The authors thank Mike Myles, Sam Saunders, and C.W. Elton at the ECU Multimedia &amp; Technology Services for providing assistance in video production. We acknowledge the grant support from North Carolina Biotechnology Center, Golfers against Cancer, Brody Brothers Endowment Fund, American Heart Association, and ECU/Vidant Cancer Research and Education Fund (L.V.Y. and M.J.R.).

1.. Hücre Kültürü Deneyi yara kapatma <ol><li> Tripsin-EDTA solüsyonu% 0.25 ile doku kültürü hücreleri plakadan ayırın. Santrifüj ile bir 15 ml konik tüp içinde Pelet hücreleri, süpernatant aspire ve kültür ortamı hücreleri yeniden askıya. 24 saat içinde% 100 birleştiği için bir 6-çukurlu plaka içindeki hücrelerin uygun plaka. Not: Testler (örneğin, 1 x 10 6 B16F10 melanom hücrelerinin bir kuyuda tohumlanır nedeniyle hücre tipi ile de kullanılan ölçülerine% 100 izdiham elde etmek için zaman ve hücrelerin sayısını belirlemek için gerekli olabilir 6-çukurlu plaka önce yara kuşağa 24 saat). Seçenek olarak ise, 12-iyi veya 24 oyuklu plakalar kullanılabilir. Not: Varsa, hücreler yara ön-döküm yapan bir tedavi doku kültürü plaka üzerinde bir Kültür-Insert (Ibidi LLC) içine numaralı seribaşı olabilir. A Kültür-takın pipet tarafından zararlardan doku kültürü plaka yüzeyini koruyabilirsiniz. Bir Kültür-Ekle omit adım kullanılırsa1.2. </li><li> Steril bir ortamda (genellikle bir biyogüvenlik kaput) doku kültürü plakasının üst karşı sıkıca basın 200 ul pipet kullanın ve hızla hücre tek tabaka aşağı dikey bir yara olun. Farklı büyüklükte pipet istendiği yara boyut yapmak için kullanılabilmektedir. Bu yüzeye zarar verebilir gibi pipet ile doku kültürü plakası karşı aşırı güç kullanmayın. Yara ön döküm ise bu adım, ihmal edilebilir. </li><li> Dikkatli medya ve hücre artıkları aspire. Yavaş yavaş kuyunun alt kapağı ve ilave ayırma hücreleri önlemek için de duvara kadar bir kültür ortamı eklenir. Yaranın üretimi ve kontrol eden bir ilk görüntü alınmalıdır. Uygun sıcaklık ve CO2 konsantrasyonunda ayarlanmış bir kuluçka makinesi içinde doku kültürü plakayı (tipik olarak 37 ° C ve% 5 CO2). </li><li> Bir kaç zaman noktasında, her 3 saatte bir, örneğin incubat ikinci plakayı kaldırınya da bir anlık resim çekmek için ve yara kapanması kontrol etmek için ters bir mikroskop altında yerleştirin. Zaman atlamalı mikroskopi varsa, her zaman bir sıcaklık süresi ve CO 2 kontrol odası için Fotoğrafa (genellikle her 5 dakika ile başlayarak) dakika her X numarası almak. Hücre tipine bağlı olarak, yara kapanma süresi değişebilir. </li><li> Anlık resimlerin sonuçlarını analiz etmek, bir ölçek çubuğunu kullanarak diğer yaranın bir tarafındaki mesafeyi ölçün. Bir dağılım grafiği veya çubuk grafiği, örneğin Şekil 1 kullanarak analiz eder ve zamanla açık bir şekilde mevcut yara kapama. </li><li> Time-lapse fotoğrafları analiz etmek, bir video yapmak (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/ serbestçe kullanılabilir) ImageJ yazılımı içine resim almak. Bu açık ImageJ yapmak için, İçe Aktar&#39;ı tıklatın ve Görüntü Sırası. Resimlerle dosyasını bulun; dosyasındaki ilk fotoğrafı tıklayın. , Dosya seçerek video kaydetmek gibi kaydedin, ve AVI. Tek göç hücreleri chara kadar görülebiliryönlü hareket cterize. Ayrıca, bu tür lamellipodia oluşumu ve arka kenar olarak geri çekilmesi morfolojik özellikleri (Şekil 2 ve ek video) de incelenebilir. </li></ol> 2.. Transwell Hücre Göç ve Invasion Testi <ol><li> Steril bir ortamda (tipik olarak bir biyo-güvenlik kapağı), bir enzimatik olmayan hücre ayrışma tamponunu ya da% 0.25 tripsin-EDTA çözeltisi, topak santrifüj ile hücreler kullanılarak doku kültürü hücreleri plakadan ayırmak ve mevcut medya pelet hücreleri bırakarak aspire. % 0.1 BSA (sığır serum albümini) içeren serumsuz hücre kültür ortamı içinde yeniden askıya hücreleri. Not: Tripsin-EDTA nedeniyle hücre yüzeyi 17 üzerinde çeşitli reseptörlerinin bölünme hücre göçü ve invazyonu etkileyebilir% 0.25 araştırılmaktadır hücre hattı ile ilgili olarak. Not: ml başına hücre sayısı hücrelerin büyüklüğüne bağlıdır. Ileri testler pro tohumlama yoğunluğu bulmak için gerekli olabiliriyi sonuçları vardır: Command. 