著者は、財政支援のためのNINDS、FightSMA、とSMAの家族を認識したい。セグルはNINDS訓練助成金＃5T32NS077984-02によってサポートされています。

プロトコールに記載されているすべての手順は、オハイオ州立大学の動物使用とケア委員会（IACUC）研究所承認されている。 ワークスペースの調製<ol><li>ごみ、解剖顕微鏡、90℃で注入（光源の使用に対してある角度で配置することができ、光源からのダムを分離するために、空のケージの仔マウスを麻酔湿式氷を集める&#160;注射部位に角度静脈を不明瞭）、注射のために動物を配置する清浄な表面、綿棒、3/8 &quot;30 G針（動物あたり1つ）および1％エバンスブルー色素（と3/10 ccのインスリン注射器訓練のためのリン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS））溶液を用いて作った。 </li><li>子犬を操作しながら、別々のケージにダムを削除します。 </li></ol> 2.注入手順<ol><li>動物を麻酔30-60秒間濡れた氷の上に直接、単一の子犬を置きます。トン放置しないでください彼による心室細動、組織低酸素および代謝性アシドーシスなどの低体温症に関連する合併症の危険性への氷の上で動物が長すぎる。 注：私たちの経験は、30〜60秒の注入を可能にするために、子犬の動きを遅くするのに十分であることである。深い麻酔が必要な場合、そのような1〜2％イソフルランなどの吸入剤が適切であり得る。 </li><li>動物が氷の上ですが、エバンスブルー染料30μlのシリンジをロードします。 </li><li>動物が完全に麻酔されたとき、まだ呼吸しながら、氷の上での動きの欠如によって確認された顕微鏡下に移動します。右利きの注射のために、右に動物の銃口に直面しています。耳の芽は人差し指と中指（ 図1）の間になるよう、耳の芽に銃口を左人差し指と左中指の尾を置きます。 </li><li>皮膚が操作されたときに移動する表面的な毛細血管のための耳の芽にちょうど前方を調べます。このキャピラリーはしかし、対象ではありません識別は、時間的な静脈認証のために重要である。次に、関係なく、肌の位置の固定されたままでキャピラリーに劣って暗い、闇の静脈を探します。時間的な静脈が影の表示され、腹側に背を実行し、頸静脈（ 図1）に供給されます。 </li><li>針のベベルを上にして一時的な静脈を入力してください。正しく挿入された場合は、針のベベルを皮膚を介して血液を充填見ることができる。その後、ゆっくりとプランジャーを押し下げるとノートでは、顔の側を下静脈のブランチング。 </li><li>針が注入物質の逆流を防ぐために追加された10〜15秒間の静脈内にとどまることを可能にする。 </li></ol> 3.ポストインジェクション<ol><li>適切な注入後、子犬は、ほとんどすぐに青色に変わるはずです。針を外して、血の塊になるまで注射部位に綿棒を適用するために穏やかな力を使用しています。 </li><li>苦痛の徴候のために子犬を監視します。子犬2-3 minは回復しrewarmすることを許可する、R子犬がケージに戻る前に、意識的な直立と移動しているときecognize。カップは研究者の手袋をはめた手の中に子犬は、必要に応じて、回復を支援するために、適切な暖かさを提供します。代わりに、注入された子犬を温める容易にするために、ホームケージの下に加熱パッドを配置。一般的にエバンスブルー色素注入後、子犬を安楽死させる。試験材料を注入する際に染料を含めないでください。 </li><li>バックホームケージに子犬を置き、子犬がダムによってreacceptanceを確保するために、寝具、および/またはnestletでコーティングされていることを確認してください。 </li><li>無菌性を維持するために、各子犬のための新しい注射器と綿棒を使用してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nature. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Dominguez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+scAAV9+delivery+of+a+codon-optimized+SMN1+sequence+rescues+SMA+mice.">Intravenous scAAV9 delivery of a codon-optimized SMN1 sequence rescues SMA mice.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 681-693 (2011).</li><li>Rahim, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2/9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system.">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+spinal+muscular+atrophy+phenotype+in+a+mouse+model+by+early+postnatal+delivery+of+SMN.">Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28, 271-274 (2010).</li><li>Duque, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+self-complementary+AAV9+enables+transgene+delivery+to+adult+motor+neurons.">Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons.</a> Mol Ther. 17, 1187-1196 (2009).</li><li>Bostick, B., Ghosh, A., Yue, Y., Long, C., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+AAV-9+transduction+in+mice+is+influenced+by+animal+age+but+not+by+the+route+of+administration.">Systemic AAV-9 transduction in mice is influenced by animal age but not by the route of administration.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 1605-1609 (2007).</li><li>Miyake, N., Miyake, K., Yamamoto, M., Hirai, Y., Shimada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+transfer+into+the+CNS+across+the+BBB+after+neonatal+systemic+delivery+of+single-stranded+AAV+vectors.">Global gene transfer into the CNS across the BBB after neonatal systemic delivery of single-stranded AAV vectors.</a> Brain research. 1389, 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Porensky, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+administration+of+morpholino+antisense+oligomer+rescues+spinal+muscular+atrophy+in+mouse.">A single administration of morpholino antisense oligomer rescues spinal muscular atrophy in mouse.</a> Human molecular genetics. 21, 1625-1638 (2012).</li><li>Hua, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+SMN+restoration+is+essential+for+long-term+rescue+of+a+severe+spinal+muscular+atrophy+mouse+model.">Peripheral SMN restoration is essential for long-term rescue of a severe spinal muscular atrophy mouse model.</a> Nature. 478, 123-126 (2011).