Les auteurs tiennent à remercier Akira Chiba pour un soutien intellectuel, le soutien matériel et les stocks. Merci à Julia Dallman pour commentaires.

Une. Fly travail <ol><li> Maintenir les mouches sur le milieu de semoule de maïs-agar-mélasse-levure standard à température ambiante 10. </li><li> Pour croix, isoler vierges dans les 6 h de l&#39;éclosion. Après avoir traversé les mâles du génotype désiré, changement vole vers de nouveaux flacons tous les 3-4 jours. </li></ol> Remarque: Pour ces expériences, ligne Gal4 A9 a été utilisé pour diriger l&#39;expression de transgènes dans l&#39;aile. Fly stocks peuvent être obtenues auprès du centre de langue à Bloomington. Stocks utilisés dans ces expériences comprennent A9-Gal4 (Bl # 8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl # 5941), Sco / CYO HsCre (Bl # 1092), SAMU-ChRFP-Tub (Bl # 25773), lollibow 11. 2. Sélection et montage des pupes <ol><li> Stade de nymphes, soit par la collecte comme prénymphes blanc (WPP) et les maintenir à 25 ° C jusqu&#39;à ce qu&#39;ils atteignent l&#39;âge approprié ou en utilisant des critères morphologiques 12. </li><li> Pour observer des divisions cellulaires, sélectionnez nymphe qui ont récemment subi une tête de retournement.Partir de ce moment jusqu&#39;à ce que juste avant l&#39;éclosion (à&gt; 96 h), les nymphes sont immobiles permettant l&#39;observation prolongée time-lapse. </li><li> Retirer les nymphes des flacons d&#39;abord en les touchant avec un pinceau imbibé d&#39;eau, en attendant une minute pour permettre à l&#39;eau pour desserrer la colle et puis doucement les pousser sur le pinceau. </li><li> Lavez délicatement les nymphes sélectionné par les pousser avec un pinceau dans l&#39;eau pour éliminer les particules adhésives de la glande et alimentaires salivaires. </li><li> Transférer les pupes propre à une boîte de Petri de 25 mm avec un fond de la lamelle couvre-objet (numéro 1 ½ lamelles couvre-objet). </li><li> Utilisation de fines bandes de pâte à modeler soit ou cire dentaire à titre de support, de sorte que les pupes monter le tissu d&#39;intérêt est la plus proche de la lamelle. Note: Dans les études décrites ici, ailes de nymphose, les jambes, histoblastes abdominales ou dorsales notum ont été observés. En pratique, n&#39;importe quel tissu dans 20 um de la surface de la coque de nymphose est observable. </li><li> Nymphes Orient avec soin afin que le tissue d&#39;intérêt est parallèle à la surface de la lamelle de verre. </li><li> Une fois les nymphes sont montés, utilisez un pinceau pour transférer une fine couche de thiodiéthylèneglycol (TMD) à l&#39;espace entre la nymphe et la lamelle. </li></ol> Remarque: TMD réduit la diffusion de surface, correspond à l&#39;indice de réfraction de l&#39;huile, et permet à l&#39;oxygène de pénétrer le tissu 13. L&#39;utilisation des huiles n&#39;est pas recommandé, car ils ont tendance à priver les tissus de l&#39;oxygène, ce qui provoque la cessation rapide des comportements cellulaires. 3. Imagerie Remarque: Pour l&#39;imagerie, un microscope confocal est susceptible d&#39;être essentiel que le confocalité supprime la plupart des fond d&#39;obscurcissement causé par un éclairage intense de la coque de nymphose. <ol><li> Réglez les paramètres sur la confocale à minimiser l&#39;impact de l&#39;éclairage sur le développement des pupes et la viabilité. Pour ce faire, trouver un équilibre entre l&#39;intensité de l&#39;excitation et de la sensibilité de la collecte. Une configuration typique pour l&#39;imagerie wie le Leica SP5 utilisé le scanner de résonance (8000 Hz), la puissance du laser fixé à 2% (10% de transmission de puissance de 20%), ensemble sténopé à 120 um, et la ligne VITESSE réglée à 8. Paramètres peuvent varier en fonction des conditions expérimentales. </li></ol> Remarque: Pour résoudre échelle fine dispose 40X et 63X lentilles à immersion d&#39;huile (0,1 mm de distance de travail) ont également été utilisés avec succès dans cette méthode, même si elles limitent la profondeur de champ. 4. Analyse Pour analyser les trames, z-piles ou des films importer les fichiers de données à FIDJI, qui dispose d&#39;outils efficaces pour la visualisation, la mesure et la modification des fichiers de présentation 14. Par exemple le temps de compléter la mitose a été mesurée en utilisant l&#39;intervalle d&#39;échantillonnage et le navigateur d&#39;image multidimensionnelle de l&#39;étape à travers les cadres tout en regardant une cellule de la prophase à la télophase. x, y, et z dimensions peuvent être mesurées à l&#39;aide de l&#39;outil de mesure. Pour obtenir des instructions détaillées sur le logiciel et son utilisationvoir: http://fiji.sc/Fiji.