24 oyuklu eklemek Transwell kullanırken tipik olarak 1 x 10 6 hücre / ml &#39;çoğu hücre tipi için iyi bir başlangıç ​​noktasıdır. Bir Transwell insert boyutları aralığı ve katma hücre sayısı için buna uygun olarak ayarlanmalıdır bulunmaktadır. </li><li> Levha 100, transwell prospektüste filtre zarı üzerine hücre çözeltisinin ul ve 37 ° C&#39;de 10 dakika boyunca inkübe ve% 5 CO2, hücreler yerleşmek için izin vermek. Not: Kullanılan transwell Zarın gözenek boyutu, belirli bir numunedeki hücrelerin kendi boyutuna bağlıdır. Hücreler, çok küçük, örneğin, bunlar göç kolaylaştırmak için gerek kalmadan gözeneklerden geçebilir ya da çok büyük olduğunda bunlar gözeneklerden uymayabilir. Birkaç transwell 3 ila mikron arasında gözenek boyutları ile uçlar, 5 um, ve hücre göçü deneyleri için 8 mikron vardır. Transwell uçlar örneğin Corning gibi firmalardan ticari olarak temin edilebilir. Not: transwell migration deneyi kolaylıkla hücre istilası tahlili gerçekleştirmek için modifiye edilebilir. Bunu yapmak transwell membran üstüne dışı matris (ECM) malzemeleri ekleyin ve sonra ECM üstüne hücre eklemek için. Örneğin, Matrigel çözülmüş ve buz üzerinde sıvılaştırılmış ve Matrigel 30-50 ul eklemek transwell 24 oyuğa ilave edilir ve bir ince jel tabakası oluşturmak için 15-30 dakika için bir 37 ° C kuluçka makinesi içinde katılaştırılır. Hücre çözeltisi hücre-dışı matris boyunca işgal taklit etmek için Matrigel kaplamanın üzerine ilave edilir. Not: transwell hücre göçü ve transwell hücre işgali tahliller arasında belirgin farklılıklar vardır. Hücre göçü, transwell tahlil, bir kemo-cezbedici doğru hücrelerin kemotaktik yeteneğini ölçer. Transwell hücre istilası deneyi Ancak, hücre dışı matris boyunca genel olarak kanser metastazı veya embriyonik gelişim bulunan bir işlem hücre kemotaksisi ve hücre işgalini iki ölçer. </li><li> Bir pipet kullanarak, çok carefully, 24 oyuklu bir plaka içerisinde, alt haznesinin alt kısmına istenen kemo-cezbedici 600 ul ekleyin. Transwell yuvasını taşımadan kemo-cezbedici ekleyin ve kabarcıkları oluşmasını önlemek. Alt kuyudaki kemo-çekici sıvı kemotaktik bir gradyan meydana getirmek üzere, üst oyuğundaki membran ile temas emin olun. İnkübasyon süresi, hücre tipine ve kullanılan kemo-cezbedici bağlıdır. Not: Diğer testler kuluçka dönemi belirlemek için gerekli olabilir. Not: yapışık hücreler için, göç eden hücreler zar 1,8 diğer tarafına eklenecektir. Göç eden hücrelerin miktar adımları 2.4 (2,4-2,8 steril bir ortamda yapılması gerekmez adım) 2.8 için aşağıdakilerden yapılabilir. Yapışkan olmayan hücreler için, göç eden hücreler alt bölmede ise ortamı içine düşecektir. Göç eden hücre sayısı hemasitometre kullanılarak sayıldı ve 5 akış sitometresi edilebilir. </li><li> Plakadan transwell yuvasını çıkarın. Gerektiği gibi dikkatli bir şekilde zarar vermeden, zarın üstünden geçirilir olan medya ve kalan hücrelerin çıkarılması için birçok kez bir pamuk uçlu bir aplikatör kullanın. </li><li> Bir 24-yuvalı plaka içinde bir kuyuya% 70 etanol 600-1,000 ul ekleyin. Hücre sabitleşmesi için 10 dakika boyunca% 70 etanol içinde transwell koyunuz. 24-iyi plaka transwell parçayı çıkarın ve zarın üstünden kalan etanolü çıkarmak için bir pamuk uçlu bir uygulama aleti kullanmak. Transwell membran (genelde 10-15 dakika) kurumasını bekleyin. </li><li> Bir 24-yuvalı plaka içinde bir kuyuya% 0.2 kristal violet 600-1,000 ul eklenir ve boyama için zar içine yerleştirin. 5-10 dakika boyunca oda sıcaklığında inkübe edin. </li><li> Yavaşça bir pipet ucu ya da pamuklu çubuk ile zarın üstünden kristal mor çıkarın. Gerektiğinde çok dikkatli bir şekilde, sabit bir hücrelerini yıkama önlemek için fazla kristal Viole kaldırmak için pek çok kez damıtılmış su içine daldırma zart. Transwell membran kurumasını bekleyin. </li><li> Görüntüle, ters döndürülmüş bir mikroskop altında ve kemo-cezbedici doğru zardan geçirilir ve zarın alt (Şekil 3) üzerine takılı olan hücrelerin ortalama bir miktar elde etmek için farklı görüş alanları hücrelerin sayısı. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Castellone, R. D., Leffler, N. R., Dong, L., Yang, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+tumor+cell+migration+and+metastasis+by+the+proton-sensing+GPR4+receptor.">Inhibition of tumor cell migration and metastasis by the proton-sensing GPR4 receptor.</a> Cancer Lett. 312 (2), 197-208 (2011).</li><li>Hall, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cytoskeleton+and+cancer.">The cytoskeleton and cancer.</a> Cancer Metastasis Rev. 28, (2009).</li><li>Lauffenburger, D. A., Horwitz, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+migration:+a+physically+integrated+molecular+process.">Cell migration: a physically integrated molecular process.</a> Cell. 84 (3), 359-369 (1996).</li><li>Peter, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Migration+to+apoptotic+&amp;#34;find-me&amp;#34;+signals+is+mediated+via+the+phagocyte+receptor+G2A.">Migration to apoptotic &amp;#34;find-me&amp;#34; signals is mediated via the phagocyte receptor G2A.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283 (9), 5296-5305 (2008).</li><li>Radu, C. G., Yang, L. V., Riedinger, M., Au, M., Witte, O. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+chemotaxis+to+lysophosphatidylcholine+through+the+G2A+receptor.">T cell chemotaxis to lysophosphatidylcholine through the G2A receptor.