> Vue sous un microscope inversé et compter le nombre de cellules dans les différents champs de vision pour obtenir une somme moyenne de cellules qui ont migré à travers la membrane vers le chimio-attractant et fixés sur la face inférieure de la membrane (Figure 3). </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

La migration cellulaire est un aspect important d&#39;étudier en recherche sur le cancer et il peut également être appliquée à des études de guérison de développement, immunologiques et la plaie. La culture cellulaire enroulé essai de fermeture et la migration des cellules transwell et invasion tests révèlent des informations détaillées sur les comportements migratoires des cellules et peut être utilisée pour étudier les mécanismes moléculaires de la migration des cellules 1,2,10,14. Notre ?...

La motilité est une caractéristique essentielle de cellules vivantes. La migration cellulaire est impliquée dans la conception de la vie, le développement embryonnaire, la réponse immunitaire, et de nombreux processus pathologiques, tels que les métastases du cancer et l&#39;inflammation 9.1. Par conséquent, les méthodes pour étudier le comportement migratoire cellule sont des outils de recherche très utiles pour un large éventail de disciplines en sciences biomédicales, biologie, bio-ingénierie, et des domaines connexes. L&#39;étude de la migration cellulaire dans la recherche sur le cancer est d&#39;un intérêt particulier comme la principale cause de décès chez les patients atteints de cancer est lié à la progression métastatique. Pour le cancer de se propager et diffuser dans tout le corps, les cellules cancéreuses doivent migrer et envahir par la matrice extracellulaire (ECM), intravasate dans la circulation sanguine, attacher à un site distant, et enfin s&#39;extravaser pour former foyers distants 1,10-12. Diverses méthodes biologiques peuvent être utilisés pour étudier ces événements en détail. La culture cellulaire enroulé une fermetured la migration transwell et d&#39;invasion des essais sont largement utilisés dans la communauté scientifique 1,10. Ces tests peuvent fournir les données nécessaires pouvant permettre une compréhension de la façon dont un type cellulaire particulier peut spontanément migrer ou répondre à une chimio-attractif et directionnelle migrer vers elle. Plusieurs phénotypes migratoires ont été décrits. Les cellules peuvent migrer dans une forme de cellule unique tel que vu dans mésenchymateuses ou mouvement amiboïde comme ou par le mouvement multicellulaire marqué la migration ou de la cellule collective streaming 13. Procédé de mouvement utilisée dans les cellules mobiles peut être facilement observée à l&#39;aide de la culture cellulaire essai de fermeture de plaie. Parmi les nombreuses façons d&#39;étudier la migration cellulaire, l&#39;essai de fermeture de plaie de la cellule est l&#39;un des plus simples. Cette méthode est utile pour déterminer la capacité de migration des masses de cellules entières. Lorsque franchi une nouvelle étape, il peut être utilisé pour observer les caractéristiques morphologiques de cellules individuelles pendant la migration 14. Suite à l&#39;analyse de la fermeture de la plaie de nombreux phénotypes peuvent être révélés. Mesure de la distance fermé au fil du temps lorsque l&#39;on compare à un contrôle peut révéler des changements de migration spécifiques ou un phénotype migratoire avec facultés affaiblies qui était inconnu auparavant. En outre, seule la formation de lamellipode cellulaire, la queue rentrée, et le mouvement directionnel peuvent donner des indices pour ce qui peut être altérée ou renforcée dans les cellules d&#39;intérêt 14. La migration des dosages transwell et d&#39;invasion peuvent être utilisées pour analyser la capacité des cellules à répondre de manière directionnelle simples à divers chimio-attractants si elles sont des chimiokines, des facteurs de croissance, des lipides, ou des nucléotides 4,5,8,15,16. On peut également évaluer la capacité migratoire différentielle due à la surexpression d&#39;un récepteur de 1,14. Ces dosages peuvent également être utilisées pour identifier et caractériser les régulateurs clés de la migration cellulaire, tels que la famille Rho des petites GTPases 2. Suite à ces court et facilement accessibles essais, le mode de la migration cellulaire et la capacité d&#39;une cellule à envahir en une matrice 3-D peuvent également être déterminées.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="601">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11995-073</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gemini</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">100106</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A4503-50G</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:169px;">Trypsin EDTA 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25200-056</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14190-250</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:169px;">Crystal violet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">C0775-100G</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Dissolved in water at 0.2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Cell disassociation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">13151-014</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # 3145</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">SterilGARD biosafety hood</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">The Baker Company, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # VBM-600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">EVOS Fl inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # AMF-4302-US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:169px;">Tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Catalog number varies depending on the type of culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="63" rowspan="2" style="height:63px;width:169px;">Corning Transwell insert</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:133px;">Fisher</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:107px;">07-200-150</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:193px;">Catalog number varies depending on the pore size of the membrane</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro cell migration and invasion assays

