Los autores desean agradecer Akira Chiba para la ayuda intelectual, material de apoyo, y las existencias. Gracias a Julia Dallman para comentarios.

1. Vuela Trabajo <ol><li> Mantener moscas en medio de la harina de maíz-agar-melaza-levadura estándar a temperatura ambiente 10. </li><li> Para cruces, vírgenes aislar dentro de las 6 horas de la eclosión. Después de cruzar a los hombres del genotipo deseado, el cambio vuela a nuevos viales cada 3-4 días. </li></ol> Nota: Para estos experimentos, la línea de Gal4 A9 se utilizó para conducir la expresión de los transgenes en el ala. Fly existencias se pueden obtener en el centro stock en Bloomington. Acciones utilizadas en estos experimentos incluyen A9-Gal4 (Bl # 8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl # 5941), Sco / CyO HsCre (Bl # 1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl # 25773), lollibow 11. 2. Selección y montaje de pupas <ol><li> Etapa pupas ya sea por su recogida como prepupas blanco (WPP) y mantenerlos a 25 ° C hasta que alcanzan la edad adecuada o utilizando criterios morfológicos 12. </li><li> Observar las divisiones celulares, seleccione pupa que han sido objeto recientemente de eversión cabeza.Desde este momento hasta antes de la eclosión (a&gt; 96 h), pupas están permitiendo inmóvil observación prolongado lapso de tiempo. </li><li> Retire las pupas de los viales por ellos tocando primero con un pincel humedecido con agua, a la espera de un minuto para permitir que el agua para aflojar el adhesivo y luego suavemente aguijoneándolos en el pincel. </li><li> Lave suavemente pupas seleccionada por pinchar con un pincel en agua para eliminar el adhesivo de la glándula y las partículas de alimentos salivales. </li><li> Traslado pupas limpia para un plato de Petri de 25 mm con un fondo cubreobjetos (número 1 ½ cubreobjetos). </li><li> El uso de tiras delgadas de cualquiera de modelado de la arcilla o cera dental como un soporte, montar pupas de modo que el tejido de interés es más cercano a la cubreobjetos. Nota: En los estudios aquí descritos, se han observado alas pupal, piernas, abdominales o histoblasts notum dorsal. En la práctica, cualquier tejido dentro de 20 micras de la superficie de la envoltura pupal es observable. </li><li> Pupas Orient con cuidado para que el tissuE de interés es paralelo a la superficie cubreobjetos de vidrio. </li><li> Una vez que se montan pupas, utilizar un pincel para transferir una capa delgada de tiodietilenglicol (TDG) al espacio entre la pupa y el cubreobjetos. </li></ol> Nota: TDG reduce la dispersión de superficie, coincide con el índice de refracción del aceite, y permite que el oxígeno penetre el tejido 13. No se recomienda el uso de aceites, ya que tienden a privar a los tejidos de oxígeno, causando un rápido cese de los comportamientos celulares. 3. Imaging Nota: Para formación de imágenes, un microscopio confocal es probable que sea esencial como la confocalidad elimina la mayor parte del fondo oscurecimiento causado por la intensa iluminación del caso de pupa. <ol><li> Ajuste la configuración de la confocal para minimizar el impacto de la iluminación en el desarrollo de pupa y viabilidad. Para ello, lograr un equilibrio entre la intensidad de la excitación y la sensibilidad de la colección. Una configuración típica para wi imágenesª del Leica SP5 utiliza el escáner de resonancia (8000 Hz), la potencia del láser se establece en el 2% (10% de transmisión de la energía del 20%), conjunto pinhole a 120 m, y la línea Configuración de promedio a 8. Configuración variarán dependiendo de las condiciones experimentales. </li></ol> Nota: Para resolver escala fina dispone de 40X y 63X lentes de inmersión en aceite (distancia de trabajo 0,1 mm) también se han utilizado con éxito en este método, a pesar de que limitan la profundidad del foco. 4. Análisis Para el análisis de los marcos, z-pilas o películas importar los archivos de datos a Fiji, que dispone de herramientas eficaces para la visualización, medición y modificación de archivos de presentación 14. Por ejemplo el tiempo para completar la mitosis se midió utilizando el intervalo de muestreo y navegador de imágenes multidimensionales para desplazarse por los marcos mientras ve una célula a partir de la profase de telofase. x-, y-, y z-dimensiones pueden medirse utilizando la herramienta de medición. Para obtener instrucciones detalladas sobre el software y su usover: http://fiji.sc/Fiji.

