The authors wish to acknowledge the NINDS, FightSMA, and Families of SMA for financial support. SEGL is supported by NINDS training grant #5T32NS077984-02.

All procedures listed in the protocol have been approved Institute for Animal Use and Care committee (IACUC) of the Ohio State University.
1. Preparation of Workspace
<ol>
	<li>Gather wet ice to anesthetize the mouse pups, an empty cage to segregate the dam from the litter, a dissecting microscope, a light source that can be positioned at an angle to the injection (use of a light source at a 90&#176;&#160;angle to the injection site obscures the vein), a clean surface to place the...

<ol>
	<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nature. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Dominguez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+scAAV9+delivery+of+a+codon-optimized+SMN1+sequence+rescues+SMA+mice.">Intravenous scAAV9 delivery of a codon-optimized SMN1 sequence rescues SMA mice.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 681-693 (2011).</li><li>Rahim, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2/9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system.">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+spinal+muscular+atrophy+phenotype+in+a+mouse+model+by+early+postnatal+delivery+of+SMN.">Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28, 271-274 (2010).</li><li>Duque, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+self-complementary+AAV9+enables+transgene+delivery+to+adult+motor+neurons.">Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons.</a> Mol Ther. 17, 1187-1196 (2009).</li><li>Bostick, B., Ghosh, A., Yue, Y., Long, C., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+AAV-9+transduction+in+mice+is+influenced+by+animal+age+but+not+by+the+route+of+administration.">Systemic AAV-9 transduction in mice is influenced by animal age but not by the route of administration.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 1605-1609 (2007).</li><li>Miyake, N., Miyake, K., Yamamoto, M., Hirai, Y., Shimada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+transfer+into+the+CNS+across+the+BBB+after+neonatal+systemic+delivery+of+single-stranded+AAV+vectors.">Global gene transfer into the CNS across the BBB after neonatal systemic delivery of single-stranded AAV vectors.</a> Brain research. 1389, 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Porensky, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+administration+of+morpholino+antisense+oligomer+rescues+spinal+muscular+atrophy+in+mouse.">A single administration of morpholino antisense oligomer rescues spinal muscular atrophy in mouse.</a> Human molecular genetics. 21, 1625-1638 (2012).</li><li>Hua, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+SMN+restoration+is+essential+for+long-term+rescue+of+a+severe+spinal+muscular+atrophy+mouse+model.">Peripheral SMN restoration is essential for long-term rescue of a severe spinal muscular atrophy mouse model.</a> Nature. 478, 123-126 (2011).</li><li>Kienstra, K. A., Freysdottir, D., Gonzales, N. M., Hirschi, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+neonatal+intravascular+injections:+modeling+newborn+disease.">Murine neonatal intravascular injections: modeling newborn disease.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS. 46, 50-54 (2007).</li><li>Glascock, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+therapeutic+agents+through+intracerebroventricular+(ICV)+and+intravenous+(IV)+injection+in+mice.">Delivery of therapeutic agents through intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous (IV) injection in mice.</a> J. vis. Exp. (56), (2011).</li><li>Sands, M. S., Barker, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice.">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery.">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li><li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li><li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+intraperitoneal+or+intravenous+injections+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+type+8+transduce+dorsal+root+ganglia+and+lower+motor+neurons.">Neonatal intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 8 transduce dorsal root ganglia and lower motor neurons.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 19, 61-70 (2008).</li><li>Guggenbuhl, P., Grosbois, B., Chales, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaucher+disease.">Gaucher disease.</a> Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 75, 116-124 (2008).</li><li>Daly, T. M., Vogler, C., Levy, B., Haskins, M. E., Sands, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+gene+transfer+leads+to+widespread+correction+of+pathology+in+a+murine+model+of+lysosomal+storage+disease.">Neonatal gene transfer leads to widespread correction of pathology in a murine model of lysosomal storage disease.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96, 2296-2300 (1999).</li><li>Daly, T. M., Ohlemiller, K. K., Roberts, M. S., Vogler, C. A., Sands, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevention+of+systemic+clinical+disease+in+MPS+VII+mice+following+AAV-mediated+neonatal+gene+transfer.">Prevention of systemic clinical disease in MPS VII mice following AAV-mediated neonatal gene transfer.</a> Gene Ther. 8, 1291-1298 (2001).</li><li>Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Juvenile+neuronal+ceroid+lipofuscinoses.">Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses.</a> Advances in experimental medicine and biology. 724, 138-142 (2012).</li><li>Forsythe, E., Beales, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bardet-Biedl+syndrome.">Bardet-Biedl syndrome.</a> European journal of human genetics. 21, 8-13 (2013).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+gene+delivery+in+large+species+for+targeting+spinal+cord,+brain,+and+peripheral+tissues+for+pediatric+disorders.">Systemic gene delivery in large species for targeting spinal cord, brain, and peripheral tissues for pediatric disorders.</a> Mol Ther. 19, 1971-1980 (2011).</li><li>Yardeni, T., Eckhaus, M., Morris, H. D., Huizing, M., Hoogstraten-Miller, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retro-orbital+injections+in+mice.">Retro-orbital injections in mice.</a> Lab animal. 40, 155-160 (2011).</li><li>Saunders, N. R., Joakim Ek, C., Dziegielewska, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neonatal+blood-brain+barrier+is+functionally+effective,+and+immaturity+does+not+explain+differential+targeting+of+AAV9.">The neonatal blood-brain barrier is functionally effective, and immaturity does not explain differential targeting of AAV9.</a> Nature biotechnology. 27, 804-805 (2009).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+AAV9-mediated+suppression+of+mutant+SOD1+slows+disease+progression+and+extends+survival+in+models+of+inherited+ALS.">Therapeutic AAV9-mediated suppression of mutant SOD1 slows disease progression and extends survival in models of inherited ALS.</a> Mol Ther. 21, 2148-2159 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Intravascular delivery of agents to the CNS or throughout the body is difficult in neonatal murine models of disease. The described protocol is a quick, relatively non-invasive way to intravenously administer solutions into neonatal mice with minimal equipment requirements. Though the temporal face vein can be viewed by the naked eye, injections may have greater accuracy with the use of the microscope and fiber-optic light source, especially for an unpracticed injector. Intravascular injections in neonatal mice have a hi...

Delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS) in murine models of pediatric disease remains a challenge. Mice that model newborn disease states are undersized and developmentally immature, and therefore can be difficult to directly inject in appropriate structures within the CNS. Intravascular injection of therapeutic agents is a non-invasive, well tolerated method to deliver cells, drugs, or viral vectors to the entire body including the CNS1-5 and retina3,5-9. Previous publications describe temporal face vein injection using a transilluminator10,11, without a dissection microscope11,12, or requiring two individuals to inject10. The injection technique described in this protocol is advantageous because a single individual can inject pups, and the light source to view the temporal vein is not touching the pup, eliminating the need for surgical tape or the attachment of a pup to a fixed surface such as a transilluminator11. Delivery of adeno-associated viral vector serotype 9 (AAV9) in mice produces robust expression in neurons and astrocytes throughout the brain and spinal cord (Figure 1). Intravascular delivery of viral vectors into the superficial temporal facial vein has been reliably used in various studies in neonatal mice to treat the pediatric neuromuscular disorder Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)2,4,13,14 and ultimately increased the lifespan of treated mice.
Intravascular injection of neonatal mice also effectively targets the peripheral nervous system and peripheral organs (Figure 2). Following injection of AAV, transduction of dorsal root ganglia, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, and myenteric plexus of the gut has been observed1,3,6,7,15. Widespread transduction of the CNS and periphery makes this method of injection ideal for diseases requiring global expression of a transgene, such as Gaucher&#8217;s disease16 and other lysosomal storage diseases17,18, Batten&#8217;s disease and related neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses,19 and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a genetic multisystem disorder with onset of symptoms occurring in early childhood20. Intravascular injection into neonatal mice should also be considered as a novel method of modeling system-wide pediatric diseases. This technique has been translated to larger animal models5,21 and intravascular injection already exists as a clinically acceptable method of delivering therapeutics.
The current protocol describes a simple, efficient method of delivering agents to neonatal mice through the superficial temporal face vein no later than postnatal day 2. Injection can be completed by a single, practiced individual and is well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. Pups experience minimal distress and recover quickly. Importantly, successful injection will result in global delivery of the agent administered. This protocol is appropriate for delivery of viral vectors, pharmaceutical agents or cells to newborn mice.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="625">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thinpro Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Terumo</td>
			<td>SS30M3009</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">3/10cc, 3/8&#34; needle, 30G, 1 per mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Evans Blue Dye</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2129</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

intravenous injections in neonatal mice

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are technically feasible and routine. However, some mouse models can have early onset of disease with a rapid progression that makes administration of potential therapies difficult. The temporal (or facial) vein is just anterior to the ear bud in mice and is clearly visible for the first two days after birth on either side of the head using a dissecting microscope. During this window, the temporal vein can be injected with volumes up to 50 &#956;l. The injection is safe and well tolerated by both the pups and the dams. A typical injection procedure is completed within 1-2 min, after which the pup is returned to the home cage. By the third postnatal day the vein is difficult to visualize and the injection procedure becomes technically unreliable. This technique has been used for delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, which in turn can provide almost body-wide, stable transgene expression for the life of the animal depending on the viral serotype chosen.

During a proper injection, the vein should momentarily turn clear, or blanch. If injecting dye the entire pup should turn blue within seconds. If an improper injection has occurred, there is often a concentrated subcutaneous bolus in the head or neck and injectant may leak out of the injection site. Improper injections may also result in the appearance of bruising around the throat. Pups that receive subcutaneous injections (i.e. the injection was not fully delivered in the vein) generally experience no ill side...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Animal models of pediatric disease can experience early onset and aggressive disease progression. Clinically relevant therapy delivery to young mouse models can be technically difficult. This protocol describes a non-invasive intravenous injection method for newborn mice within the first two postnatal days of life.

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

57.2K visualizações.  Ohio State University.  Modelos animais de doença pediátrica pode experimentar início precoce e progressão da doença agressiva. Clinicamente entrega terapia relevantes para jovens modelos de mouse pode ser tecnicamente difícil. Este protocolo descreve um método de injecção intravenosa não-invasiva para a ratinhos recém-nascidos nos dois primeiros dias pós-natais de vida. 