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101 (1), 245-250 (2004).</li><li>Buul, J. D., Hordijk, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Signaling+in+leukocyte+transendothelial+migration.">Signaling in leukocyte transendothelial migration.</a> Arterioscler Thromb. Vasc. Biol. (5), 824-833 (2004).</li><li>Yang, L. V., Heng, H. H., Wan, J., Southwood, C. M., Gow, A., Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+promoters+and+polyadenylation+regulate+tissue-specific+expression+of+Hemogen+isoforms+during+hematopoiesis+and+spermatogenesis.">Alternative promoters and polyadenylation regulate tissue-specific expression of Hemogen isoforms during hematopoiesis and spermatogenesis.</a> 228 (4), 606-616 (2003).</li><li>Yang, L. V., Radu, C. G., Wang, L., Riedinger, M., Witte, O. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gi-independent+macrophage+chemotaxis+to+lysophosphatidylcholine+via+the+immunoregulatory+GPCR+G2A.">Gi-independent macrophage chemotaxis to lysophosphatidylcholine via the immunoregulatory GPCR G2A.</a> Blood. 105 (3), 1127-1134 (2005).</li><li>Yoshida, M., Yoshida, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sperm+chemotaxis+and+regulation+of+flagellar+movement+by+Ca2+.">Sperm chemotaxis and regulation of flagellar movement by Ca2+.</a> Mol. Hum. Reprod. 17 (8), 457-465 (2011).</li><li>Albini, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+and+endothelial+cell+invasion+of+basement+membranes.+The+matrigel+chemoinvasion+assay+as+a+tool+for+dissecting+molecular+mechanisms.">Tumor and endothelial cell invasion of basement membranes. The matrigel chemoinvasion assay as a tool for dissecting molecular mechanisms.</a> Pathol. Oncol. Res. 4 (3), 230-241 (1998).</li><li>Fidler, I. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Critical+determinants+of+metastasis.">Critical determinants of metastasis.</a> Semin. Cancer Biol. 12 (2), 89-96 (2002).</li><li>Steeg, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+metastasis:+mechanistic+insights+and+clinical+challenges.">Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges.</a> Nat. Med. 12 (8), 895-904 (2006).</li><li>Roussos, E. T., Condeelis, J. S., Patsialou, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotaxis+in+cancer.">Chemotaxis in cancer.</a> Nat. Rev. Cancer. 11 (8), 573-587 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+study+of+3D+morphology+and+functions+on+genetically+engineered+mouse+melanoma+cells.">Comparative study of 3D morphology and functions on genetically engineered mouse melanoma cells.</a> Integr. Biol. (Camb. 4 (11), 1428-1436 (2012).</li><li>Junger, W. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purinergic+regulation+of+neutrophil+chemotaxis.">Purinergic regulation of neutrophil chemotaxis.</a> Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 65 (16), 2528-2540 (2008).</li><li>Lazennec, G., Richmond, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemokines+and+chemokine+receptors:+new+insights+into+cancer-related+inflammation.">Chemokines and chemokine receptors: new insights into cancer-related inflammation.</a> Trends Mol. Med. 16 (3), 133-144 (2010).</li><li>Huang, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trypsin-induced+proteome+alteration+during+cell+subculture+in+mammalian+cells.">Trypsin-induced proteome alteration during cell subculture in mammalian cells.</a> J. Biomed. Sci. 17, (2010).</li><li>Cortesio, C. L., Boateng, L. R., Piazza, T. M., Bennin, D. A., Huttenlocher, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calpain-mediated+proteolysis+of+paxillin+negatively+regulates+focal+adhesion+dynamics+and+cell+migration.">Calpain-mediated proteolysis of paxillin negatively regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 286 (12), 9998-10006 (2011).</li><li>Wehrle-Haller, B., Imhof, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+microtubules+and+focal+adhesion+dynamics+during+cell+migration.">Actin microtubules and focal adhesion dynamics during cell migration.</a> Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 35 (1), 39-50 (2003).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Hücre göçü kanser araştırmalarında incelemek için önemli bir yönüdür ve aynı zamanda, gelişim ve yara iyileşmesi immünolojik çalışmalar uygulanabilir. Hücre kültürü kapatma deneyi yara ve transwell hücre göçü ve işgali deneyleri hücre göç davranışları ayrıntılı bilgilerin açığa çıkarılması ve hücre göçü 1,2,10,14 moleküler mekanizmaları araştırmak için kullanılabilir. Çalışmamız B16F10 melanom hücre çizgisinin hareket hızı ve invazyon yeteneklerini...

