The authors wish to acknowledge Akira Chiba for intellectual support, material support, and stocks. Thanks to Julia Dallman for comments.

1. Fly Work
<ol>
	<li>Maintain flies on standard cornmeal-agar-molasses-yeast medium at room temperature10.</li>
	<li>For crosses, isolate virgins within 6 hr of eclosion. After crossing to males of the desired genotype, change flies to new vials every 3-4 days.</li>
</ol>
Note: For these experiments, Gal4 line A9 was used to drive expression of transgenes in the wing. Fly stocks can be obtained from the stock center in Bloomington. Stocks used in these experiments include A9-Gal4 (Bl...

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

To visualize, measure, and quantify features of dividing cells, required development of a simple preparation for observing mitosis in the living pupal wing of Drosophila&#160;by means of confocal analysis of His2AvGFP expressing cells. This method was used to document that the cell cycle in the pupal wing bears strong similarities to cell cycles in pseudostratified epithelia in that nuclei move to the apical surface of the epithelium where they enter mitosis. Following telophase, nuclei drop back into the epithe...

The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is a well-established model for studying many aspects of biology. Drosophila research has a rich history of genetic experimentation that allows sophisticated forms of gene manipulation including expression, knockdown and mutation. With the advent of fluorescent protein labels, this repertoire has expanded to include studies of cells and proteins in living animals. The fly embryo is an excellent system for such studies as it is small and optically clear allowing deep, high-resolution imaging in vivo1-3. Other stages of fly development have proven to be less tractable, requiring anaesthetization4, dissection and short term culture5,6, or the creation of windows in the cuticle for imaging7,8. These manipulations usually compromise animal development in the long term or affect the animal in ways that limit imaging to short periods.
To study novel mutations in genes that resemble cell cycle regulators, it was essential to find an appropriate preparation to study the timing and fidelity of the cell cycle. Since most embryonic cell cycles are truncated (S-M or S-G2-M) and the mutants under study do not show defects until later stages, it was important to observe the cell cycle in pupal stage tissues. Epithelial cells in the pupa have a more typical G1-S-G2-M cell cycle and pupae of this stage are not capable of muscle movements9. The initial starting point for manipulations included intact whole pupae expressing Histone2AV-GFP. Despite the apparent opacity of the pupal case, this intact preparation proved to be excellent for long-term in vivo imaging. This technique is simple enough that undergraduate researchers routinely use it to study aspects of cell and developmental biology in Drosophila and yet the resolution is fine enough to allow discrimination of micrometer scale features. With this method, observations of events over hours, minutes, or seconds are possible simply by adjusting time series parameters. Videos using blue, green, yellow, orange, and red fluorescent proteins, or combinations of these, have been made. Importantly, if care is taken to minimize the laser intensity, even long-term imaging has no effect on development or viability of the animals.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled analysis of cell and developmental biology from a variety of methodological angles. Live imaging is an emerging method for observing dynamic cell processes, such as cell division or cell motility. Having isolated mutations in uncharacterized putative cell cycle proteins it became essential to observe mitosis in situ using live imaging. Most live imaging studies in Drosophila have focused on the embryonic stages that are accessible to manipulation and observation because of their small size and optical clarity. However, in these stages the cell cycle is unusual in that it lacks one or both of the gap phases. By contrast, cells of the pupal wing of Drosophila have a typical cell cycle and undergo a period of rapid mitosis spanning about 20 hr of pupal development. It is easy to identify and isolate pupae of the appropriate stage to catch mitosis in situ. Mounting intact pupae provided the best combination of tractability and durability during imaging, allowing experiments to run for several hours with minimal impact on cell and animal viability. The method allows observation of features as small as, or smaller than, fly chromosomes. Adjustment of microscope settings and the details of mounting, allowed extension of the preparation to visualize membrane dynamics of adjacent cells and fluorescently labeled proteins such as tubulin. This method works for all tested fluorescent proteins and can capture submicron scale features over a variety of time scales. While limited to the outer 20 &#181;m of the pupa with a conventional confocal microscope, this approach to observing protein and cellular dynamics in pupal tissues in vivo may be generally useful in the study of cell and developmental biology in these tissues.

Cells in pseudostratified epithelia, such as the developing Drosophila eye, or the ventricular layer of the developing vertebrate central nervous system, undergo nuclear movements, termed interkinetic nuclear migration, in time with the cell cycle. DNA replication occurs when nuclei are at or near the basal surface and cells enter mitosis when the nuclei reach the apical surface15,16. The pupal wing cells form a rapidly dividing monolayer epithelium during the first several hours after head eversion. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

This paper demonstrates the use of a fast scanning confocal microscope to image cell behavior directly through the puparium. By leaving the pupal case intact, this method allows observation and measurement of dynamic cell processes at a stage of Drosophila development that is difficult to study directly.

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

imaging-through-the-pupal-case-of-drosophila-melanogaster

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Biology

13.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Miami.  Bu kağıdı doğrudan puparium aracılığıyla görüntü hücre davranışı hızlı bir tarama konfokal mikroskop kullanımını gösterir. Sağlam pupa davayı bırakarak, bu yöntem doğrudan çalışma zordur Drosophila bir gelişme aşamasında gözlem ve dinamik hücre süreçlerinin ölçülmesini sağlar. 