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and inflammation. Methods to examine cell migration are very useful and important for a wide range of biomedical research such as cancer biology, immunology, vascular biology, cell biology and developmental biology. Here we use tumor cell migration and invasion as an example and describe two related assays to illustrate the commonly used, easily accessible methods to measure these processes. The first method is the cell culture wound closure assay in which a scratch is generated on a confluent cell monolayer. The speed of wound closure and cell migration can be quantified by taking snapshot pictures with a regular inverted microscope at several time intervals. More detailed cell migratory behavior can be documented using the time-lapse microscopy system. The second method described in this paper is the transwell cell migration and invasion assay that measures the capacity of cell motility and invasiveness toward a chemo-attractant gradient. It is our goal to describe these methods in a highly accessible manner so that the procedures can be successfully performed in research laboratories even just with basic cell biology setup.

L&#39;essai de fermeture de plaie et la détermination de la migration cellulaire Transwell présentées ici ont été effectuées en utilisant des cellules de souris B16F10 de mélanome comme un système modèle. Dans l&#39;essai de fermeture de plaie, B16F10 cellules ont été ensemencées dans une plaque de culture tissulaire à 6 puits et cultivées jusqu&#39;à 100% de confluence dans les 24 heures. Une plaie d&#39;environ 700 um de large a été générée à l&#39;aide d&#39;une pointe de pipette et la fermeture ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays at JoVE.com

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Couramment utilisés, des méthodes très accessibles pour examiner la migration cellulaire et l&#39;invasion in vitro sont décrits. La première méthode est la fermeture de la plaie dosage de cellules qui mesure la motilité cellulaire. La deuxième méthode est la migration et l&#39;invasion essai transwell qui évalue la capacité chimiotactique et invasif des cellules.

Dans la migration cellulaire in vitro et Invasion dosages

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and ...

in-vitro-cell-migration-and-invasion-assays

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JoVE Journal

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Cell Biology

Biology

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Unit 1

Cell Polarization and Migration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

136.9K vues.  East Carolina University.  Couramment utilisés, des méthodes très accessibles pour examiner la migration cellulaire et l'invasion in vitro sont décrits. La première méthode est la fermeture de la plaie dosage de cellules qui mesure la motilité cellulaire. La deuxième méthode est la migration et l'invasion essai transwell qui évalue la capacité chimiotactique et invasif des cellules. 

Vidéo: In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

Dosage de l&#39;adhésion et l&#39;invasion Agar chez S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Recherche

Biologie

Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful tool for studying seizure like activity. A variety of mutants in which seizures can be induced through either physical shock or electrical stimulation is available for study of various aspects of seizure activity and behavior. All flies, including wild-type, will undergo seizure-like activity if stimulated at a high enough voltage. Seizure like activity is an all-or-nothing response and each genotype has a specific seizure threshold. The seizure threshold of a specific genotype of fly can be altered either by treatment with a drug or by genetic suppression or enhancement. The threshold is easily measured by electrophysiology. Seizure-like activity can be induced via high frequency electrical stimulation delivered directly to the brain and recorded through the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs) in the thorax. The DLMs are innervated by part of the giant fiber system. Starting with low voltage, high frequency stimulation, and subsequently raising the voltage in small increments, the seizure threshold for a single fly can be measured.

Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila

Using high frequency electrical stimulation, seizure-like activity can be induced in Drosophila. This activity is easily recorded from the giant fiber system.

Les dosages des Saisies en Neurocircuit Mutants épilepsie du Drosophile</em

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful tool for studying seizure like activity. A variety of mutants in which seizures can be induced through either physical ...

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to both secrete proteases that break down the basement membrane as well as migrate in order to be invasive. BD BioCoat Tumor Invasion System provides cells with conditions that allow assessment of their invasive property in vitro1,2. It consists of a BD Falcon FluoroBlok 24-Multiwell Insert Plate with an 8.0 micron pore size PET membrane that has been uniformly coated with BD Matrigel Matrix. This uniform layer of BD Matrigel Matrix serves as a reconstituted basement membrane in vitro providing a true barrier to non-invasive cells while presenting an appropriate protein structure to study invasion. The coating process occludes the pores of the membrane, blocking non-invasive cells from migrating through the membrane. In contrast, invasive cells are able to detach themselves from and migrate through the coated membrane. Quantitation of cell invasion can be achieved by either pre- or post-cell invasion labeling with a fluorescent dye such as DiIC12(3) or calcein AM, respectively, and measuring the fluorescence of invading cells. Since the BD FluoroBlok membrane effectively blocks the passage of light from 490-700 nm at &gt;99% efficiency, fluorescently-labeled cells that have not invaded are not detected by a bottom-reading fluorescence plate reader. However, cells that have invaded to the underside of the membrane are no longer shielded from the light source and are detected with the respective plate reader. This video demonstrates an endpoint cell invasion assay, using calcein AM to detect invaded cells.

