Yazarlar entelektüel desteği, maddi destek ve hisse senetleri için Akira Chiba kabul etmek istiyoruz. Yorumlar için Julia Dallman teşekkürler.

1.. Çalışma Fly <ol><li> Oda sıcaklığında 10 standart mısır unu-agar-pekmez-maya ortamda sinekler koruyun. </li><li> Haçlar için, eclosion 6 saat içinde bakireler izole. Istenen genotip erkeklere geçtikten sonra, değişim her 3-4 günde yeni şişelere uçar. </li></ol> Not: Bu deneyler için, Gal4 hat A9 kanat transgenlerin anlatımını sürmek için kullanılmıştır. Fly stokları Bloomington stok merkezinden elde edilebilir. Bu deneylerde kullanılan Hisse A9-Gal4 (Bl # 8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl # 5941), SCO / cyo HsCre (Bl # 1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl # 25773), 11, lollibow içerir. 2. Seçimi ve Pupa ve montajı <ol><li> Sahne pupa ya beyaz prepupa (RES) olarak toplanması ve bunların uygun yaşa gelinceye kadar 25 ° C&#39;de tutarak veya morfolojik kriterlere 12. kullanarak. </li><li> Hücre bölünmeleri, son zamanlarda baş tersine çevrilmesi uğramıştır seçeneğini pupa gözlemlemek için.Bu zaman kadar sadece eclosion (en&gt; 96 saat) önce, pupa hareketsiz uzun time-lapse gözlem izin vardır. </li><li> Önce su fırça üzerine onları dürterek yavaşça yapışkan gevşetmek ve izin için bir dakika bekleyen, su ile nemlendirilmiş bir fırça ile onlara dokunarak flakonlarından pupa çıkarın. </li><li> Yavaşça tükürük bezi yapıştırıcı ve gıda parçacıkları uzaklaştırmak için su içinde bir boya fırçası ile dürtüyordu seçilir pupa yıkayın. </li><li> Bir lamel altındaki (sayı 1 ½ lamelleri) ile bir 25 mm Petri kabı temiz pupa aktarın. </li><li> Ilgilenilen doku lamel en yakın olan, böylece bir destek olarak modelleme kil ya da diş balmumu ya da ince şeritler kullanılarak, pupa monte edin. Not: Burada anlatılan çalışmalarda, pupa kanatlar, bacaklar, karın histoblasts veya dorsal notum gözlenmiştir. Uygulamada, pupa durumda yüzeyinin 20 mikron olan bir doku gözlemlenebilir. </li><li> Orient pupa dikkatlice böylece tissuilgi e cam lamel yüzeyine paralel. </li><li> Pupa monte edildikten sonra, pupa ve lamel arasındaki boşluğa tiodietilen glikol (TDG) ince bir tabaka aktarmak için bir fırça kullanın. </li></ol> Not: TDG, yüzeye dağılımını azaltır yağın kırılma indeksi ile eşleşir ve oksijen doku 13 nüfuz sağlar. Bu hücre davranışlar hızlı durmasına neden olan, oksijenin dokulara mahrum eğilimi gibi yağlar kullanılması tavsiye edilmez. 3. Görüntüleme Not: görüntüleme için, konfokal mikroskop confocality pupa durumda yoğun aydınlatma neden obscuring arka çoğunu çıkarır gibi önemli olması muhtemeldir. <ol><li> Pupa gelişimi ve canlılığı üzerindeki aydınlatma etkisini en aza indirmek için konfokal ayarlarını. Bunu yapmak için, uyarma yoğunluğu ve toplama duyarlılığı arasında bir denge. Görüntüleme wi için tipik bir yapılandırmaLeica SP5 rezonans tarayıcı (8,000 Hz),% 2 olarak ayarlanmış lazer gücü (% 20 güç,% 10 geçirgenlik), 120 um iğne deliği grubu, ve hat 8 için kullanılan kurulu ortalama th. Ayarlar deney koşullarına bağlı olarak değişecektir. </li></ol> Not: ince ölçek onlar odak derinliğini sınırlamak olsa da başarılı, bu yöntem kullanılmıştır 40X ve 63X Petrol daldırma lens (0,1 mm çalışma mesafesi) bulunmaktadır gidermek için. 4. Analiz Çerçeveleri analiz etmek için, z-yığınları ya da film, izleme, ölçme ve sunum 14 için dosyaları değiştirmek için etkili araçlar vardır FIJI, veri dosyalarını içe. Örneğin mitoz tamamlamak için zamanı telofaz için profazın bir hücreyi izlerken kare ilerlemek için örnekleme aralığı ve çok boyutlu görüntü tarayıcı kullanılarak ölçüldü. x-, y-ve z-boyutları ölçme aracı kullanılarak ölçülebilir. Yazılım ve kullanımı hakkında ayrıntılı talimatlar içinbkz: http://fiji.sc/Fiji.

