Yazarlar entelektüel desteği, maddi destek ve hisse senetleri için Akira Chiba kabul etmek istiyoruz. Yorumlar için Julia Dallman teşekkürler.

1.. Çalışma Fly <ol><li> Oda sıcaklığında 10 standart mısır unu-agar-pekmez-maya ortamda sinekler koruyun. </li><li> Haçlar için, eclosion 6 saat içinde bakireler izole. Istenen genotip erkeklere geçtikten sonra, değişim her 3-4 günde yeni şişelere uçar. </li></ol> Not: Bu deneyler için, Gal4 hat A9 kanat transgenlerin anlatımını sürmek için kullanılmıştır. Fly stokları Bloomington stok merkezinden elde edilebilir. Bu deneylerde kullanılan Hisse A9-Gal4 (Bl # 8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl # 5941), SCO / cyo HsCre (Bl # 1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl # 25773), 11, lollibow içerir. 2. Seçimi ve Pupa ve montajı <ol><li> Sahne pupa ya beyaz prepupa (RES) olarak toplanması ve bunların uygun yaşa gelinceye kadar 25 ° C&#39;de tutarak veya morfolojik kriterlere 12. kullanarak. </li><li> Hücre bölünmeleri, son zamanlarda baş tersine çevrilmesi uğramıştır seçeneğini pupa gözlemlemek için.Bu zaman kadar sadece eclosion (en&gt; 96 saat) önce, pupa hareketsiz uzun time-lapse gözlem izin vardır. </li><li> Önce su fırça üzerine onları dürterek yavaşça yapışkan gevşetmek ve izin için bir dakika bekleyen, su ile nemlendirilmiş bir fırça ile onlara dokunarak flakonlarından pupa çıkarın. </li><li> Yavaşça tükürük bezi yapıştırıcı ve gıda parçacıkları uzaklaştırmak için su içinde bir boya fırçası ile dürtüyordu seçilir pupa yıkayın. </li><li> Bir lamel altındaki (sayı 1 ½ lamelleri) ile bir 25 mm Petri kabı temiz pupa aktarın. </li><li> Ilgilenilen doku lamel en yakın olan, böylece bir destek olarak modelleme kil ya da diş balmumu ya da ince şeritler kullanılarak, pupa monte edin. Not: Burada anlatılan çalışmalarda, pupa kanatlar, bacaklar, karın histoblasts veya dorsal notum gözlenmiştir. Uygulamada, pupa durumda yüzeyinin 20 mikron olan bir doku gözlemlenebilir. </li><li> Orient pupa dikkatlice böylece tissuilgi e cam lamel yüzeyine paralel. </li><li> Pupa monte edildikten sonra, pupa ve lamel arasındaki boşluğa tiodietilen glikol (TDG) ince bir tabaka aktarmak için bir fırça kullanın. </li></ol> Not: TDG, yüzeye dağılımını azaltır yağın kırılma indeksi ile eşleşir ve oksijen doku 13 nüfuz sağlar. Bu hücre davranışlar hızlı durmasına neden olan, oksijenin dokulara mahrum eğilimi gibi yağlar kullanılması tavsiye edilmez. 3. Görüntüleme Not: görüntüleme için, konfokal mikroskop confocality pupa durumda yoğun aydınlatma neden obscuring arka çoğunu çıkarır gibi önemli olması muhtemeldir. <ol><li> Pupa gelişimi ve canlılığı üzerindeki aydınlatma etkisini en aza indirmek için konfokal ayarlarını. Bunu yapmak için, uyarma yoğunluğu ve toplama duyarlılığı arasında bir denge. Görüntüleme wi için tipik bir yapılandırmaLeica SP5 rezonans tarayıcı (8,000 Hz),% 2 olarak ayarlanmış lazer gücü (% 20 güç,% 10 geçirgenlik), 120 um iğne deliği grubu, ve hat 8 için kullanılan kurulu ortalama th. Ayarlar deney koşullarına bağlı olarak değişecektir. </li></ol> Not: ince ölçek onlar odak derinliğini sınırlamak olsa da başarılı, bu yöntem kullanılmıştır 40X ve 63X Petrol daldırma lens (0,1 mm çalışma mesafesi) bulunmaktadır gidermek için. 4. Analiz Çerçeveleri analiz etmek için, z-yığınları ya da film, izleme, ölçme ve sunum 14 için dosyaları değiştirmek için etkili araçlar vardır FIJI, veri dosyalarını içe. Örneğin mitoz tamamlamak için zamanı telofaz için profazın bir hücreyi izlerken kare ilerlemek için örnekleme aralığı ve çok boyutlu görüntü tarayıcı kullanılarak ölçüldü. x-, y-ve z-boyutları ölçme aracı kullanılarak ölçülebilir. Yazılım ve kullanımı hakkında ayrıntılı talimatlar içinbkz: http://fiji.sc/Fiji.

