Os autores gostariam de reconhecer o NINDS, FightSMA e Famílias de SMA para apoio financeiro. SEGL é suportado por formação NINDS concessão # 5T32NS077984-02.

Todos os procedimentos listados no protocolo foram aprovados Instituto para uso animal e comissão Care (IACUC) da Universidade Estadual de Ohio. 1. Preparação da área de trabalho <ol><li> Reunir gelo triturado, para anestesiar os filhotes de rato, uma gaiola vazia para segregar a represa da ninhada, um microscópio de dissecação, uma fonte de luz que pode ser posicionado a um ângulo em relação à injecção (utilização de uma fonte de luz em um 90 ° &#160; ângulo em relação ao local da injecção obscurece a veia), uma superfície limpa para colocar o animal para a injecção, cotonetes, 3/10 cc seringa de insulina com 3/8 &quot;de 30 L de agulha (um por animal) e 1% de corante azul de Evans ( feita com) solução salina tamponada com fosfato (PBS) para a formação. </li><li> Retire a barragem de uma gaiola separada ao manipular os filhotes. </li></ol> 2. Injecção Procedimento <ol><li> Coloque um único filhote diretamente no gelo molhado por 30-60 seg para anestesiar o animal. Não deixe tele animais no gelo por muito tempo devido a um risco de complicações associadas à hipotermia relacionada, incluindo a fibrilação ventricular, hipóxia tecidual e acidose metabólica. NOTA: A nossa experiência é que 30-60 segundos é suficiente para abrandar os movimentos filhote de permitir a injecção. Se a anestesia mais profunda é necessária, inalantes, tais como 1-2% de isoflurano pode ser apropriada. </li><li> Enquanto o animal é em gelo, carregar a seringa com 30 ul de corante azul de Evans. </li><li> Quando o animal é completamente anestesiados, confirmada pela falta de movimento no gelo enquanto ainda em respirar, movê-lo sob o microscópio. Para uma injecção destro, enfrentar o focinho do animal para a direita. Coloque o dedo indicador esquerdo no focinho eo caudal dedo médio esquerdo à orelha broto para que a orelha broto é entre o indicador eo dedo médio (Figura 1). </li><li> Examine apenas anterior à orelha broto de um capilar superficial que se move quando a pele é manipulado. Este capilar não é o alvo, no entantoidentificação é importante para a identificação da veia temporal. Em seguida, localize um escuro, sombrio veia inferior ao capilar que permanece fixo, independentemente da posição da pele. A veia temporal, aparece sombreada, corre para ventral dorsal, e alimenta-se na veia jugular (Figura 1). </li><li> Digite a veia temporal com a agulha de bisel para cima. Se inserido corretamente, é possível visualizar os bisel da agulha se enchem de sangue através da pele. Em seguida, pressionar o êmbolo devagar e com nota branqueamento da veia para o lado do rosto. </li><li> Permitir que a agulha para permanecer dentro da veia para um agregado de 10-15 seg para evitar o refluxo do injectant. </li></ol> 3. Pós-injecção <ol><li> Após uma injecção adequada, o filhote deve ficar azul quase que imediatamente. Remover a agulha e usar a força suave para aplicar um cotonete para o local de injecção até que os coágulos de sangue. </li><li> Monitorar o filhote para sinais de sofrimento. Permitir que o filhote 2-3 min para recuperar e reaquecer, recognize quando o filhote está consciente, de pé e em movimento, antes de voltar para a jaula. Taça dos filhotes nas mãos enluvadas do investigador para fornecer calor adequado para ajudar na recuperação, se necessário. Como alternativa, coloque uma almofada de aquecimento sob a gaiola para facilitar o aquecimento do filhote injetado. Geralmente depois de uma injeção de corante azul de Evans, eutanásia filhotes. Não incluem corante ao injetar o material de teste. </li><li> Coloque o filhote de volta para a gaiola e garantir que o filhote é revestido com roupa de cama e / ou nestlet para garantir reacceptance pela barragem. </li><li> Use uma seringa nova e cotonete para cada cachorro para manter a esterilidade. </li></ol>

<ol>
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A entrega intravascular de agentes para o SNC ou por todo o corpo é difícil em modelos murinos de doença neonatal. O protocolo descrito é uma maneira rápida, relativamente não-invasivo para administrar por via intravenosa soluções em camundongos neonatal com requisitos mínimos de equipamento. Embora a cara veia temporal, podem ser vistos a olho nu, as injecções podem ter maior precisão com o uso do microscópio e fonte luminosa de fibra óptica, especialmente para um injector sem prática. Injeções intrave...