<ol>
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H., Serr, M., Steward, R., Hays, T. S., Doe, C. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+Drosophila+brain+neuroblasts+reveals+a+role+for+Lis1/dynactin+in+spindle+assembly+and+mitotic+checkpoint+control.">Live imaging of Drosophila brain neuroblasts reveals a role for Lis1/dynactin in spindle assembly and mitotic checkpoint control.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 16, 5127-5140 (2005).</li><li>Roy, S., Hsiung, F., Kornberg, T. 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Neurol. 62, 377-405 (1935).</li><li>Livet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+strategies+for+combinatorial+expression+of+fluorescent+proteins+in+the+nervous+system.">Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system.</a> Nature. 450, 56-62 (2007).</li></ol>

Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Para visualizar, medir y cuantificar las características de las células en división, el desarrollo requiere de una preparación sencilla para la observación de la mitosis en el ala pupal viviente de Drosophila mediante análisis confocal de His2AvGFP células que expresan. Este método se utiliza para documentar que el ciclo celular en el ala de pupa tiene similitudes fuertes a la celda ciclos en el epitelio pseudoestratificado que los núcleos en movimiento a la superficie apical del epitelio, donde entran...

<html> La mosca del vinagre, Drosophila melanogaster, es un modelo bien establecido para el estudio de muchos aspectos de la biología. Investigación Drosophila tiene una rica historia de la experimentación genética que permite formas sofisticadas de manipulación genética, incluyendo la expresión, desmontables y mutación. Con el advenimiento de las etiquetas de proteínas fluorescentes, este repertorio se ha ampliado para incluir estudios de células y proteínas en animales vivos. El embrión de la mosca es un sistema excelente para este tipo de estudios ya que es pequeño y ópticamente claro lo que permite modelar profundo, de alta resolución in vivo 1-3. Otras etapas de desarrollo de la mosca han demostrado ser menos manejable, lo que requiere la anestesia 4, la disección y la cultura a corto plazo 5,6, o la creación de ventanas de la cutícula para obtener imágenes de 7,8. Estas manipulaciones normalmente comprometen el desarrollo animal en el largo plazo o afectan el animal de manera que limitan la formación de imágenes a períodos cortos. ENT &quot;&gt; Para estudiar las mutaciones en los genes nuevos que se asemejan a los reguladores del ciclo celular, que era esencial para encontrar una preparación apropiada para estudiar la sincronización y la fidelidad del ciclo celular. Dado que la mayoría de los ciclos celulares embrionarias se truncan (SM o S-G2-M) y los mutantes estudiados no muestran defectos hasta en etapas posteriores, era importante tener en cuenta el ciclo celular en los tejidos de la etapa de pupa. células epiteliales en la pupa tienen un ciclo celular de G1-S-G2-M más típica y pupas de esta etapa son no capaz de movimientos musculares 9. El punto de partida inicial para manipulaciones incluyen intacto pupas completas que expresan Histone2AV-GFP. pesar de la aparente opacidad de la cápsula de la pupa, esta preparación intacta demostró ser excelente para largo plazo en imágenes in vivo. Esta técnica es simple lo suficiente para que los investigadores universitarios habitualmente lo utilizan para estudiar los aspectos de la biología celular y del desarrollo en Drosophila y sin embargo la resolución es lo suficientemente fina como para permitir la discriminación de características de escala micrométrica. Con este método, son posibles observaciones de los eventos más horas, minutos o segundos simplemente ajustando los parámetros de series de tiempo. Videos utilizando, proteínas verdes, amarillos, naranjas, rojos y azules fluorescentes, o combinaciones de éstos, se han hecho. Es importante destacar que, si se toma cuidado para reducir al mínimo la intensidad del láser, incluso de formación de imágenes a largo plazo no tiene ningún efecto sobre el desarrollo o la viabilidad de los animales.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

El uso de larga data de la Drosophila como modelo para la biología celular y del desarrollo ha dado una serie de herramientas. En conjunto, estas técnicas han permitido el análisis de la biología celular y del desarrollo de una variedad de ángulos metodológicos. Formación de imágenes en vivo es un método emergente para la observación de los procesos dinámicos de célula, tales como la división celular o la motilidad celular. Habiendo aislado mutaciones en las proteínas del ciclo celular putativo no caracterizados Se convirtió en fundamental tener en cuenta la mitosis in situ utilizando imágenes en vivo. La mayoría de los estudios de imagen en vivo en Drosophila se han centrado en las etapas embrionarias que son accesibles a la manipulación y observación debido a su pequeño tamaño y claridad óptica. Sin embargo, en estas etapas del ciclo celular es inusual ya que carece de una o ambas de las fases gap. Por el contrario, las células del ala pupal de Drosophila tienen un ciclo celular típico y se someten a un período de la mitosis rápida que comprende aproximadamente 20 h de desarrollo de pupa. Es fácil de identify y aislar las pupas de la etapa apropiada para coger la mitosis in situ. Montaje pupas intacta proporciona la mejor combinación de manejabilidad y durabilidad durante la exploración, lo que permite experimentos para una duración de varias horas con un impacto mínimo sobre la viabilidad celular y animal. El método permite la observación de características tan pequeño como, o menor que, mosca cromosomas. Ajuste de ajustes del microscopio y los detalles de montaje, permite la extensión de la preparación para visualizar dinámica de la membrana de las células adyacentes y las proteínas marcadas con fluorescencia, tales como la tubulina. Este método funciona para todas las proteínas fluorescentes a prueba y puede capturar características submicrónicas escala sobre una variedad de escalas de tiempo. Si bien limitado a la exterior 20 m de la pupa con un microscopio confocal convencional, este enfoque a la observación de la proteína y la dinámica celular en los tejidos pupal in vivo puede ser generalmente útiles en el estudio de la biología celular y del desarrollo en estos tejidos.