<ol>
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Yazarlar ifşa hiçbir şey yok.

Bölünen hücrelerin özellikleri, His2AvGFP ifade eden hücrelerin konfokal analizi ile Drosophila canlı pupa kanadında mitoz gözlemlemek için basit bir hazırlama gerekli geliştirme, görselleştirmek ölçmek ve ölçmek için. Bu yöntem, pupa kanadında hücre döngüsü onlar mitoz girmek epitelin apikal yüzeyine o çekirdekler hareket yalancı epiteliada döngüleri hücre güçlü benzerlikler taşıdığını belgelemek için kullanılmıştır. Telofaz ardından, çekirdekler geri epitel tabaka...

<html> Sirke sineği, Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila araştırma anlatım, demonte ve mutasyonunu içeren gen manipülasyonu sofistike formları sağlar genetik deney zengin bir geçmişe sahiptir biyoloji birçok yönleriyle inceleyerek için iyi kurulmuş bir modeldir. Floresan proteini etiket gelişiyle, bu repertuar yaşayan hayvanlar hücre ve proteinlerin çalışmaları kapsayacak şekilde genişletti. Sinek embriyo in vivo 1-3 derin, yüksek çözünürlüklü görüntüleme sağlayan küçük ve optik net gibi çalışmalar için mükemmel bir sistemdir. Sinek gelişme diğer aşamaları anestezi 4, diseksiyon ve kısa vadeli kültürünü 5,6 veya 7,8 görüntüleme için manikür pencerelerin oluşturulmasına gerektiren, daha az uysal olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. Bu manipülasyonlar, genellikle uzun vadede hayvan gelişimi uzlaşma ya da kısa süreler için görüntüleme sınırı şekillerde hayvan etkiler. En embriyonik hücre siklusu kesiliyor yana hücre siklus düzenleyicileri benzer genlerinde mutasyon roman incelemek için ent &quot;&gt; bu. hücre döngüsünün zamanlaması ve sadakat incelemek için uygun bir hazırlık bulmak için gerekli olan (SM veya S-G2-M) ve çalışma kapsamında mutantlar ileriki evrelere kadar, bu pupa aşaması dokularda hücre döngüsünü gözlemlemek için önemli kusurları görünmüyor. pupa epitel hücreleri daha tipik bir G1-S-G2-M hücre döngüsü ve bu aşamada pupa olan var kas hareketleri 9 yeteneğine sahip değildir. manipülasyonlar için başlangıç ​​noktası pupa davanın belirgin donukluk rağmen Histone2AV-GFP ifade bozulmamış bütün pupa. dahil, bu bozulmamış hazırlık vivo görüntüleme uzun vadede mükemmel olduğunu kanıtladı. Bu teknik basittir lisans araştırmacılar rutin Drosophila hücre ve gelişim biyolojisi yönlerini incelemek için kullanabilirsiniz ve henüz çözünürlük mikrometre ölçekli özellikleri ayrımcılığı sağlayacak kadar gayet yeterli. Bu yöntemle, saat, dakika veya saniye içinde olayların gözlemleri sadece zaman serisi parametrelerini ayarlayarak mümkündür. Mavi, yeşil, sarı, turuncu ve kırmızı floresan proteinleri, veya bunların kombinasyonları kullanılarak Videolar yapılmıştır. Önemli olarak, eğer bakım hatta uzun süreli görüntüleme hayvanların geliştirme veya canlılığı üzerinde bir etkisi yoktur, lazer yoğunluğu en aza indirmek için alınır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly stuff fly pad</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">for fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">CO2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CD50</td>
			<td>For fly anesthetization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Regulator</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Airgas south</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>CO2 regulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fly vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Genesee scientific</td>
			<td>32-113RLBF</td>
			<td>Fly culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Drosophila lines:A9-Gal4 (Bl#8761), His2Av-GFP (Bl#5941), Sco/CyO HsCre (Bl#1092), UAS-ChRFP-Tub (Bl#25773)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Bloomington Stock center</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass bottom dishes #1 1/2</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">WillCo Wells BV</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For microscopy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Thiodiethylene Glycol</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fluka</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">88559</td>
			<td>mountant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Modeling clay</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Support to position pupae against</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Paintbrushes</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">art supply store</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>To manipulate flies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Fine Forceps, Inox #5</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Fine science tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11252-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">computer</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>8 Gb RAM for image/movie analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="46">
			<td height="46" style="height:47px;width:216px;">Fiji software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Free ware http://fiji.sc/Fiji</td>
			<td>Image analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>Any fast scanning confocal should be sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">20x dry, and 40x or 63x oil immersion lenses</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For imaging tissue, cellular and subcellular features</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immersion oil (non fluorescent)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"> </td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"> </td>
			<td>For fly manipulation</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging through the pupal case of drosophila melanogaster