Motilite canlı hücre bir temel özelliğidir. Hücre göçü ömrü, embriyonik gelişmesi, bağışıklık tepkisi ve kanser metastaz ve enflamasyon 1-9 gibi birçok patolojik süreçlerin kavramında yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle, hücre göç davranışlarını incelemek için yöntemler biyomedikal bilimler, biyoloji, biyomühendislik ve ilgili alanlarda disiplinler geniş bir yelpazede için çok yararlı bir araştırma araçlardır. Kanser hastalarında başlıca ölüm nedenidir metastatik ilerlemesi ile ilgili olarak kanser araştırmalarında hücre göçünün çalışma özel önem taşımaktadır. Vücuda yayılmış ve yaymak için kanser için, kanser hücreleri göç olmalı ve intravasate kan dolaşımı içine, hücre dışı matriks (ECM) ile işgal, uzak bir siteye eklemek, ve nihayet uzak odaklar 1,10-12 oluşturmak için damar dışına. Çeşitli biyolojik yöntemler ayrıntılı olarak bu olayları incelemek için kullanılabilir. Hücre kültürü yara kapanması bird transwell göç ve istila deneyleri geniş bilimsel topluluğun 1,10 kullanılır. Bu testler belirli bir hücre tipi kendiliğinden göç ya da kemo-cezbedici cevap ve yönlendirilerek ona doğru nasıl göç iyi bir anlayış için izin verebilir gerekli verileri sağlayabilir. Çeşitli göç fenotipleri tarif edilmiştir. Hücreler, mezenşimal veya amoeboid benzeri hareket bölgesi veya 13 geçiş akış toplu ya da çok-etiketli hücre hareketi ile görüldüğü gibi, tek bir hücre şeklinde aktarılabilir. Hareketli hücrelerinde kullanılan hareket ait yöntem hali hazırda hücre kültürü yara kapatma tahlili kullanılarak gözlemlenebilir. Hücre göçü çalışma için çok çeşitli yollar arasında, hücre yara kapatma deneyi basit biridir. Bu yöntem, tüm hücre kütlelerinin göç yeteneğini belirlemek için yararlıdır. Bir adım daha ileri alındığı zaman göç 14 sırasında bireysel hücrenin morfolojik özellikleri gözlemlemek için kullanılabilir. Yara kapanmasının analizi takiben birçok fenotipleri ortaya olabilir. Bir kontrol karşılaştırırken zamanla kapalı mesafeyi ölçen spesifik migrasyon değişiklik ya da önceden bilinmeyen bir engelli göçmen fenotip ortaya çıkarabilir. Ayrıca, tek bir hücre lamellipodium oluşumu, kuyruk geri çekme ve yönlü hareket ilgi 14 hücrelerinde bozulmuş veya gelişmiş olabilir ne için ipuçları verebilir. Transwell göç ve istila deneyleri yönde bu kemokinler, büyüme faktörleri, yağlar, ya da nükleotid 4,5,8,15,16 olup çeşitli kemo-cezbedici yanıt tek hücrelerinin yeteneği analiz etmek için kullanılabilmektedir. Ayrıca nedeniyle reseptörünün 1,14 aşırı ifade diferansiyel göçmen yeterliliğini değerlendirmek olabilir. Bu deneyler, aynı zamanda, küçük bir GTPases 2&#39;nin Rho aile olarak hücre göçü anahtar regülatörleri belirlemek ve karakterize etmek için kullanılabilir. Acces kolayca bu kısa ve ardındanmak testleri, hücre göçünün modu ve bir 3-D matrisine işgal etmek için bir hücrenin yeteneği de belirlenebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="601">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11995-073</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gemini</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">100106</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A4503-50G</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:169px;">Trypsin EDTA 0.25%</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25200-056</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14190-250</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:169px;">Crystal violet</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">C0775-100G</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Dissolved in water at 0.2%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Cell disassociation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">13151-014</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # 3145</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">SterilGARD biosafety hood</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">The Baker Company, Inc.&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # VBM-600</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:169px;">EVOS Fl inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Model # AMF-4302-US</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="64">
			<td height="64" style="height:64px;width:169px;">Tissue culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:133px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Catalog number varies depending on the type of culture plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="63" rowspan="2" style="height:63px;width:169px;">Corning Transwell insert</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:133px;">Fisher</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:107px;">07-200-150</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:193px;">Catalog number varies depending on the pore size of the membrane</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro cell migration and invasion assays