<ol>
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Les auteurs n&#39;ont rien à révéler.

Pour visualiser, mesurer et quantifier les caractéristiques des cellules en division, le développement nécessaire d&#39;une préparation simple pour l&#39;observation de la mitose dans l&#39;aile pupe vie de la drosophile par des moyens d&#39;analyse confocale de cellules exprimant His2AvGFP. Cette méthode a été utilisée pour documenter que le cycle cellulaire dans l&#39;aile pupe porte de fortes similitudes avec la cellule cycles dans l&#39;épithélium pseudo-stratifié en ce que les noyaux passage à ...

<html> La mouche du vinaigre, Drosophila melanogaster, est un modèle bien établi pour étudier de nombreux aspects de la biologie. Recherche Drosophila a une riche histoire de l&#39;expérimentation génétique qui permet des formes plus sophistiquées de manipulation de gènes dont l&#39;expression, démontable et mutation. Avec l&#39;avènement des étiquettes de protéines fluorescentes, ce répertoire a été élargi pour inclure des études sur des cellules et des protéines chez les animaux vivants. L&#39;embryon de mouche est un excellent système pour les études qu&#39;elle est petite et optiquement clair permettant profonde, haute résolution imagerie in vivo 1-3. D&#39;autres étapes du développement de la mouche se sont avérées moins docile, nécessitant anesthésie 4, la dissection et de la culture à court terme de 5,6, ou la création de fenêtres de la cuticule pour l&#39;imagerie 7,8. Ces manipulations compromettent généralement le développement animal à long terme ou affectent l&#39;animal de manière à limiter l&#39;imagerie pour de courtes périodes. ent &quot;&gt; Pour étudier de nouvelles mutations dans les gènes qui ressemblent à des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire, il est essentiel de trouver une préparation appropriée pour étudier le calendrier et la fidélité du cycle cellulaire. Comme la plupart des cycles de cellules embryonnaires sont tronqués (SM ou S-G2-M) et les mutants étudiés ne présentent pas de défauts jusqu&#39;à ce que les étapes ultérieures, il est important d&#39;observer le cycle cellulaire dans les tissus stade de pupe. cellules épithéliales de la pupe ont un cycle cellulaire G1-S-G2-M plus typiques et les nymphes de cette étape sont pas capable de mouvements musculaires 9. Le point de départ initial pour les manipulations inclus toute pupes intact exprimer Histone2AV-GFP. Malgré l&#39;apparente opacité de la pupe, cette préparation intacte s&#39;est avérée excellente à long terme dans l&#39;imagerie in vivo. Cette technique est simple assez que les chercheurs de premier cycle utilisent régulièrement pour étudier les aspects de la biologie cellulaire et de développement chez la drosophile et pourtant la résolution est assez fine pour permettre la discrimination des fonctionnalités à l&#39;échelle du micromètre. Avec cette méthode, l&#39;observation des événements au cours des heures, minutes ou secondes sont possibles simplement en ajustant les paramètres de séries chronologiques. Vidéos en utilisant bleu, des protéines fluorescentes vertes, jaunes, oranges, rouges et, ou des combinaisons de ceux-ci, ont été réalisés. Surtout, si les soins sont prises pour minimiser l&#39;intensité du laser, même imagerie à long terme n&#39;a pas d&#39;effet sur le développement ou la viabilité des animaux.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