Hücre ve gelişim biyolojisi için bir model olarak Drosophila uzun süredir devam eden kullanım araçları bir dizi vermiştir. Birlikte, bu teknikler metodolojik açılardan çeşitli hücre ve gelişim biyolojisi analizini sağlamıştır. Canlı görüntüleme, hücre bölünmesi ya da hücre hareketi gibi dinamik hücre süreçlerini, gözlem için gelişmekte olan bir yöntemdir. Canlı görüntüleme kullanarak yerinde mitoz gözlemlemek için gerekli oldu uncharacterized farazi hücre döngüsü proteinleri mutasyonlar izole olması. Drosophila en canlı görüntüleme çalışmaları nedeniyle küçük boyutu ve optik netlik manipülasyon ve gözlem için erişilebilir embriyonik aşamalarında odaklanmıştır. Bu boşluk fazlarının biri ya da her ikisi yoksun olmasıyla Ancak, bu aşamada, hücre döngüsü sıra dışıdır. Buna karşılık, Drosophila pupa kanadının hücreleri, tipik bir hücre döngüsü ve pupa gelişme, yaklaşık 20 saat süren hızlı bir mitoz bir süre geçer. Bu i kolaydentify ve yerinde mitoz yakalamak için uygun sahnenin pupa izole. Montaj sağlam pupa deneyleri, hücre ve hayvan canlılığı üzerinde minimum etki ile birkaç saat çalışmasına izin veren, görüntüleme sırasında tractability ve dayanıklılık en iyi kombinasyonu sağladı. Yöntem olarak küçük, ya da daha küçük, kromozom sinek gibi özellikleri gözlem sağlar. Mikroskop ayarları ve montaj detayları ayarlanması, preparasyonun dahili zar komşu hücrelerin dinamiklerini ve bu tübülin gibi flüoresan etiketli proteinlerin görselleştirmek bırakıldı. Bu yöntem test edilen tüm floresan proteinleri için çalışıyor ve zaman ölçekleri çeşitli üzerinden Mikronaltı ölçek özelliklerini yakalayabilir. Geleneksel bir konfokal mikroskop ile pupa dış 20 um ile sınırlı olsa da, in vivo pupa dokularda protein ve dinamikleri hücresel gözlem için bu yaklaşım, bu hücre ve dokularda gelişimsel biyoloji çalışmaya genel olarak yararlı olabilir.

