Los autores desean agradecer el NINDS, FightSMA y Familias de SMA para el apoyo financiero. Segl con el apoyo de la formación NINDS subvención # 5T32NS077984-02.

Todos los procedimientos que figuran en el protocolo han sido aprobados Instituto de Uso de Animales y el comité de Atención (IACUC) de la Universidad Estatal de Ohio. 1. Preparación del espacio de trabajo <ol><li> Reunir hielo húmedo para anestesiar a las crías de ratón, una jaula vacía para segregar la presa de la litera, un microscopio de disección, una fuente de luz que se puede colocar en un ángulo a la inyección (uso de una fuente de luz en un 90 ° &#160; ángulo con el sitio de la inyección oscurece la vena), una superficie limpia para colocar el animal para la inyección, hisopos de algodón, 3/10 cc jeringa de insulina con 3/8 &quot;30 G aguja (uno por animal) y 1% de colorante azul de Evans ( hecho con tampón fosfato salino) solución (PBS) para la formación. </li><li> Retire la presa a una jaula separada, mientras que la manipulación de los cachorros. </li></ol> Procedimiento 2. Inyección <ol><li> Coloque una sola cría directamente en el hielo húmedo durante 30-60 segundos para anestesiar al animal. No deje tque los animales en el hielo demasiado tiempo debido a un riesgo de complicaciones relacionadas con la hipotermia, incluyendo la fibrilación ventricular, hipoxia tisular y acidosis metabólica. NOTA: Nuestra experiencia es que 30 a 60 segundos es suficiente para frenar los movimientos de las crías para permitir la inyección. Si se requiere anestesia más profunda, inhalantes tales como 1-2% de isoflurano pueden ser apropiados. </li><li> Mientras el animal está en el hielo, cargue la jeringa con 30 l de colorante azul de Evans. </li><li> Cuando el animal está completamente anestesiado, confirmado por la falta de movimiento en el hielo, mientras que todavía respiraba, moverse bajo el microscopio. Para una inyección diestro, enfrentar el hocico del animal a la derecha. Coloque el dedo índice izquierdo en el hocico y el caudal dedo medio izquierdo para el auricular para que el auricular está entre el índice y el dedo medio (Figura 1). </li><li> Examine justo anterior al brote del oído de un capilar superficial que se mueve cuando la piel se manipula. Este capilar no es el objetivo, sin embargoidentificación es importante para la identificación de la vena temporal. A continuación, busque un sombrío vena oscura inferior al capilar que permanece fijo independientemente de la posición de la piel. La vena temporal parece sombrío, corre dorsal a ventral, y se alimenta en la vena yugular (Figura 1). </li><li> Introduzca la vena temporal con la aguja de bisel hacia arriba. Si se inserta correctamente, es posible ver el bisel de la aguja se llenan de sangre a través de la piel. Luego presione el émbolo lenta y la nota de escaldado de la vena por el lado de la cara. </li><li> Deje que la aguja permanezca dentro de la vena por un 10-15 seg añadido para evitar el reflujo de la inyectante. </li></ol> 3. Post-inyección <ol><li> Después de una inyección adecuada, el cachorro debe ponerse azul casi de inmediato. Retire la aguja y el uso de fuerza suave para aplicar un hisopo de algodón para el sitio de inyección hasta que los coágulos de sangre. </li><li> Monitorear el cachorro en busca de signos de angustia. Deje que el cachorro 2-3 minutos para recuperarse y se vuelven a calentar, reconocer cuando el cachorro está consciente, de pie y en movimiento, antes de regresar a la jaula. Copa de las crías en las manos enguantadas del investigador para proporcionar calidez apropiada para ayudar en la recuperación si es necesario. Como alternativa, coloque una almohadilla eléctrica bajo la jaula para facilitar el calentamiento del cachorro inyectado. Generalmente después de una inyección de colorante azul de Evans, la eutanasia crías. No incluya tinte al inyectar el material de prueba. </li><li> Coloque el cachorro de nuevo en la jaula de alojamiento y asegúrese de que el cachorro se recubre con ropa de cama y / o nestlet para asegurar reaceptación por la represa. </li><li> Utilice una nueva jeringa y un hisopo de algodón para cada cachorro para mantener la esterilidad. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2/9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system.">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+spinal+muscular+atrophy+phenotype+in+a+mouse+model+by+early+postnatal+delivery+of+SMN.">Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28, 271-274 (2010).</li><li>Duque, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+self-complementary+AAV9+enables+transgene+delivery+to+adult+motor+neurons.">Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons.</a> Mol Ther. 17, 1187-1196 (2009).</li><li>Bostick, B., Ghosh, A., Yue, Y., Long, C., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+AAV-9+transduction+in+mice+is+influenced+by+animal+age+but+not+by+the+route+of+administration.">Systemic AAV-9 transduction in mice is influenced by animal age but not by the route of administration.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 1605-1609 (2007).</li><li>Miyake, N., Miyake, K., Yamamoto, M., Hirai, Y., Shimada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+transfer+into+the+CNS+across+the+BBB+after+neonatal+systemic+delivery+of+single-stranded+AAV+vectors.">Global gene transfer into the CNS across the BBB after neonatal systemic delivery of single-stranded AAV vectors.</a> Brain research. 1389, 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Porensky, P. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice.">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery.">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li><li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li><li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. 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Los autores no tienen nada que revelar.