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

This video demonstrates how to measure cell invasion through cell culture inserts using a fluorescence-based methodology.

Une In vitro Essai FluoroBlok invasion tumorale

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to ...

Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or separation step. When the IL-8 target was present, a 'sandwich'-based assay attached magnetic beads with IL-8 capture antibody to streptavidin coupled fluorescent protein via the IL-8 target and a biotinylated IL-8 antibody. The magnetic beads are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The fluorescent proteins, which are attached to the magnetic beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out of an orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. The magnetic modulation biosensing system was previously used to detect the coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) [2]. The techniques that are demonstrated in this work for external manipulation and condensation of particles may be used for other applications, e.g. delivery of magnetically-coupled drugs in-vivo or enhancing the contrast for in-vivo imaging applications.

Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.

Homogène de détection rapide des essais biologiques utilisant un support magnétique Système de modulation Biosensing

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or ...

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal regeneration and sprouting by secreting growth factors 1,2 and providing growth promoting adhesion molecules 3 and extracellular matrix molecules 4. In addition they myelinate the demyelinated axons at the site of injury 5.
However following transplantation, Schwann cells do not migrate from the site of implant and do not intermingle with the host astrocytes 6,7. This results in formation of a sharp boundary between the Schwann cells and astrocytes, creating an obstacle for growing axons trying to exit the graft back into the host tissue proximally and distally. Astrocytes in contact with Schwann cells also undergo hypertrophy and up-regulate the inhibitory molecules 8-13.
In vitro assays have been used to model Schwann cell-astrocyte interactions and have been important in understanding the mechanism underlying the cellular behaviour.
These in vitro assays include boundary assay, where a co-culture is made using two different cells with each cell type occupying different territories with only a small gap separating the two cell fronts. As the cells divide and migrate, the two cellular fronts get closer to each other and finally collide. This allows the behaviour of the two cellular populations to be analyzed at the boundary. Another variation of the same technique is to mix the two cellular populations in culture and over time the two cell types segregate with Schwann cells clumped together as islands in between astrocytes together creating multiple Schwann-astrocyte boundaries.
The second assay used in studying the interaction of two cell types is the migration assay where cellular movement can be tracked on the surface of the other cell type monolayer 14,15. This assay is commonly known as inverted coverslip assay. Schwann cells are cultured on small glass fragments and they are inverted face down onto the surface of astrocyte monolayers and migration is assessed from the edge of coverslip.
Both assays have been instrumental in studying the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular exclusion and boundary formation. Some of the molecules identified using these techniques include N-Cadherins 15, Chondroitin Sulphate proteoglycans(CSPGs) 16,17, FGF/Heparin 18, Eph/Ephrins19.
This article intends to describe boundary assay and migration assay in stepwise fashion and elucidate the possible technical problems that might occur.

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

This article intends to describe in stepwise fashion the commonly used in vitro assays used in studying Schwann cell-asrtocyte interactions.

Analyse de Schwann-astrocytes interactions à l&#39;aide In Vitro Tests

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal ...

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The density of NFT correlates well with cognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative symptoms, thus prompting the endeavor of developing tau aggregation-based therapeutics. Thus far, however, tau aggregation assays use recombinant or synthetic tau that is devoid of the pathology-related phosphorylation marks. Here we describe two assays using recombinant, hyperphosphorylated tau as the subject. These assays can be scaled up for high-throughput screens for compounds that can modulate the kinetics or stability of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies can potentially be discovered using hyperphosphorylated tau isoforms.

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Unmodified and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins were used in two in vitro aggregation assays to reveal the hyperphosphorylation-dependent fast aggregation kinetics. These assays pave the way for future screens for compounds that can modulate the propensity of hyperphosphorylated tau to form fibrils that underlie the progression of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

In Vitro agrégation essais utilisant la protéine tau hyperphosphorylée

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of ...

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound responses and repair in this model have illuminated our understanding of the cytoskeletal and genomic responses to tissue damage. The two most commonly used methods to wound the C. elegans adult skin are pricks with microinjection needles, and local laser irradiation. Needle wounding locally disrupts the cuticle, epidermis, and associated extracellular matrix, and may also damage internal tissues. Laser irradiation results in more localized damage. Wounding triggers a succession of readily assayed responses including elevated epidermal Ca2+ (seconds-minutes), formation and closure of an actin-containing ring at the wound site (1-2 hr), elevated transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes (2-24 hr), and scar formation. Essentially all wild type adult animals survive wounding, whereas mutants defective in wound repair or other responses show decreased survival. Detailed protocols for needle and laser wounding, and assays for quantitation and visualization of wound responses and repair processes (Ca dynamics, actin dynamics, antimicrobial peptide induction, and survival) are presented.