L&#39;utilisation de longue date de la drosophile comme modèle pour la biologie cellulaire et de développement a donné une gamme d&#39;outils. Ensemble, ces techniques ont permis l&#39;analyse de cellules et de la biologie du développement à partir d&#39;une variété d&#39;angles méthodologiques. Imagerie en temps réel est une nouvelle méthode pour l&#39;observation des processus dynamiques de cellule, telles que la division cellulaire ou de la motilité cellulaire. Après avoir isolé des mutations dans les protéines du cycle cellulaire putatifs non caractérisés, il est devenu essentiel d&#39;observer la mitose in situ en utilisant l&#39;imagerie en direct. La plupart des études d&#39;imagerie en direct chez la drosophile ont porté sur les stades embryonnaires qui sont accessibles à la manipulation et l&#39;observation en raison de leur petite taille et de clarté optique. Toutefois, dans ces phases du cycle cellulaire est inhabituel en ce qu&#39;il manque une ou deux des phases de l&#39;écart. En revanche, les cellules de l&#39;aile des pupes de la drosophile ont un cycle cellulaire typique et subissent une période de mitose rapide couvrant environ 20 h de développement des pupes. Il est facile d&#39;identify et isoler les nymphes de la scène appropriée pour attraper la mitose in situ. Montage pupes intact offrait la meilleure combinaison de traçabilité et de durabilité lors de l&#39;imagerie, permettant des expériences de courir pendant plusieurs heures avec un impact minimal sur la cellule animale et la viabilité. La méthode permet l&#39;observation de caractéristiques aussi petites ou plus petites que, voler chromosomes. Ajustement des réglages du microscope et les détails de montage, a permis l&#39;extension de la préparation de visualiser la dynamique des membranes des cellules adjacentes et les protéines marquées par fluorescence tels que la tubuline. Cette méthode fonctionne pour toutes les protéines fluorescentes testé et peut capturer submicroniques caractéristiques d&#39;échelle sur une variété d&#39;échelles de temps. Bien que limitée à l&#39;extérieur de 20 um de la nymphe avec un microscope confocal classique, cette approche à l&#39;observation de protéines et dynamique cellulaires dans les tissus des pupes in vivo peut être généralement utile dans l&#39;étude de la biologie cellulaire et de développement dans ces tissus.

Les cellules de l&#39;épithélium pseudo-stratifié, telles que le développement de l&#39;œil de Drosophila, ou de la couche du ventricule du système nerveux central des vertébrés en développement, subissent des mouvements nucléaires, appelée migration nucléaire interkinetic, dans le temps avec le cycle cellulaire. réplication de l&#39;ADN se produit lorsque les noyaux sont au niveau ou près de la surface de la base et les cellules entrent en mitose lorsque les noyaux atteignent la surface apicale <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Ce document illustre l&#39;utilisation d&#39;un balayage rapide microscope confocal à un comportement cellulaire de l&#39;image directement à travers la pupe. En laissant la coque de nymphose intacte, cette méthode permet l&#39;observation et la mesure des processus dynamiques de cellule à un stade de développement de la drosophile qui est difficile à étudier directement.