Gibi gelişmekte olan Drosophila göz, omurgalı ya da gelişmekte olan merkezi sinir sistemi içinde, ventriküler tabaka olarak yalancı epitel hücreler, nükleer hareketleri geçmesi, hücre döngüsü ile zaman içinde, interkinetic nükleer göç adlandırılır. Çekirdekler bazal yüzeyinde veya yakınında ve çekirdekler apikal yüzeye 15,16 ulaştığınızda hücrelerin mitoz girdiğinde DNA replikasyonu oluşur. Pupa kanat hücreler kafa eversiyonu sonra ilk birkaç saat boyunca bir hız...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Bu kağıdı doğrudan puparium aracılığıyla görüntü hücre davranışı hızlı bir tarama konfokal mikroskop kullanımını gösterir. Sağlam pupa davayı bırakarak, bu yöntem doğrudan çalışma zordur Drosophila bir gelişme aşamasında gözlem ve dinamik hücre süreçlerinin ölçülmesini sağlar.

Ve Pupa Durumunda sayesinde görüntüleme<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The longstanding use of Drosophila as a model for cell and developmental biology has yielded an array of tools. Together, these techniques have enabled ...

imaging-through-the-pupal-case-of-drosophila-melanogaster

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

13.3K Görüntüleme.  University of Miami.  Bu kağıdı doğrudan puparium aracılığıyla görüntü hücre davranışı hızlı bir tarama konfokal mikroskop kullanımını gösterir. Sağlam pupa davayı bırakarak, bu yöntem doğrudan çalışma zordur Drosophila bir gelişme aşamasında gözlem ve dinamik hücre süreçlerinin ölçülmesini sağlar. 

Video: Imaging Through the Pupal Case of Drosophila melanogaster

Dissection of Larval CNS in Drosophila Melanogaster

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of various novel and marker proteins.  Staining of whole larvae is impractical because the tough cuticle prevents antibodies from penetrating inside the body cavity.  In order to stain these tissues it is necessary to dissect the animal prior to fixing and staining.  In this article we demonstrate how to dissect Drosophila larvae without damaging the CNS.  Begin by tearing the larva in half with a pair of fine forceps, and then turn the cuticle "inside-out" to expose the CNS.  If the dissection is performed carefully the CNS will remain attached to the cuticle.  We usually keep the CNS attached to the cuticle throughout the fixation and staining steps, and only completely remove the CNS from the cuticle just prior to mounting the samples on glass slides.  We also show some representative images of a larval CNS stained with Eve, a transcription factor expressed in a subset of neurons in the CNS.  The article concludes with a discussion of some of the practical uses of this technique and the potential difficulties that may arise.

In this article we demonstrate how to dissect the central nervous system from third instar Drosophila larvae.

Drosophila melanogaster Larvaların MSS diseksiyonu

The central nervous system (CNS) of Drosophila larvae is complex and poorly understood.  One way to investigate the CNS is to use immunohistochemistry to ...

Biyoloji

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo for studying mitosis1. Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced genome, and it can be easily maintained and manipulated. Many mitotic mutants exist, and transgenic flies expressing functional fluorescently (e.g. GFP) - tagged mitotic proteins have been and are being generated. Targeted gene expression is possible using the GAL4/UAS system2. 