A entrega de agentes terapêuticos ao sistema nervoso central (SNC) em modelos murinos de doença pediátrica continua a ser um desafio. Ratos que modelo estados de doença recém-nascidos são subdimensionados e developmentally imaturo, e, portanto, pode ser difícil de injectar directamente nas estruturas apropriadas dentro do SNC. Injeção intravascular de agentes terapêuticos é um método não-invasivo, bem tolerado para entregar células, drogas ou vetores virais para todo o corpo, incluindo o SNC 1-5 e 3,5-9 retina. Publicações anteriores descrevem injeção veia rosto temporal, utilizando um transiluminador 10,11, sem um microscópio de dissecação 11,12, ou exigindo duas pessoas para injetar 10. A técnica de injeção descritos neste protocolo é vantajoso porque um único indivíduo pode injetar filhotes, ea fonte de luz para ver a veia temporal, não está tocando o filhote, eliminando a necessidade de fita cirúrgica ou a fixação de um filhote de cachorro para uma superfície fixatal como um transiluminador 11. Entrega de adeno-associado vector viral serótipo 9 (AAV9) em ratinhos produz expressão robusta em neurónios e astrócitos em todo o cérebro e na medula espinal (Figura 1). A entrega intravascular de vectores virais na veia facial temporal superficial foi usado de forma fiável em vários estudos em ratinhos neonatais para tratar a doença neuromuscular pediátrica atrofia muscular espinal (SMA) e, finalmente, 2,4,13,14 aumentou o tempo de vida dos ratinhos tratados. Injecção intravascular de ratinhos neonatais também tem como alvo de forma eficaz o sistema nervoso periférico e órgãos periféricos (Figura 2). Após a injecção de AAV, a transdução de gânglios da raiz dorsal, fígado, coração, músculo esquelético, o pulmão, e do plexo mientérico do intestino foi observada 1,3,6,7,15. Transdução generalizada do sistema nervoso central e periferia torna este método de injeção ideal para doenças que requerem expressão global deum transgene, tais como a doença de 16 e outro de depósito lisossômico doenças de Gaucher, doença de 17,18 Batten e lipofuscinoses Ceróides neuronais relacionados, 19 e síndrome de Bardet-Biedl, uma doença genética do sistema múltiplo com início dos sintomas que ocorrem na infância 20. Injecção intravascular em ratinhos neonatais, também deve ser considerado como um novo método de doenças pediátricas em todo o sistema de modelagem. Esta técnica tem sido traduzido para animais de grande porte 5,21 e injeção intravascular já existe como um método clinicamente aceitável de entregar terapêutica. O protocolo atual descreve um método simples e eficiente de agentes para ratos neonatais entregar através da veia superficial rosto temporal, o mais tardar até dia pós-natal 2. Injeção pode ser completado por um único, praticada individual e é bem tolerado por ambos os filhotes e as barragens. Filhotes experimentar angústia mínima e recuperar rapidamente. Importantly, injecção bem sucedido resultará na entrega global do agente administrado. Este protocolo é apropriado para a entrega de vectores virais, agentes farmacêuticos ou de células para ratinhos recém-nascidos.