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and inflammation. Methods to examine cell migration are very useful and important for a wide range of biomedical research such as cancer biology, immunology, vascular biology, cell biology and developmental biology. Here we use tumor cell migration and invasion as an example and describe two related assays to illustrate the commonly used, easily accessible methods to measure these processes. The first method is the cell culture wound closure assay in which a scratch is generated on a confluent cell monolayer. The speed of wound closure and cell migration can be quantified by taking snapshot pictures with a regular inverted microscope at several time intervals. More detailed cell migratory behavior can be documented using the time-lapse microscopy system. The second method described in this paper is the transwell cell migration and invasion assay that measures the capacity of cell motility and invasiveness toward a chemo-attractant gradient. It is our goal to describe these methods in a highly accessible manner so that the procedures can be successfully performed in research laboratories even just with basic cell biology setup.

Burada sunulan deney yara kapatma ve Transwell hücre göçü deneyi, bir model sistem olarak fare B16F10 melanom hücreleri kullanılarak yapıldı. Yara kapatma tahlilde, B16F10 hücrelerinin bir 6-yuvalı doku kültürü plakasında tohumlandı ve 24 saat içinde% 100 konflüansa büyütülür. Yaklaşık 700 mikron genişliğinde bir yara time-lapse mikroskopi kullanılarak kaydedilen bir pipet ve yara kapanmasını (hücre göçü) kullanılarak oluşturulmuştur. Alternatif olarak, yara kapama da time-lapse mikros...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays at JoVE.com

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Yaygın olarak kullanılan, in vitro olarak hücre göçü ve işgali incelenmesi için oldukça erişilebilir yöntemler tarif edilmiştir. Birinci yöntem, hücre motilitesini büyüklüğüne hücre yara kapatma deneyidir. İkinci yöntem kemotaktik ve hücrelerin invaziv kapasitesini değerlendirir transwell göç ve istila testtir.

Vitro Hücre Göç ve Invasion Tahliller

Migration is a key property of live cells and critical for normal development, immune response, and disease processes such as cancer metastasis and ...

in-vitro-cell-migration-and-invasion-assays

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biology

In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Unit 1

Cell Polarization and Migration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

137.2K Görüntüleme.  East Carolina University.  Yaygın olarak kullanılan, in vitro olarak hücre göçü ve işgali incelenmesi için oldukça erişilebilir yöntemler tarif edilmiştir. Birinci yöntem, hücre motilitesini büyüklüğüne hücre yara kapatma deneyidir. İkinci yöntem kemotaktik ve hücrelerin invaziv kapasitesini değerlendirir transwell göç ve istila testtir. 

Video: In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays

Assay for Adhesion and Agar Invasion in S. cerevisiae

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, biofilms can reduce industrial productivity, destroy structures, and threaten human life. 1-3 On the other hand, harnessing the power of biofilms can help clean the environment and generate sustainable energy. 4-8
The ability of S. cerevisiae to colonize surfaces and participate in complex biofilms was mostly ignored until the rediscovery of the differentiation programs triggered by various signaling pathways and environmental cues in this organism. 9, 10 The continuing interest in using S. cerevisiae as a model organism to understand the interaction and convergence of signaling pathways, such as the Ras-PKA, Kss1 MAPK, and Hog1 osmolarity pathways, quickly placed S. cerevisiae in the junction of biofilm biology and signal transduction research. 11-20 To this end, differentiation of yeast cells into long, adhesive, pseudohyphal filaments became a convenient readout for the activation of signal transduction pathways upon various environmental changes. However, filamentation is a complex collection of phenotypes, which makes assaying for it as if it were a simple phenotype misleading. In the past decade, several assays were successfully adopted from bacterial biofilm studies to yeast research, such as MAT formation assays to measure colony spread on soft agar and crystal violet staining to quantitatively measure cell-surface adherence. 12, 21 However, there has been some confusion in assays developed to qualitatively assess the adhesive and invasive phenotypes of yeast in agar.
Here, we present a simple and reliable method for assessing the adhesive and invasive quality of yeast strains with easy-to-understand steps to isolate the adhesion assessment from invasion assessment. Our method, adopted from previous studies, 10, 16 involves growing cells in liquid media and plating on differential nutrient conditions for growth of large spots, which we then wash with water to assess adhesion and rub cells completely off the agar surface to assess invasion into the agar. We eliminate the need for streaking cells onto agar, which affects the invasion of cells into the agar. In general, we observed that haploid strains that invade agar are always adhesive, yet not all adhesive strains can invade agar medium. Our approach can be used in conjunction with other assays to carefully dissect the differentiation steps and requirements of yeast signal transduction, differentiation, quorum sensing, and biofilm formation.