</li><li>Kienstra, K. A., Freysdottir, D., Gonzales, N. M., Hirschi, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+neonatal+intravascular+injections:+modeling+newborn+disease.">Murine neonatal intravascular injections: modeling newborn disease.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS. 46, 50-54 (2007).</li><li>Glascock, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+therapeutic+agents+through+intracerebroventricular+(ICV)+and+intravenous+(IV)+injection+in+mice.">Delivery of therapeutic agents through intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous (IV) injection in mice.</a> J. vis. Exp. (56), (2011).</li><li>Sands, M. S., Barker, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice.">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery.">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li><li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li><li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+intraperitoneal+or+intravenous+injections+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+type+8+transduce+dorsal+root+ganglia+and+lower+motor+neurons.">Neonatal intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 8 transduce dorsal root ganglia and lower motor neurons.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 19, 61-70 (2008).</li><li>Guggenbuhl, P., Grosbois, B., Chales, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaucher+disease.">Gaucher disease.</a> Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 75, 116-124 (2008).</li><li>Daly, T. M., Vogler, C., Levy, B., Haskins, M. E., Sands, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+gene+transfer+leads+to+widespread+correction+of+pathology+in+a+murine+model+of+lysosomal+storage+disease.">Neonatal gene transfer leads to widespread correction of pathology in a murine model of lysosomal storage disease.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96, 2296-2300 (1999).</li><li>Daly, T. M., Ohlemiller, K. K., Roberts, M. S., Vogler, C. A., Sands, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+systemic+clinical+disease+in+MPS+VII+mice+following+AAV-mediated+neonatal+gene+transfer.">Prevention of systemic clinical disease in MPS VII mice following AAV-mediated neonatal gene transfer.</a> Gene Ther. 8, 1291-1298 (2001).</li><li>Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Juvenile+neuronal+ceroid+lipofuscinoses.">Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.</a> Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 724, 138-142 (2012).</li><li>Forsythe, E., Beales, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bardet-Biedl+syndrome.">Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a> European journal of human genetics. 21, 8-13 (2013).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+gene+delivery+in+large+species+for+targeting+spinal+cord,+brain,+and+peripheral+tissues+for+pediatric+disorders.">Systemic gene delivery in large species for targeting spinal cord, brain, and peripheral tissues for pediatric disorders.</a> Mol Ther. 19, 1971-1980 (2011).</li><li>Yardeni, T., Eckhaus, M., Morris, H. D., Huizing, M., Hoogstraten-Miller, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retro-orbital+injections+in+mice.">Retro-orbital injections in mice.</a> Lab animal. 40, 155-160 (2011).</li><li>Saunders, N. R., Joakim Ek, C., Dziegielewska, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neonatal+blood-brain+barrier+is+functionally+effective,+and+immaturity+does+not+explain+differential+targeting+of+AAV9.">The neonatal blood-brain barrier is functionally effective, and immaturity does not explain differential targeting of AAV9.</a> Nature biotechnology. 27, 804-805 (2009).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+AAV9-mediated+suppression+of+mutant+SOD1+slows+disease+progression+and+extends+survival+in+models+of+inherited+ALS.">Therapeutic AAV9-mediated suppression of mutant SOD1 slows disease progression and extends survival in models of inherited ALS.</a> Mol Ther. 21, 2148-2159 (2013).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