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			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
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intravenous injections in neonatal mice

A injeção intravenosa é uma forma clinicamente aplicável para entregar terapêutica. Para roedores adultos e animais maiores, injeções intravenosas são tecnicamente viáveis ​​e de rotina. No entanto, alguns modelos de mouse pode ter início precoce da doença com uma progressão rápida que torna a administração de terapias potenciais difícil. A veia temporal (ou facial) é apenas anterior ao botão da orelha em ratinhos e é claramente visível para os dois primeiros dias após o nascimento em cada lado da cabeça, usando um microscópio de dissecação. Durante esta janela, a veia temporal, podem ser injectados com volumes de até 50 ul. A injecção é seguro e bem tolerado por ambas as crias e as barragens. Um procedimento típico de injecção está concluída dentro de 1-2 min, após o que o filhote é devolvida à gaiola de origem. No terceiro dia pós-natal a veia é difícil de visualizar e do procedimento de injeção se torna tecnicamente confiável. Esta técnica tem sido utilizada para a entrega de vírus adeno-associado (AAV) vectors, que por sua vez pode fornecer quase todo o corpo, a expressão do transgene estável durante a vida do animal, dependendo do serotipo viral escolhido.

Durante uma injecção adequada, a veia deve momentaneamente virar clara, ou branquear. Se injetar tingir todo o filhote deve ficar azul em segundos. Se uma injecção indevida tenha ocorrido, há muitas vezes um bolus subcutâneo concentrada na cabeça ou pescoço e injectant pode verter para fora do local de injecção. Injecções impróprios também pode resultar no aparecimento de nódoas negras em torno da garganta. Os filhotes que recebem injeções subcutâneas (ou seja, a injeção não foi totalmente ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Modelos animais de doença pediátrica pode experimentar início precoce e progressão da doença agressiva. Clinicamente entrega terapia relevantes para jovens modelos de mouse pode ser tecnicamente difícil. Este protocolo descreve um método de injecção intravenosa não-invasiva para a ratinhos recém-nascidos nos dois primeiros dias pós-natais de vida.

Injeções intravenosas em Neonatal Ratos

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

58.0K visualizações.  Ohio State University.  Modelos animais de doença pediátrica pode experimentar início precoce e progressão da doença agressiva. Clinicamente entrega terapia relevantes para jovens modelos de mouse pode ser tecnicamente difícil. Este protocolo descreve um método de injecção intravenosa não-invasiva para a ratinhos recém-nascidos nos dois primeiros dias pós-natais de vida. 

Vídeo: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Transplante de intestino delgado em ratos

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Biologia

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Constrição aórtica transversais em ratos

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

Gravação de ECG ambulatorial em Ratos

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

Microinjeções intravenosa de larvas do peixe para o Estudo de lesão renal aguda

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Isolamento e cultura de células endoteliais pulmonares de camundongos Neonatal

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

Isolamento e Cultura de Neonatais rato Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

Isolamento de artéria pulmonar células musculares lisas de camundongos recém-nascidos

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

In Vivo SiRNA transfecção e Gene Knockdown em Spinal Cord via rápida não invasiva lombar intratecal Injeções em Ratos

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.

Isolamento de Neonatal extra-hepáticas cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, ...

Inducing Apical Periodontitis in Mice

The mechanisms involved in local induced inflammation can be studied using several available animal models. One of these is the induction of apical periodontitis (AP). Apical periodontitis is a common pathology of an inflammatory nature in the periodontal tissues surrounding the tooth root. In order to better understand the nature and mechanism of this pathology it is advantageous to perform the procedure in mice. The induction of this odontogenic inflammation is achieved by drilling into the mouse tooth until the dental pulp is exposed. Next, the tooth pulp remains exposed to be contaminated by the natural oral flora over time, causing apical periodontitis. After this time period, the animal is sacrificed, and the tooth and the jaw bone can be analyzed in various ways. Typical analyses include micro-CT imaging (to evaluate bone resorption), histological staining, immunohistochemistry, and RNA expression. This protocol is useful for research in the field of oral biology to better understand this inflammatory process in an in vivo experimental setting with uniform conditions. The procedure requires a careful handling of the mice and the isolated jaw, and a visual demonstration of the technique is useful. All technical aspects of the procedures leading to induced apical periodontitis and its characterization in a mouse model are demonstrated.

Here, we present a protocol to locally induce apical periodontitis in mice. We show how to drill a hole in the mouse&#39;s tooth and expose its pulp, in order to cause local inflammation. Analysis methods to investigate the nature of this inflammation, such as micro-CT and histology, are also demonstrated.

Induzindo a periodontite apical em camundongos

The mechanisms involved in local induced inflammation can be studied using several available animal models. One of these is the induction of apical ...