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The adult C. elegans skin is a tractable model for studies of epithelial wound responses, including wound closure, scar formation, and innate immunity.

Méthodes pour Blessant Peau et Essais pour les réponses de blessure dans<em&gt; C. elegans</em

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This occurs when endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, become adhesive to circulating immune cells such as monocytes. In vitro measurement of this adhesiveness has until now been done by quantifying the total number of monocytes that adhere to an endothelial layer either as a direct count or by indirect measurement of the fluorescence of adherent monocytes. While such measurements do indicate the average adhesiveness of the endothelial cell population, they are confounded by a number of factors, such as cell number, and do not reveal the proportion of endothelial cells that are actually adhesive. Here we describe and demonstrate a method which allows the enumeration of adhesive cells within a tested population of endothelial monolayer. Endothelial cells are grown on glass coverslips and following desired treatment are challenged with monocytes (that may be fluorescently labeled). After incubation, a rinsing procedure, involving multiple rounds of immersion and draining, the cells are fixed. Adhesive endothelial cells, which are surrounded by monocytes are readily identified and enumerated, giving an adhesion index that reveals the actual proportion of endothelial cells within the population that are adhesive.

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.

La quantification des cellules endothéliales adhésivité<em&gt; In Vitro</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

A Simplified System for Evaluating Cell Mechanosensing and Durotaxis In Vitro

The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are highly variable between tissue types. This connective tissue stroma diversity greatly impacts cell behavior to regulate normal and pathologic processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion signaling and directional migration. In this regard, the innate ability of certain cell types to migrate towards a stiffer, or less compliant matrix substrate is referred to as durotaxis. This phenomenon plays an important role during embryonic development, wound repair and cancer cell invasion. Here, we describe a straightforward assay to study durotaxis, in vitro, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Preparation of the described durotaxis chambers creates a rigidity interface between the relatively soft PDMS gel and a rigid glass coverslip. In the example provided, we have used these durotaxis chambers to demonstrate a role for the cdc42/Rac1 GTPase activating protein, cdGAP, in mechanosensing and durotaxis regulation in human U2OS osteosarcoma cells. This assay is readily adaptable to other cell types and/or knockdown of other proteins of interests to explore their respective roles in mechanosignaling and durotaxis.

A Simplified System for Evaluating Cell Mechanosensing and Durotaxis In Vitro

Many mammalian cells preferentially migrate towards a more rigid matrix or substrate through durotaxis. The goal of this protocol is to provide a simple in vitro system that can be used to study and manipulate cell durotaxis behaviors by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of defined rigidity, interfacing with glass coverslips.

Un système simplifié pour la cellule évaluation mechanosensing et durotaxis<em&gt; In Vitro</em

The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are highly variable between tissue types. This connective tissue stroma diversity ...

A Customizable Chamber for Measuring Cell Migration

Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between cells, the extracellular matrix, and soluble and non-soluble chemical factors (e.g., chemoattractants). Standard methods for measuring the migration of cells, such as the Boyden chamber assay, work by counting cells on either side of a divider. These techniques are easy to use; however, they offer little geometric modification for different applications. In contrast, microfluidic devices can be used to observe cell migration with customizable concentration gradients of soluble factors1,2. However, methods for making microfluidics based assays can be difficult to learn.
Here, we describe an easy method for creating cell culture chambers to measure cell migration in response to chemical concentration gradients. Our cell migration chamber method can create different linear concentration gradients in order to study cell migration for a variety of applications. This method is relatively easy to use and is typically performed by undergraduate students.
The microchannel chamber was created by placing an acrylic insert in the shape of the final microchannel chamber well into a Petri dish. After this, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was poured on top of the insert. The PDMS was allowed to harden and then the insert was removed. This allowed for the creation of wells in any desired shape or size. Cells may be subsequently added to the microchannel chamber, and soluble agents can be added to one of the wells by soaking an agarose block in the desired agent. The agarose block is added to one of the wells, and time-lapse images can be taken of the microchannel chamber in order to quantify cell migration. Variations to this method can be made for a given application, making this method highly customizable.

This protocol details a customizable method to measure cell migration in response to chemoattractants that may also be used to determine the diffusion rate of a drug out of a polymer matrix.

Une chambre de mesure de la migration des cellules personnalisable

Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between ...