CNSまたは全身の薬剤の血管内送達は、疾患の新生児マウスモデルでは困難である。記載されているプロトコルは、静脈内に、最小限の設備要件を新生児マウスにソリューションを管理するための迅速、比較的非侵襲的な方法です。時間的な顔の静脈が肉眼で見ることができるが、注射は、特に経験の乏しいインジェクタ、顕微鏡および光ファイバ光源を用いて、より高い精度を有することが...

小児疾患のマウスモデルにおいて、中枢神経系（CNS）への治療薬の送達は課題である。モデル新生児疾患状態が過小と発生的に未熟であるため、直接CNS内の適切な構造体に注入することが困難であることをマウス。治療薬の血管内注入がCNS 1-5および3,5-9網膜を含む全身への細胞、薬物、またはウイルスベクターを送達するための非侵襲性、忍容性が良好な方法である。以前の刊行物は、解剖顕微鏡11,12なしで、イルミ10,11を使用して、一時的な顔の静脈注射、または記述10を注入する二人の個人を必要とする。一個人が子犬を注入することができ、光源が時間的静脈子犬に触れていない表示する、サージカルテープの必要性や、固定表面への子犬の付着を排除するため、このプロトコルに記載注入技術が有利であるイルミ11など。マウスでのアデノ随伴ウイルスベクター血清型9（AAV9）の送達は、脳や脊髄（ 図1）を通じて、ニューロンおよびアストロサイトでの強い発現を生成します。浅側頭動脈顔面静脈へのウイルスベクターの血管内送達は、確実に、小児神経筋疾患脊髄性筋萎縮症（SMA）2,4,13,14を治療するための新生仔マウスの様々な研究で使用され、最終的に処理されたマウスの寿命を増加している。 新生児マウスの血管内注入も効果的に末梢神経系および末梢器官（ 図2）標的とする。 AAVの注入後、後根神経節、肝臓、心臓、骨格筋、肺、および腸の筋層間神経叢の形質導入は、1,3,6,7,15観察されている。 CNSおよび末梢の広範な伝達は、グローバルな表現を必要とする疾患の注入のこの方法は最適ですそのようなゴーシェ病16および他のリソソーム蓄積症17,18、バッテン病と関連する神経細胞セロイドlipofuscinoses、19およびバルデ·ビードル症候群、幼児20で発生する症状の発症との遺伝的多臓器障害などのトランスジーン、。新生仔マウスへの血管内注入はまた、モデリングシステム全体の小児疾患の新規な方法と考えるべきである。この手法は、より大きな動物モデル5,21に翻訳され、血管内注射は、すでに治療薬を送達することが臨床的に許容される方法として存在する。 現在のプロトコルは、生後2日目注射より遅くとも浅側頭顔静脈から新生児マウスに薬剤を送達しない、シンプルで効率的な方法を記述する単一完成させることができる、個々の練習、よく子犬やダムの両方によって許容されている。子犬は、最小限の苦痛を経験し、迅速に回復。 ImportanTLY、成功した注射が投与された薬剤のグローバルなデリバリーになります。このプロトコルは、ウイルスベクター、新生マウスに薬剤または細胞の送達に適している。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thinpro Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Terumo</td>
			<td>SS30M3009</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">3/10cc, 3/8&#34; needle, 30G, 1 per mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Evans Blue Dye</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2129</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intravenous injections in neonatal mice