We describe a qualitative assay for yeast adhesion and agar invasion as a measure of invasive and pseudohyphal differentiation. This simple assay can be used to assess the invasive phenotype of various mutants as well as the effects environmental cues and signaling pathways on yeast differentiation.

S. cerevisiae yapışma ve Agar Invasion için Testi

Yeasts are found in natural biofilms, where many microorganisms colonize surfaces. In artificial environments, such as surfaces of man-made objects, ...

Biyoloji

Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful tool for studying seizure like activity. A variety of mutants in which seizures can be induced through either physical shock or electrical stimulation is available for study of various aspects of seizure activity and behavior. All flies, including wild-type, will undergo seizure-like activity if stimulated at a high enough voltage. Seizure like activity is an all-or-nothing response and each genotype has a specific seizure threshold. The seizure threshold of a specific genotype of fly can be altered either by treatment with a drug or by genetic suppression or enhancement. The threshold is easily measured by electrophysiology. Seizure-like activity can be induced via high frequency electrical stimulation delivered directly to the brain and recorded through the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs) in the thorax. The DLMs are innervated by part of the giant fiber system. Starting with low voltage, high frequency stimulation, and subsequently raising the voltage in small increments, the seizure threshold for a single fly can be measured.

Neurocircuit Assays for Seizures in Epilepsy Mutants of Drosophila

Using high frequency electrical stimulation, seizure-like activity can be induced in Drosophila. This activity is easily recorded from the giant fiber system.

, Epilepsi Mutants Nöbetler Neurocircuit Tahliller Drosophila</em

Drosophila melanogaster is a useful tool for studying seizure like activity. A variety of mutants in which seizures can be induced through either physical ...

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to both secrete proteases that break down the basement membrane as well as migrate in order to be invasive. BD BioCoat Tumor Invasion System provides cells with conditions that allow assessment of their invasive property in vitro1,2. It consists of a BD Falcon FluoroBlok 24-Multiwell Insert Plate with an 8.0 micron pore size PET membrane that has been uniformly coated with BD Matrigel Matrix. This uniform layer of BD Matrigel Matrix serves as a reconstituted basement membrane in vitro providing a true barrier to non-invasive cells while presenting an appropriate protein structure to study invasion. The coating process occludes the pores of the membrane, blocking non-invasive cells from migrating through the membrane. In contrast, invasive cells are able to detach themselves from and migrate through the coated membrane. Quantitation of cell invasion can be achieved by either pre- or post-cell invasion labeling with a fluorescent dye such as DiIC12(3) or calcein AM, respectively, and measuring the fluorescence of invading cells. Since the BD FluoroBlok membrane effectively blocks the passage of light from 490-700 nm at &gt;99% efficiency, fluorescently-labeled cells that have not invaded are not detected by a bottom-reading fluorescence plate reader. However, cells that have invaded to the underside of the membrane are no longer shielded from the light source and are detected with the respective plate reader. This video demonstrates an endpoint cell invasion assay, using calcein AM to detect invaded cells.

An In vitro FluoroBlok Tumor Invasion Assay

This video demonstrates how to measure cell invasion through cell culture inserts using a fluorescence-based methodology.

Bir In vitro FluoroBlok Tümör Invasion Testi

The hallmark of metastatic cells is their ability to invade through the basement membrane and migrate to other parts of the body. Cells must be able to ...

Rapid Homogeneous Detection of Biological Assays Using Magnetic Modulation Biosensing System

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or separation step. When the IL-8 target was present, a 'sandwich'-based assay attached magnetic beads with IL-8 capture antibody to streptavidin coupled fluorescent protein via the IL-8 target and a biotinylated IL-8 antibody. The magnetic beads are maneuvered into oscillatory motion by applying an alternating magnetic field gradient through two electromagnetic poles. The fluorescent proteins, which are attached to the magnetic beads are condensed into the detection area and their movement in and out of an orthogonal laser beam produces a periodic fluorescent signal that is demodulated using synchronous detection. The magnetic modulation biosensing system was previously used to detect the coding sequences of the non-structural Ibaraki virus protein 3 (NS3) complementary DNA (cDNA) [2]. The techniques that are demonstrated in this work for external manipulation and condensation of particles may be used for other applications, e.g. delivery of magnetically-coupled drugs in-vivo or enhancing the contrast for in-vivo imaging applications.