Entrega intravascular de agentes para el SNC o en todo el cuerpo es difícil en modelos murinos neonatales de la enfermedad. El protocolo descrito es una forma rápida, relativamente no invasiva para administrar por vía intravenosa soluciones en ratones recién nacidos con los requisitos mínimos de equipamiento. Aunque la vena cara temporal puede ser visto por el ojo desnudo, las inyecciones pueden tener una mayor precisión con el uso del microscopio y fuente de luz de fibra óptica, especialmente para un inyector si...

Entrega de la terapéutica en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) en modelos murinos de enfermedad pediátrica sigue siendo un reto. Los ratones que estados de enfermedad recién nacidos modelo son de tamaño insuficiente y el desarrollo inmaduro, y por lo tanto puede ser difícil de inyectar directamente en estructuras adecuadas en el SNC. Inyección intravascular de agentes terapéuticos es un método no invasivo, bien tolerado para entregar las células, fármacos, o vectores virales para todo el cuerpo, incluyendo el SNC y la retina 1-5 3,5-9. Publicaciones anteriores describen temporal inyección en la vena cara usando un transiluminador 10,11, sin un microscopio de disección 11,12, o que requieren dos personas para inyectar 10. La técnica de inyección descrito en este protocolo es ventajoso porque un solo individuo puede inyectar cachorros, y la fuente de luz para ver la vena temporal no está en contacto con el cachorro, eliminando la necesidad de cinta quirúrgica o la fijación de un cachorro a una superficie fijatal como un transiluminador 11. Entrega de adeno-asociado vector viral serotipo 9 (AAV9) en ratones produce sólida expresión en neuronas y astrocitos en todo el cerebro y la médula espinal (Figura 1). Entrega intravascular de vectores virales en la vena facial temporal superficial se ha utilizado de forma fiable en diversos estudios en ratones recién nacidos para tratar el trastorno neuromuscular pediátrica la atrofia muscular espinal (SMA) 2,4,13,14 y en última instancia el aumento de la vida útil de los ratones tratados. Inyección intravascular de ratones neonatales también apunta eficazmente el sistema nervioso periférico y los órganos periféricos (Figura 2). Después de la inyección de AAV, la transducción de ganglios de la raíz dorsal, hígado, corazón, músculo esquelético, pulmón, y el plexo mientérico de la tripa se ha observado 1,3,6,7,15. Transducción generalizada del sistema nervioso central y la periferia hace que este método de inyección ideal para enfermedades que requieren expresión global deun transgén, como la enfermedad de 16 y otra de almacenamiento lisosomal enfermedades de Gaucher, la enfermedad de 17,18 Batten y ceroid lipofuscinoses neuronales relacionados, el 19 y el síndrome de Bardet-Biedl, un trastorno multisistémico genética con la aparición de los síntomas que se producen en la primera infancia 20. Inyección intravascular en ratones neonatal también debe ser considerado como un nuevo método de enfermedades pediátricas de todo el sistema de modelado. Esta técnica ha sido traducida a los modelos animales más grandes 5,21 y la inyección intravascular ya existe como un método clínicamente aceptable de la entrega de la terapéutica. El actual protocolo describe un método simple y eficiente de suministro de agentes a ratones recién nacidos a través de la vena superficial cara temporal a más tardar el día postnatal 2. Inyección puede ser completado por una sola, practica individual y es bien tolerado por tanto las crías y las presas. Los cachorros experimentan angustia mínima y se recuperan rápidamente. Importantemente, la inyección exitosa resultará en la entrega global del agente administrado. Este protocolo es apropiado para la administración de vectores virales, agentes farmacéuticos o células a ratones recién nacidos.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thinpro Insulin Syringe</td>
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			<td style="width:188px;">3/10cc, 3/8&#34; needle, 30G, 1 per mouse</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Evans Blue Dye</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2129</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
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intravenous injections in neonatal mice