Imagerie à travers le cas de la nymphe<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

imaging-through-the-pupal-case-of-drosophila-melanogaster

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

13.3K vues.  University of Miami.  Ce document illustre l'utilisation d'un balayage rapide microscope confocal à un comportement cellulaire de l'image directement à travers la pupe. En laissant la coque de nymphose intacte, cette méthode permet l'observation et la mesure des processus dynamiques de cellule à un stade de développement de la drosophile qui est difficile à étudier directement. 

Vidéo: Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Dissection de SNC larvaire chez Drosophila melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

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Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

En direct de l&#39;imagerie Drosophila melanogaster Migrations hémocytaires embryonnaires

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

Imagerie verticale de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embryons

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

Dissection de Oenocytes d&#39;adultes Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

Isolement des Drosophila melanogaster Testicules

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

L&#39;immunohistochimie drosophile Abdomen Nymphe

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae zygotes result from the fusion of haploid cells of distinct mating type (MATa, MATalpha) and give rise to corresponding stable diploids that successively generate as many as 20 diploid progeny as a result of their strikingly asymmetric mitotic divisions 2. Zygote formation is orchestrated by a complex sequence of events: In this process, soluble mating factors bind to cognate receptors, triggering receptor-mediated signaling cascades that facilitate interruption of the cell cycle and culminate in cell-cell fusion. Zygotes may be considered a model for progenitor or stem cell function.
Although much has been learned about the formation of zygotes and although zygotes have been used to investigate cell-molecular questions of general significance, almost all studies have made use of mating mixtures in which zygotes are intermixed with a majority population of haploid cells 3-8. Many aspects of the biochemistry of zygote formation and the continuing life of the zygote therefore remain uninvestigated.
Reports of purification of yeast zygotes describe protocols based on their sedimentation properties 9; however, this sedimentation-based procedure did not yield nearly 90% purity in our hands. Moreover, it has the disadvantage that cells are exposed to hypertonic sorbitol. We therefore have developed a versatile purification procedure. For this purpose, pairs of haploid cells expressing red or green fluorescent proteins were co-incubated to allow zygote formation, harvested at various times, and the resulting zygotes were purified using a flow cytometry-based sorting protocol. This technique provides a convenient visual assessment of purity and maturation. The average purity of the fraction is approximately 90%. According to the timing of harvest, zygotes of varying degrees of maturity can be recovered. The purified samples provide a convenient point of departure for "-omic" studies, for recovery of initial progeny, and for systematic investigation of this progenitor cell.

Flow Cytometry-based Purification of S. cerevisiae Zygotes

To purify zygotes of S. cerevisiae, haploid cells of opposite mating type were engineered to express red or green fluorescent proteins, co-incubated to allow zygote formation, and fractionated using a flow cytometry-based protocol. The highly-enriched fraction enables subsequent "-omic" studies, recovery of initial progeny, and systematic investigation of zygote morphogenesis.

Cytométrie en flux à base de purification de<em&gt; S. cerevisiae</em&gt; Zygotes

Zygotes are essential intermediates between haploid and diploid states in the life cycle of many organisms, including yeast (Figure 1) 1. S. cerevisiae ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

Mesure de la durée de vie en<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Dissection et de montage de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; pupes disques yeux

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life cycle of Drosophila enables collection of large quantities of material from embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies, in a synchronized way, at a low economic cost. A major strategy for propagating large numbers of flies is the use of a fly population cage. This useful and common tool in the Drososphila community is an efficient way to regularly produce milligrams to tens of grams of embryos, depending on uniformity of developmental stage desired. While a population cage can be time consuming to set up, maintaining a cage over months takes much less time and enables rapid collection of biological material in a short period. This paper describes a detailed and flexible protocol for the maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster population cage, starting with 1.5 g of harvested material from the previous cycle.

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

This manuscript reports a detailed protocol for culturing, on a regular basis, a population of Drosophila melanogaster using a fly population cage.

Le maintien d&#39;un<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...