Magnetic modulation biosensing system is utilized to rapidly, sensitively and simply detect biological assays, such as DNA molecules and proteins.

Biyolojik Tahliller Manyetik Modülasyon Biyoalgılayıcı Sistemi kullanarak hızlı Homojen Algılama

A magnetic modulation biosensing system (MMB) [1,2] rapidly and homogeneously detected biological targets at low concentrations without any washing or ...

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal regeneration and sprouting by secreting growth factors 1,2 and providing growth promoting adhesion molecules 3 and extracellular matrix molecules 4. In addition they myelinate the demyelinated axons at the site of injury 5.
However following transplantation, Schwann cells do not migrate from the site of implant and do not intermingle with the host astrocytes 6,7. This results in formation of a sharp boundary between the Schwann cells and astrocytes, creating an obstacle for growing axons trying to exit the graft back into the host tissue proximally and distally. Astrocytes in contact with Schwann cells also undergo hypertrophy and up-regulate the inhibitory molecules 8-13.
In vitro assays have been used to model Schwann cell-astrocyte interactions and have been important in understanding the mechanism underlying the cellular behaviour.
These in vitro assays include boundary assay, where a co-culture is made using two different cells with each cell type occupying different territories with only a small gap separating the two cell fronts. As the cells divide and migrate, the two cellular fronts get closer to each other and finally collide. This allows the behaviour of the two cellular populations to be analyzed at the boundary. Another variation of the same technique is to mix the two cellular populations in culture and over time the two cell types segregate with Schwann cells clumped together as islands in between astrocytes together creating multiple Schwann-astrocyte boundaries.
The second assay used in studying the interaction of two cell types is the migration assay where cellular movement can be tracked on the surface of the other cell type monolayer 14,15. This assay is commonly known as inverted coverslip assay. Schwann cells are cultured on small glass fragments and they are inverted face down onto the surface of astrocyte monolayers and migration is assessed from the edge of coverslip.
Both assays have been instrumental in studying the underlying mechanisms involved in the cellular exclusion and boundary formation. Some of the molecules identified using these techniques include N-Cadherins 15, Chondroitin Sulphate proteoglycans(CSPGs) 16,17, FGF/Heparin 18, Eph/Ephrins19.
This article intends to describe boundary assay and migration assay in stepwise fashion and elucidate the possible technical problems that might occur.

Analysis of Schwann-astrocyte Interactions Using In Vitro Assays

This article intends to describe in stepwise fashion the commonly used in vitro assays used in studying Schwann cell-asrtocyte interactions.

Schwann-astrosit Etkileşimleri Analizi In Vitro Tahliller

Schwann cells are one of the commonly used cells in repair strategies following spinal cord injuries. Schwann cells are capable of supporting axonal ...

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of hyperphosphorylated tau protein in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). The density of NFT correlates well with cognitive impairment and other neurodegenerative symptoms, thus prompting the endeavor of developing tau aggregation-based therapeutics. Thus far, however, tau aggregation assays use recombinant or synthetic tau that is devoid of the pathology-related phosphorylation marks. Here we describe two assays using recombinant, hyperphosphorylated tau as the subject. These assays can be scaled up for high-throughput screens for compounds that can modulate the kinetics or stability of hyperphosphorylated tau aggregates. Novel therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies can potentially be discovered using hyperphosphorylated tau isoforms.

In Vitro Aggregation Assays Using Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein

Unmodified and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins were used in two in vitro aggregation assays to reveal the hyperphosphorylation-dependent fast aggregation kinetics. These assays pave the way for future screens for compounds that can modulate the propensity of hyperphosphorylated tau to form fibrils that underlie the progression of Alzheimer&#8217;s disease.

In Vitro toplama Deneyler hiperfosforile tau proteini kullanılarak

Alzheimer's disease is one of a large group of neurodegenerative disorders known as tauopathies that are manifested by the neuronal deposits of ...

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound responses and repair in this model have illuminated our understanding of the cytoskeletal and genomic responses to tissue damage. The two most commonly used methods to wound the C. elegans adult skin are pricks with microinjection needles, and local laser irradiation. Needle wounding locally disrupts the cuticle, epidermis, and associated extracellular matrix, and may also damage internal tissues. Laser irradiation results in more localized damage. Wounding triggers a succession of readily assayed responses including elevated epidermal Ca2+ (seconds-minutes), formation and closure of an actin-containing ring at the wound site (1-2 hr), elevated transcription of antimicrobial peptide genes (2-24 hr), and scar formation. Essentially all wild type adult animals survive wounding, whereas mutants defective in wound repair or other responses show decreased survival. Detailed protocols for needle and laser wounding, and assays for quantitation and visualization of wound responses and repair processes (Ca dynamics, actin dynamics, antimicrobial peptide induction, and survival) are presented.