静脈内注射は、治療薬を提供するために臨床応用可能な方法である。大人の齧歯類および大型動物の場合は、静脈内注射は技術的に可能と日常的なものである。しかし、いくつかのマウスモデルは、潜在的な治療薬の投与が困難に急速進行性疾患の早期発症を持つことができる。時間的（または顔面）静脈がちょうどマウスにおいて、耳の芽の前方および解剖顕微鏡を用いて、頭部の両側に、出生後、明らかに最初の2日間は表示されている。このウィンドウ中に、一時的な静脈を50μlまでの容量で注射することができる。注射は安全で忍容子犬やダムの両方によって許容される。典型的な注射手順は子犬をホームケージに戻された後、1〜2分以内に完了する。第生後によって静脈視覚化が困難であり、注入手順は、技術的に信頼できないとなる。この技術は、アデノ随伴ウイルス（AAV）のvectの送達のために使用されている順番に選択されたウイルスの血清型に応じて、動物の生活のため、ほぼ身体全体で、安定的な導入遺伝子発現を提供することができます論理和をとり、。

適切な注入中に、静脈が瞬​​間的にクリア、または湯通し有効にしてください。染料注入した場合、全子犬が数秒以内に青色に変わるはずです。不適切な注入が発生した場合、頭部または頸部および注入物質中の濃縮皮下ボーラス注射部位から漏出してもよいことが多い。不適切な注射はまた、喉の周りにあざが出現する可能性があります。皮下注射を受けるの仔（ すなわち 、注?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

小児疾患の動物モデルは、早期発症と積極的な疾患の進行を体験することができます。臨床的に若いマウスモデルに関連する治療送達は技術的に困難であることができる。このプロトコルは、人生の最初の2日以内に出生後の新生児マウスのための非侵襲的静脈内注入法を説明しています。

新生児マウスにおける静脈注射

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

57.9K ビュー.  Ohio State University. 小児疾患の動物モデルは、早期発症と積極的な疾患の進行を体験することができます。臨床的に若いマウスモデルに関連する治療送達は技術的に困難であることができる。このプロトコルは、人生の最初の2日以内に出生後の新生児マウスのための非侵襲的静脈内注入法を説明しています。 

ビデオ: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

マウスにおける小腸移植

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

生物学

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

マウスの横大動脈狭窄

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

マウスにおけるホルター心電図の記録

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

急性腎障害を研究するためにゼブラフィッシュ幼生の静脈内Microinjections

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

新生児マウスからの肺血管内皮細胞の単離と培養

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

新生仔マウス心筋細胞の単離および培養

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

新生児マウスから肺動脈平滑筋細胞の単離

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

マウスにおける急速な非侵襲腰椎髄腔内注射を経由して生体内 siRNAトランスフェクションと脊髄における遺伝子ノックダウン

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.

新生児肝外胆管細胞を単離する

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, ...

Inducing Apical Periodontitis in Mice

The mechanisms involved in local induced inflammation can be studied using several available animal models. One of these is the induction of apical periodontitis (AP). Apical periodontitis is a common pathology of an inflammatory nature in the periodontal tissues surrounding the tooth root. In order to better understand the nature and mechanism of this pathology it is advantageous to perform the procedure in mice. The induction of this odontogenic inflammation is achieved by drilling into the mouse tooth until the dental pulp is exposed. Next, the tooth pulp remains exposed to be contaminated by the natural oral flora over time, causing apical periodontitis. After this time period, the animal is sacrificed, and the tooth and the jaw bone can be analyzed in various ways. Typical analyses include micro-CT imaging (to evaluate bone resorption), histological staining, immunohistochemistry, and RNA expression. This protocol is useful for research in the field of oral biology to better understand this inflammatory process in an in vivo experimental setting with uniform conditions. The procedure requires a careful handling of the mice and the isolated jaw, and a visual demonstration of the technique is useful. All technical aspects of the procedures leading to induced apical periodontitis and its characterization in a mouse model are demonstrated.

Here, we present a protocol to locally induce apical periodontitis in mice. We show how to drill a hole in the mouse&#39;s tooth and expose its pulp, in order to cause local inflammation. Analysis methods to investigate the nature of this inflammation, such as micro-CT and histology, are also demonstrated.

マウスにおけるアピカル歯年理炎の誘導

The mechanisms involved in local induced inflammation can be studied using several available animal models. One of these is the induction of apical ...