Las células en el epitelio pseudoestratificado, tales como el ojo de Drosophila en desarrollo, o la capa ventricular del sistema nervioso central de los vertebrados en desarrollo, se someten a los movimientos nucleares, denominado migración nuclear interkinetic, en el tiempo con el ciclo celular. La replicación del ADN se produce cuando los núcleos están en o cerca de la superficie basal y las células entran en la mitosis cuando los núcleos llegan a la superficie apical 15,16. Las células del...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

En este trabajo se demuestra el uso de un microscopio confocal de barrido rápido de comportamiento de las células de imagen directamente a través de la pupa. Al dejar el caso de pupa intacta, este método permite la observación y medición de los procesos dinámicos de célula en una etapa de desarrollo de Drosophila que es difícil de estudiar directamente.

Imaging A través de la envoltura pupal de<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

imaging-through-the-pupal-case-of-drosophila-melanogaster

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

13.3K vistas.  University of Miami.  En este trabajo se demuestra el uso de un microscopio confocal de barrido rápido de comportamiento de las células de imagen directamente a través de la pupa. Al dejar el caso de pupa intacta, este método permite la observación y medición de los procesos dinámicos de célula en una etapa de desarrollo de Drosophila que es difícil de estudiar directamente. 

Video: Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

La disección del sistema nervioso central de larvas de Drosophila melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Investigación

Biología

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Imágenes en directo de Drosophila melanogaster Migraciones hemocitos embrionarias

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Imagen de la posición vertical Drosophila Los embriones

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

La disección de Oenocytes de Adultos Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

El aislamiento de Drosophila melanogaster Testículos

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila pupa inmunohistoquímica Abdomen

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

Medición de la esperanza de vida en<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes differentiation from a stem cell population, mitotic amplification, and meiosis. In addition, post-meiotic germ cells undergo a dramatic morphological reshaping process as well as a global epigenetic reconfiguration of the germ line chromatin&#8212;the histone-to-protamine switch.
Studying the role of a protein in post-meiotic spermatogenesis using mutagenesis or other genetic tools is often impeded by essential embryonic, pre-meiotic, or meiotic functions of the protein under investigation. The post-meiotic phenotype of a mutant of such a protein could be obscured through an earlier developmental block, or the interpretation of the phenotype could be complicated. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster offers a bypass to this problem: intact testes and even cysts of germ cells dissected from early pupae are able to develop ex vivo in culture medium. Making use of such cultures allows microscopic imaging of living germ cells in testes and of germ-line cysts. Importantly, the cultivated testes and germ cells also become accessible to pharmacological inhibitors, thereby permitting manipulation of enzymatic functions during spermatogenesis, including post-meiotic stages.
The protocol presented describes how to dissect and cultivate pupal testes and germ-line cysts. Information on the development of pupal testes and culture conditions are provided alongside microscope imaging data of live testes and germ-line cysts in culture. We also describe a pharmacological assay to study post-meiotic spermatogenesis, exemplified by an assay targeting the histone-to-protamine switch using the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid. In principle, this cultivation method could be adapted to address many other research questions in pre- and post-meiotic spermatogenesis.

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

This protocol describes the dissection and cultivation of intact testes and germ-line cysts from Drosophila melanogaster pupae. This method allows microscopic observation of spermatogenesis ex vivo. Furthermore, we describe a pharmacological assay of the effect of inhibitors on specific stages of germ-cell development in pupal testes.

Ex vivo Cultura de Drosophila Pupal Testis y individuales masculinos quistes línea germinal: Disección, Imaging y Tratamiento farmacológico

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Disección y montaje de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupal discos Eye

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life cycle of Drosophila enables collection of large quantities of material from embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies, in a synchronized way, at a low economic cost. A major strategy for propagating large numbers of flies is the use of a fly population cage. This useful and common tool in the Drososphila community is an efficient way to regularly produce milligrams to tens of grams of embryos, depending on uniformity of developmental stage desired. While a population cage can be time consuming to set up, maintaining a cage over months takes much less time and enables rapid collection of biological material in a short period. This paper describes a detailed and flexible protocol for the maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster population cage, starting with 1.5 g of harvested material from the previous cycle.

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

This manuscript reports a detailed protocol for culturing, on a regular basis, a population of Drosophila melanogaster using a fly population cage.

El mantenimiento de una<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Jaula Población

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...