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bölünen hücrelerin özellikleri, His2AvGFP ifade eden hücrelerin konfokal analizi ile Drosophila canlı pupa kanadında mitoz gözlemlemek için basit bir hazırlama gerekli geliştirme, görselleştirmek ölçmek ve ölçmek için. Bu yöntem, pupa kanadında hücre döngüsü onlar mitoz girmek epitelin apikal yüzeyine o çekirdekler hareket yalancı epiteliada döngüleri hücre güçlü benzerlikler taşıdığını belgelemek için kullanılmıştır. Telofaz ardından, çekirdekler geri epitel tabaka...

<html> Sirke sineği, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila araştırma anlatım, demonte ve mutasyonunu içeren gen manipülasyonu sofistike formları sağlar genetik deney zengin bir geçmişe sahiptir biyoloji birçok yönleriyle inceleyerek için iyi kurulmuş bir modeldir. Floresan proteini etiket gelişiyle, bu repertuar yaşayan hayvanlar hücre ve proteinlerin çalışmaları kapsayacak şekilde genişletti. Sinek embriyo in vivo 1-3 derin, yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme sağlayan küçük ve optik net gibi çalışmalar için mükemmel bir sistemdir. Sinek gelişme diğer aşamaları anestezi 4, diseksiyon ve kısa vadeli kültürünü 5,6 veya 7,8 görüntüleme için manikür pencerelerin oluşturulmasına gerektiren, daha az uysal olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu manipülasyonlar, genellikle uzun vadede hayvan gelişimi uzlaşma ya da kısa süreler için görüntüleme sınırı şekillerde hayvan etkiler. En embriyonik hücre siklusu kesiliyor yana hücre siklus düzenleyicileri benzer genlerinde mutasyon roman incelemek için ent &quot;&gt; bu. hücre döngüsünün zamanlaması ve sadakat incelemek için uygun bir hazırlık bulmak için gerekli olan (SM veya S-G2-M) ve çalışma kapsamında mutantlar ileriki evrelere kadar, bu pupa aşaması dokularda hücre döngüsünü gözlemlemek için önemli kusurları görünmüyor. pupa epitel hücreleri daha tipik bir G1-S-G2-M hücre döngüsü ve bu aşamada pupa olan var kas hareketleri 9 yeteneğine sahip değildir. manipülasyonlar için başlangıç ​​noktası pupa davanın belirgin donukluk rağmen Histone2AV-GFP ifade bozulmamış bütün pupa. dahil, bu bozulmamış hazırlık vivo görüntüleme uzun vadede mükemmel olduğunu kanıtladı. Bu teknik basittir lisans araştırmacılar rutin Drosophila hücre ve gelişim biyolojisi yönlerini incelemek için kullanabilirsiniz ve henüz çözünürlük mikrometre ölçekli özellikleri ayrımcılığı sağlayacak kadar gayet yeterli. Bu yöntemle, saat, dakika veya saniye içinde olayların gözlemleri sadece zaman serisi parametrelerini ayarlayarak mümkündür. Mavi, yeşil, sarı, turuncu ve kırmızı floresan proteinleri, veya bunların kombinasyonları kullanılarak Videolar yapılmıştır. Önemli olarak, eğer bakım hatta uzun süreli görüntüleme hayvanların geliştirme veya canlılığı üzerinde bir etkisi yoktur, lazer yoğunluğu en aza indirmek için alınır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