The Drosophila early embryo carries out multiple mitoses very rapidly (cell cycle duration, &asymp;10 min). It is well suited for imaging mitosis, because during cycles 10-13, nuclei divide rapidly and synchronously without intervening cytokinesis at the surface of the embryo in a single monolayer just underneath the cortex. These rapidly dividing nuclei probably use the same mitotic machinery as other cells, but they are optimized for speed; the checkpoint is generally believed to not be stringent, allowing the study of mitotic proteins whose absence would cause cell cycle arrest in cells with a strong checkpoint. Embryos expressing GFP labeled proteins or microinjected with fluorescently labeled proteins can be easily imaged to follow live dynamics (Fig. 1). In addition, embryos can be microinjected with function-blocking antibodies or inhibitors of specific proteins to study the effect of the loss or perturbation of their function3. These reagents can diffuse throughout the embryo, reaching many spindles to produce a gradient of concentration of inhibitor, which in turn results in a gradient of defects comparable to an allelic series of mutants. Ideally, if the target protein is fluorescently labeled, the gradient of inhibition can be directly visualized4. It is assumed that the strongest phenotype is comparable to the null phenotype, although it is hard to formally exclude the possibility that the antibodies may have dominant effects in rare instances, so rigorous controls and cautious interpretation must be applied. Further away from the injection site, protein function is only partially lost allowing other functions of the target protein to become evident.

Microinjection Techniques for Studying Mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster Syncytial Embryo

This protocol describes the use of microinjection and high resolution imaging in the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo to study mitosis.

Mitoz incelenmesi için Mikroenjeksiyon Teknikleri Drosophila melanogaster Sinsityal Embriyo

This protocol describes the use of the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo  for studying mitosis1.  Drosophila has useful genetics with a sequenced ...

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we present a protocol for the mounting of Drosophila melanogaster embryos and subsequent live imaging of fluorescently labeled hemocytes, the embryonic macrophages of this organism. Using the Gal4-uas system1 we drive the expression of a variety of genetically encoded, fluorescently tagged markers in hemocytes to follow their developmental dispersal throughout the embryo. Following collection of embryos at the desired stage of development, the outer chorion is removed and the embryos are then mounted in halocarbon oil between a hydrophobic, gas-permeable membrane and a glass coverslip for live imaging. In addition to gross migratory parameters such as speed and directionality, higher resolution imaging coupled with the use of fluorescent reporters of F-actin and microtubules can provide more detailed information concerning the dynamics of these cytoskeletal components.

Live Imaging Of Drosophila melanogaster Embryonic Hemocyte Migrations

Drosophila hemocytes disperse over the entirety of the developing embryo. This protocol demonstrates how to mount and image these migrations using embryos with fluorescently labelled hemocytes.

Uygulamalarda Canlı Görüntüleme Drosophila melanogaster Embriyonik Hemocyte Göçler

Many studies address cell migration using in vitro methods, whereas the physiologically relevant environment is that of the organism itself. Here we ...

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

Drosophila pupa Karın İmmünohistokimya

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

In ömrü ölçümü<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

Apoptotik hücresi Temizliği görüntülenmesi sırasında Canlı<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Embriyo

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes differentiation from a stem cell population, mitotic amplification, and meiosis. In addition, post-meiotic germ cells undergo a dramatic morphological reshaping process as well as a global epigenetic reconfiguration of the germ line chromatin&#8212;the histone-to-protamine switch.
Studying the role of a protein in post-meiotic spermatogenesis using mutagenesis or other genetic tools is often impeded by essential embryonic, pre-meiotic, or meiotic functions of the protein under investigation. The post-meiotic phenotype of a mutant of such a protein could be obscured through an earlier developmental block, or the interpretation of the phenotype could be complicated. The model organism Drosophila melanogaster offers a bypass to this problem: intact testes and even cysts of germ cells dissected from early pupae are able to develop ex vivo in culture medium. Making use of such cultures allows microscopic imaging of living germ cells in testes and of germ-line cysts. Importantly, the cultivated testes and germ cells also become accessible to pharmacological inhibitors, thereby permitting manipulation of enzymatic functions during spermatogenesis, including post-meiotic stages.
The protocol presented describes how to dissect and cultivate pupal testes and germ-line cysts. Information on the development of pupal testes and culture conditions are provided alongside microscope imaging data of live testes and germ-line cysts in culture. We also describe a pharmacological assay to study post-meiotic spermatogenesis, exemplified by an assay targeting the histone-to-protamine switch using the histone acetyltransferase inhibitor anacardic acid. In principle, this cultivation method could be adapted to address many other research questions in pre- and post-meiotic spermatogenesis.