Methods for Skin Wounding and Assays for Wound Responses in C. elegans

The adult C. elegans skin is a tractable model for studies of epithelial wound responses, including wound closure, scar formation, and innate immunity.

Içinde Yara Yanıtları Cilt yaralayarak Yöntemleri ve Testler<em&gt; ° C. elegans</em

The C. elegans epidermis and cuticle form a simple yet sophisticated skin layer that can repair localized damage resulting from wounding. Studies of wound ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This occurs when endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, become adhesive to circulating immune cells such as monocytes. In vitro measurement of this adhesiveness has until now been done by quantifying the total number of monocytes that adhere to an endothelial layer either as a direct count or by indirect measurement of the fluorescence of adherent monocytes. While such measurements do indicate the average adhesiveness of the endothelial cell population, they are confounded by a number of factors, such as cell number, and do not reveal the proportion of endothelial cells that are actually adhesive. Here we describe and demonstrate a method which allows the enumeration of adhesive cells within a tested population of endothelial monolayer. Endothelial cells are grown on glass coverslips and following desired treatment are challenged with monocytes (that may be fluorescently labeled). After incubation, a rinsing procedure, involving multiple rounds of immersion and draining, the cells are fixed. Adhesive endothelial cells, which are surrounded by monocytes are readily identified and enumerated, giving an adhesion index that reveals the actual proportion of endothelial cells within the population that are adhesive.

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

We report an in vitro method that allows the quantitation of the actual number of adhesive cells within an endothelial cell monolayer.

Endotel Hücre yapışma miktarının belirlenmesi<em&gt; In Vitro</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

A Simplified System for Evaluating Cell Mechanosensing and Durotaxis In Vitro

The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are highly variable between tissue types. This connective tissue stroma diversity greatly impacts cell behavior to regulate normal and pathologic processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion signaling and directional migration. In this regard, the innate ability of certain cell types to migrate towards a stiffer, or less compliant matrix substrate is referred to as durotaxis. This phenomenon plays an important role during embryonic development, wound repair and cancer cell invasion. Here, we describe a straightforward assay to study durotaxis, in vitro, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. Preparation of the described durotaxis chambers creates a rigidity interface between the relatively soft PDMS gel and a rigid glass coverslip. In the example provided, we have used these durotaxis chambers to demonstrate a role for the cdc42/Rac1 GTPase activating protein, cdGAP, in mechanosensing and durotaxis regulation in human U2OS osteosarcoma cells. This assay is readily adaptable to other cell types and/or knockdown of other proteins of interests to explore their respective roles in mechanosignaling and durotaxis.

A Simplified System for Evaluating Cell Mechanosensing and Durotaxis In Vitro

Many mammalian cells preferentially migrate towards a more rigid matrix or substrate through durotaxis. The goal of this protocol is to provide a simple in vitro system that can be used to study and manipulate cell durotaxis behaviors by incorporating polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of defined rigidity, interfacing with glass coverslips.

Değerlendirilmesi Hücre Mechanosensing ve Durotaxis için Basitleştirilmiş Sistemi<em&gt; İn Vitro</em

The composition and mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix are highly variable between tissue types. This connective tissue stroma diversity ...

A Customizable Chamber for Measuring Cell Migration

Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between cells, the extracellular matrix, and soluble and non-soluble chemical factors (e.g., chemoattractants). Standard methods for measuring the migration of cells, such as the Boyden chamber assay, work by counting cells on either side of a divider. These techniques are easy to use; however, they offer little geometric modification for different applications. In contrast, microfluidic devices can be used to observe cell migration with customizable concentration gradients of soluble factors1,2. However, methods for making microfluidics based assays can be difficult to learn.
Here, we describe an easy method for creating cell culture chambers to measure cell migration in response to chemical concentration gradients. Our cell migration chamber method can create different linear concentration gradients in order to study cell migration for a variety of applications. This method is relatively easy to use and is typically performed by undergraduate students.
The microchannel chamber was created by placing an acrylic insert in the shape of the final microchannel chamber well into a Petri dish. After this, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was poured on top of the insert. The PDMS was allowed to harden and then the insert was removed. This allowed for the creation of wells in any desired shape or size. Cells may be subsequently added to the microchannel chamber, and soluble agents can be added to one of the wells by soaking an agarose block in the desired agent. The agarose block is added to one of the wells, and time-lapse images can be taken of the microchannel chamber in order to quantify cell migration. Variations to this method can be made for a given application, making this method highly customizable.

This protocol details a customizable method to measure cell migration in response to chemoattractants that may also be used to determine the diffusion rate of a drug out of a polymer matrix.

Ölçme Hücre Göç Bir Özelleştirilebilir Odası

Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between ...