Hücre ve gelişim biyolojisi için bir model olarak Drosophila uzun süredir devam eden kullanım araçları bir dizi vermiştir. Birlikte, bu teknikler metodolojik açılardan çeşitli hücre ve gelişim biyolojisi analizini sağlamıştır. Canlı görüntüleme, hücre bölünmesi ya da hücre hareketi gibi dinamik hücre süreçlerini, gözlem için gelişmekte olan bir yöntemdir. Canlı görüntüleme kullanarak yerinde mitoz gözlemlemek için gerekli oldu uncharacterized farazi hücre döngüsü proteinleri mutasyonlar izole olması. Drosophila en canlı görüntüleme çalışmaları nedeniyle küçük boyutu ve optik netlik manipülasyon ve gözlem için erişilebilir embriyonik aşamalarında odaklanmıştır. Bu boşluk fazlarının biri ya da her ikisi yoksun olmasıyla Ancak, bu aşamada, hücre döngüsü sıra dışıdır. Buna karşılık, Drosophila pupa kanadının hücreleri, tipik bir hücre döngüsü ve pupa gelişme, yaklaşık 20 saat süren hızlı bir mitoz bir süre geçer. Bu i kolaydentify ve yerinde mitoz yakalamak için uygun sahnenin pupa izole. Montaj sağlam pupa deneyleri, hücre ve hayvan canlılığı üzerinde minimum etki ile birkaç saat çalışmasına izin veren, görüntüleme sırasında tractability ve dayanıklılık en iyi kombinasyonu sağladı. Yöntem olarak küçük, ya da daha küçük, kromozom sinek gibi özellikleri gözlem sağlar. Mikroskop ayarları ve montaj detayları ayarlanması, preparasyonun dahili zar komşu hücrelerin dinamiklerini ve bu tübülin gibi flüoresan etiketli proteinlerin görselleştirmek bırakıldı. Bu yöntem test edilen tüm floresan proteinleri için çalışıyor ve zaman ölçekleri çeşitli üzerinden Mikronaltı ölçek özelliklerini yakalayabilir. Geleneksel bir konfokal mikroskop ile pupa dış 20 um ile sınırlı olsa da, in vivo pupa dokularda protein ve dinamikleri hücresel gözlem için bu yaklaşım, bu hücre ve dokularda gelişimsel biyoloji çalışmaya genel olarak yararlı olabilir.

Gibi gelişmekte olan Drosophila göz, omurgalı ya da gelişmekte olan merkezi sinir sistemi içinde, ventriküler tabaka olarak yalancı epitel hücreler, nükleer hareketleri geçmesi, hücre döngüsü ile zaman içinde, interkinetic nükleer göç adlandırılır. Çekirdekler bazal yüzeyinde veya yakınında ve çekirdekler apikal yüzeye 15,16 ulaştığınızda hücrelerin mitoz girdiğinde DNA replikasyonu oluşur. Pupa kanat hücreler kafa eversiyonu sonra ilk birkaç saat boyunca bir hız...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Bu kağıdı doğrudan puparium aracılığıyla görüntü hücre davranışı hızlı bir tarama konfokal mikroskop kullanımını gösterir. Sağlam pupa davayı bırakarak, bu yöntem doğrudan çalışma zordur Drosophila bir gelişme aşamasında gözlem ve dinamik hücre süreçlerinin ölçülmesini sağlar.