La inyección intravenosa es una forma clínicamente aplicable para entregar agentes terapéuticos. Para roedores adultos y los animales más grandes, las inyecciones intravenosas son técnicamente viables y la rutina. Sin embargo, algunos modelos de ratones puede tener la aparición temprana de la enfermedad con una progresión rápida que hace que la administración de terapias potenciales difícil. La vena temporal (o facial) está justo anterior a la brote del oído en ratones y es claramente visible durante los dos primeros días después del nacimiento a cada lado de la cabeza utilizando un microscopio de disección. Durante esta ventana, la vena temporal puede ser inyectado con volúmenes de hasta 50 l. La inyección es segura y bien tolerada tanto por los cachorros y las presas. Un procedimiento de inyección típico se completa en 1-2 min, después de lo cual el cachorro es devuelto a la jaula de alojamiento. Al tercer día después del parto la vena es difícil de visualizar y el procedimiento de inyección se convierte técnicamente confiables. Esta técnica se ha utilizado para la entrega de virus adeno-asociado (AAV) vectORS, que a su vez pueden proporcionar casi en todo el cuerpo, la expresión transgénica estable para la vida del animal dependiendo del serotipo viral elegido.

Durante una inyección adecuada, la vena debe girar momentáneamente claro, o blanquear. Si la inyección de teñir todo el cachorro debe ponerse azul en cuestión de segundos. Si se ha producido una inyección inadecuada, a menudo hay un bolo subcutáneo concentrada en la cabeza o el cuello y inyectante puede salirse del sitio de inyección. Inyecciones inapropiadas también pueden dar lugar a la aparición de moretones alrededor de la garganta. Los cachorros que reciben inyecciones subcutáneas (es decir, la ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Los modelos animales de enfermedad pediátrica pueden experimentar aparición temprana y progresión de la enfermedad agresiva. Clínicamente entrega terapia pertinente a jóvenes modelos de ratón puede ser técnicamente difícil. Este protocolo describe un método de inyección intravenosa no invasivo para ratones recién nacidos dentro de los dos primeros días después del parto de la vida.

Las inyecciones intravenosas en ratones recién nacidos

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

57.8K vistas.  Ohio State University.  Los modelos animales de enfermedad pediátrica pueden experimentar aparición temprana y progresión de la enfermedad agresiva. Clínicamente entrega terapia pertinente a jóvenes modelos de ratón puede ser técnicamente difícil. Este protocolo describe un método de inyección intravenosa no invasivo para ratones recién nacidos dentro de los dos primeros días después del parto de la vida. 

Video: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

El trasplante cardíaco heterotópico en ratones

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Investigación

Biología

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Trasplante de intestino delgado en ratones

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Constricción de la aorta transversa en ratones

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

Ambulatorio de grabación ECG en ratones

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

Microinyecciones intravenosa de larvas de pez cebra para el Estudio de la lesión renal aguda

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Aislamiento y cultivo de células endoteliales pulmonares de ratones recién nacidos

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

Aislamiento y cultivo de cardiomiocitos neonatales Ratón

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

El aislamiento de la arteria pulmonar células musculares lisas de los ratones recién nacidos

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

En Vivo transfección siRNA y Gene Derribo en la médula espinal a través de Rapid no invasiva lumbar intratecal inyecciones en ratones

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.