Ex vivo Culture of Drosophila Pupal Testis and Single Male Germ-line Cysts: Dissection, Imaging, and Pharmacological Treatment

This protocol describes the dissection and cultivation of intact testes and germ-line cysts from Drosophila melanogaster pupae. This method allows microscopic observation of spermatogenesis ex vivo. Furthermore, we describe a pharmacological assay of the effect of inhibitors on specific stages of germ-cell development in pupal testes.

Diseksiyon, Görüntüleme ve Farmakolojik Tedavi: Drosophila Pupa Testis ve Bekar Erkek germ-line Kistler ex vivo Kültür

During spermatogenesis in mammals and in Drosophila melanogaster, male germ cells develop in a series of essential developmental processes. This includes ...

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes. It contains approximately 800 separate eye units, termed ommatidia1. Each ommatidium contains eight neuronal photoreceptors that develop from undifferentiated cells following the passage of the morphogenetic furrow in the third larval instar2. Following the sequential differentiation of the photoreceptors, non-neuronal cells develop, including cone and pigment cells, along with mechanosensory bristle cells3. Final differentiation processes, including the structured arrangement of all the ommatidial cell types, programmed cell death of undifferentiated cell types and rhodopsin expression, occurs through the pupal phase4-7. This technique focuses on manipulating the pupal eye disc, providing insight and instruction on how to dissect the eye disc during the pupal phase, which is inherently more difficult to perform than the commonly dissected third instar eye disc. This technique also provides details on immunostaining to allow the visualization of various proteins and other cell components.

Dissection and Mounting of Drosophila Pupal Eye Discs

The goal of this technique is to enable researchers to perform dissection, immunostaining and mounting of pupal eye discs from Drosophila melanogaster of any age.

Diseksiyon ve montajı<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Pupa Göz Diskler

The Drosophila melanogaster eye disc is a powerful system that can be used to study many different biological processes.  It contains approximately 800 ...

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life cycle of Drosophila enables collection of large quantities of material from embryos, larvae, pupae and adult flies, in a synchronized way, at a low economic cost. A major strategy for propagating large numbers of flies is the use of a fly population cage. This useful and common tool in the Drososphila community is an efficient way to regularly produce milligrams to tens of grams of embryos, depending on uniformity of developmental stage desired. While a population cage can be time consuming to set up, maintaining a cage over months takes much less time and enables rapid collection of biological material in a short period. This paper describes a detailed and flexible protocol for the maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster population cage, starting with 1.5 g of harvested material from the previous cycle.

Maintenance of a Drosophila melanogaster Population Cage

This manuscript reports a detailed protocol for culturing, on a regular basis, a population of Drosophila melanogaster using a fly population cage.

Bir bakımı<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em&gt; Nüfus Kafes

Large quantities of DNA, RNA, proteins and other cellular components are often required for biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. The short life ...

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary changes. In particular, the adult stage is a rich source of morphological traits for interspecific comparison, including wing pigmentation comparison. To study developmental differences among species, detailed observation and appropriate staging are required for precise comparison. Here we describe protocols for staging of pupal periods and quantification of wing pigmentation in a polka-dotted fruit fly, Drosophila guttifera. First, we describe the method for detailed morphological observation and definition of pupal stages based on morphologies. This method includes a technique for removing the puparium, which is the outer chitinous case of the pupa, to enable detailed observation of pupal morphologies. Second, we describe the method for measuring the duration of defined pupal stages. Finally, we describe the method for quantification of wing pigmentation based on image analysis using digital images and ImageJ software. With these methods, we can establish a solid basis for comparing developmental processes of adult traits during pupal stages.

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Protocols for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera are described. Staging and quantification of pigmentation provide a solid basis for studying developmental mechanisms of adult traits and enable interspecific comparison of trait development.

Evreleme pupa dönemi ve ölçüm kanat pigmentasyon Drosophila guttifera yöntemleri

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...