Ve Pupa Durumunda sayesinde görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

imaging-through-the-pupal-case-of-drosophila-melanogaster

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

13.2K Görüntüleme.  University of Miami.  Bu kağıdı doğrudan puparium aracılığıyla görüntü hücre davranışı hızlı bir tarama konfokal mikroskop kullanımını gösterir. Sağlam pupa davayı bırakarak, bu yöntem doğrudan çalışma zordur Drosophila bir gelişme aşamasında gözlem ve dinamik hücre süreçlerinin ölçülmesini sağlar. 

Video: Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Drosophila melanogaster Larvaların MSS diseksiyonu

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Biyoloji

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Uygulamalarda Canlı Görüntüleme Drosophila melanogaster Embriyonik Hemocyte Göçler

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current techniques used to view such processes are somewhat limited. The following protocol describes a new technique for mounting fixed and labeled Drosophila embryos for coronal viewing with confocal imaging. This method consists of embedding embryos between two layers of glycerin jelly mounting media, and imaging jelly strips positioned upright. The first step for sandwiching the embryos is to make a thin bedding of glycerin jelly on a slide. Next, embryos are carefully aligned on this surface and covered with a second layer of jelly. After the second layer is solidified, strips of jelly are cut and flipped upright for imaging. Alternatives are described for visualizing the embryos depending upon the type of microscope stand to be used. Since all cells along the dorsal-ventral axis are imaged within a single confocal Z-plane, our method allows precise measurement and comparison of fluorescent signals without photobleaching or light scattering common to 3D reconstructions of longitudinally mounted embryos.

Upright Imaging of Drosophila Embryos

Here we present a mounting protocol for stained Drosophila embryos in an upright position that allows imaging of cross-sections using Confocal microscopy.

VE Dik Görüntüleme Drosophila Embriyolar

Several well-known morphogenetic gradients and cellular movements occur along the dorsal/ventral axis of the Drosophila embryo. However, the current ...

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides protection against desiccation and other environmental challenges. Several of these cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) compounds also function as semiochemical signals, and as such mediate pheromonal communications between members of the same species, or in some instances between different species, and influence behavior. Specialized cells referred to as oenocytes are regarded as the primary site for CHC synthesis. However, relatively little is known regarding the involvement of the oenocytes in the regulation of the biosynthetic, transport, and deposition pathways contributing to CHC output. Given the significant role that CHCs play in several aspects of insect biology, including chemical communication, desiccation resistance, and immunity, it is important to gain a greater understanding of the molecular and genetic regulation of CHC production within these specialized cells. The adult oenocytes of D. melanogaster are located within the abdominal integument, and are metamerically arrayed in ribbon-like clusters radiating along the inner cuticular surface of each abdominal segment. In this video article we demonstrate a dissection technique used for the preparation of oenocytes from adult D. melanogaster. Specifically, we provide a detailed step-by-step demonstration of (1) how to fillet prepare an adult Drosophila abdomen, (2) how to identify the oenocytes and discern them from other tissues, and (3) how to remove intact oenocyte clusters from the abdominal integument. A brief experimental illustration of how this preparation can be used to examine the expression of genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis is included. The dissected preparation demonstrated herein will allow for the detailed molecular and genetic analysis of oenocyte function in the adult fruit fly.

Dissection of Oenocytes from Adult Drosophila melanogaster

In insects, the oenocytes produce cuticular hydrocarbon compounds. These compounds protect against desiccation and facilitate chemical communication. Here we demonstrate a dissection technique used to isolate the oenocytes from adult Drosophila melanogaster, and illustrate how this preparation can be utilized to study genes involved in hydrocarbon synthesis.

Yetişkin gelen Oenocytes diseksiyonu Drosophila melanogaster</em

In Drosophila melanogaster, as in other insects, a waxy layer on the outer surface of the cuticle, composed primarily of hydrocarbon compounds, provides ...

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline interactions. Testes are typically isolated from adult males 0-3 days after eclosion from the pupal case. The testes of wild-type flies are easily distinguished from other tissues because they are yellow, but the testes of white mutant flies, a common genetic background for laboratory experiments are similar in both shape and color to the fly gut. Performing dissection on a glass microscope slide with a black background makes identifying the testes considerably easier. Testes are removed from the flies using dissecting needles. Compared to protocols that use forceps for testes dissection, our method is far quicker, allowing a well-practiced individual to dissect testes from 200-300 wild-type flies per hour, yielding 400-600 testes. Testes from white flies or from mutants that reduce testes size are harder to dissect and typically yield 200-400 testes per hour.

Isolation of Drosophila melanogaster Testes

Drosophila melanogaster testes can be rapidly and efficiently isolated from adult males using dissecting needles. With practice, one can readily isolate in one or two days an amount of testes sufficient for the analysis of DNA or RNA by high throughput sequencing or more traditional molecular biology methods or of protein for antibody- or enzyme-based assays.

İzolasyonu Drosophila melanogaster Testisler

The testes of Drosophila melanogaster provide an important model for the study of stem cell maintenance and differentiation, meiosis, and soma-germline ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila pupa Karın İmmünohistokimya

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

In ömrü ölçümü<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes differentiation from a stem cell population, mitotic amplification, and meiosis. In addition, post-meiotic germ cells undergo a dramatic morphological reshaping process as well as a global epigenetic reconfiguration of the germ line chromatin&#8212;the histone-to-protamine switch.
Studying the role of a protein in post-meiotic spermatogenesis using mutagenesis or other genetic tools is often impeded by essential embryonic, pre-meiotic, or meiotic functions of the protein under investigation. The post-meiotic phenotype of a mutant of such a protein could be obscured through an earlier developmental block, or the interpretation of the phenotype could be complicated. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster offers a bypass to this problem: intact testes and even cysts of germ cells dissected from early pupae are able to develop ex vivo in culture medium. Making use of such cultures allows microscopic imaging of living germ cells in testes and of germ-line cysts. Importantly, the cultivated testes and germ cells also become accessible to pharmacological inhibitors, thereby permitting manipulation of enzymatic functions during spermatogenesis, including post-meiotic stages.
The protocol presented describes how to dissect and cultivate pupal testes and germ-line cysts. Information on the development of pupal testes and culture conditions are provided alongside microscope imaging data of live testes and germ-line cysts in culture. We also describe a pharmacological assay to study post-meiotic spermatogenesis, exemplified by an assay targeting the histone-to-protamine switch using the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid. In principle, this cultivation method could be adapted to address many other research questions in pre- and post-meiotic spermatogenesis.

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

This protocol describes the dissection and cultivation of intact testes and germ-line cysts from Drosophila melanogaster pupae. This method allows microscopic observation of spermatogenesis ex vivo. Furthermore, we describe a pharmacological assay of the effect of inhibitors on specific stages of germ-cell development in pupal testes.

Diseksiyon, Görüntüleme ve Farmakolojik Tedavi: Drosophila Pupa Testis ve Bekar Erkek germ-line Kistler ex vivo Kültür

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Diseksiyon ve montajı<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupa Göz Diskler

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life cycle of Drosophila enables collection of large quantities of material from embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies, in a synchronized way, at a low economic cost. A major strategy for propagating large numbers of flies is the use of a fly population cage. This useful and common tool in the Drososphila community is an efficient way to regularly produce milligrams to tens of grams of embryos, depending on uniformity of developmental stage desired. While a population cage can be time consuming to set up, maintaining a cage over months takes much less time and enables rapid collection of biological material in a short period. This paper describes a detailed and flexible protocol for the maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster population cage, starting with 1.5 g of harvested material from the previous cycle.

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

This manuscript reports a detailed protocol for culturing, on a regular basis, a population of Drosophila melanogaster using a fly population cage.

Bir bakımı<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Nüfus Kafes

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...