Les auteurs tiennent à remercier le NINDS, FightSMA, et les familles de SMA pour un soutien financier. SEGL est pris en charge par la formation NINDS subvention # 5T32NS077984-02.

Toutes les procédures décrites dans le protocole ont été approuvés Institut pour l&#39;utilisation des animaux et du Comité de protection (IACUC) de l&#39;Université d&#39;État de l&#39;Ohio. 1. Préparation de l&#39;espace de travail <ol><li> Rassemblez glace humide pour anesthésier les souriceaux, une cage vide pour séparer le barrage de la litière, un microscope de dissection, une source de lumière qui peut être positionné à un angle à l&#39;injection (utilisation d&#39;une source lumineuse à un 90 ° &#160; angle au site d&#39;injection obscurcit la veine), une surface propre à placer l&#39;animal pour l&#39;injection, des cotons-tiges, 3/10 cc seringue à insuline avec 3/8 &quot;30 aiguille G (une par animal) et Evans à 1% de bleu de méthylène ( fait avec du tampon phosphate salin (PBS)) solution pour la formation. </li><li> Retirez le barrage à une cage séparée tout en manipulant les chiots. </li></ol> 2. Procédure d&#39;injection <ol><li> Placez un seul petit directement sur la glace humide pendant 30-60 secondes pour anesthésier l&#39;animal. Ne laissez pas til animale sur la glace trop longtemps en raison d&#39;un risque de complications liées à l&#39;hypothermie, y compris une fibrillation ventriculaire, une hypoxie tissulaire et une acidose métabolique. NOTE: Notre expérience est que 30-60 sec est suffisant pour ralentir les mouvements de chiot pour permettre l&#39;injection. Si une anesthésie profonde est nécessaire, des substances inhalées tels que 1-2% d&#39;isoflurane peut être appropriée. </li><li> Alors que l&#39;animal est sur la glace, charger la seringue avec 30 pi de colorant bleu Evans. </li><li> Lorsque l&#39;animal est complètement anesthésié, confirmé par l&#39;absence de mouvement sur la glace tout en respirant, le déplacer sous le microscope. Pour une injection droitier, face à museau de l&#39;animal vers la droite. Placer l&#39;index gauche sur le museau et la caudale médius gauche à l&#39;œuf de l&#39;oreille afin que le bourgeon oreille est entre l&#39;index et le majeur (figure 1). </li><li> Examinez juste en avant de l&#39;oreille bourgeon pour un capillaire superficiel qui se déplace lorsque la peau est manipulé. Ce capillaire est pas la cible, maisidentification est importante pour l&#39;identification de veine temporale. Ensuite, localisez un endroit sombre, sombre veine inférieure au capillaire qui reste fixe indépendamment de la position de la peau. La veine temporale apparaît sombre, fonctionne dorsal à ventral, et se jette dans la veine jugulaire (figure 1). </li><li> Entrez le veine temporale avec l&#39;aiguille biseau vers le haut. Si inséré correctement, il est possible de voir le biseau de l&#39;aiguille se remplissent de sang à travers la peau. Puis appuyer sur le piston lentement et la note de blanchiment de la veine sur le côté du visage. </li><li> Laisser l&#39;aiguille reste à l&#39;intérieur de la veine pour une ajoutée 10-15 secondes pour empêcher le reflux de la solution injectée. </li></ol> 3. Post-injection <ol><li> Après une injection proprement dite, le chiot doit virer au bleu presque immédiatement. Retirez l&#39;aiguille et utiliser la force douce à appliquer un coton-tige pour le site d&#39;injection jusqu&#39;à ce que les caillots de sang. </li><li> Surveiller le chiot pour des signes de détresse. Laisser le chiot 2-3 min à récupérer et réchauffer, recognize lorsque le chiot est conscient, debout et en mouvement, avant de revenir à la cage. Coupe des chiots dans des mains gantées de l&#39;enquêteur apporter de la chaleur approprié pour aider à la récupération si nécessaire. Sinon, placez un coussin chauffant sous la cage d&#39;accueil pour faciliter le réchauffement du chiot injecté. Généralement après une injection de colorant bleu Evans, euthanasier les chiots. Ne pas inclure colorant lors de l&#39;injection du matériel d&#39;essai. </li><li> Placez le chiot dans la cage de la maison et assurer le chiot est recouvert d&#39;une literie et / ou nestlet pour assurer réacceptation par le barrage. </li><li> Utilisez une nouvelle seringue et un coton-tige pour chaque chiot pour maintenir la stérilité. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravascular+AAV9+preferentially+targets+neonatal+neurons+and+adult+astrocytes.">Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes.</a> Nature. 27, 59-65 (2009).</li><li>Dominguez, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+scAAV9+delivery+of+a+codon-optimized+SMN1+sequence+rescues+SMA+mice.">Intravenous scAAV9 delivery of a codon-optimized SMN1 sequence rescues SMA mice.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 681-693 (2011).</li><li>Rahim, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+AAV2/9+to+the+fetal+and+neonatal+mouse+leads+to+differential+targeting+of+CNS+cell+types+and+extensive+transduction+of+the+nervous+system.">Intravenous administration of AAV2/9 to the fetal and neonatal mouse leads to differential targeting of CNS cell types and extensive transduction of the nervous system.</a> FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 25, 3505-3518 (2011).</li><li>Foust, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+the+spinal+muscular+atrophy+phenotype+in+a+mouse+model+by+early+postnatal+delivery+of+SMN.">Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 28, 271-274 (2010).</li><li>Duque, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+administration+of+self-complementary+AAV9+enables+transgene+delivery+to+adult+motor+neurons.">Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons.</a> Mol Ther. 17, 1187-1196 (2009).</li><li>Bostick, B., Ghosh, A., Yue, Y., Long, C., Duan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+AAV-9+transduction+in+mice+is+influenced+by+animal+age+but+not+by+the+route+of+administration.">Systemic AAV-9 transduction in mice is influenced by animal age but not by the route of administration.</a> Gene Ther. 14, 1605-1609 (2007).</li><li>Miyake, N., Miyake, K., Yamamoto, M., Hirai, Y., Shimada, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+gene+transfer+into+the+CNS+across+the+BBB+after+neonatal+systemic+delivery+of+single-stranded+AAV+vectors.">Global gene transfer into the CNS across the BBB after neonatal systemic delivery of single-stranded AAV vectors.</a> Brain research. 1389, 19-26 (2011).</li><li>Porensky, P. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+single+administration+of+morpholino+antisense+oligomer+rescues+spinal+muscular+atrophy+in+mouse.">A single administration of morpholino antisense oligomer rescues spinal muscular atrophy in mouse.</a> Human molecular genetics. 21, 1625-1638 (2012).</li><li>Hua, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+SMN+restoration+is+essential+for+long-term+rescue+of+a+severe+spinal+muscular+atrophy+mouse+model.">Peripheral SMN restoration is essential for long-term rescue of a severe spinal muscular atrophy mouse model.</a> Nature. 478, 123-126 (2011).</li><li>Kienstra, K. A., Freysdottir, D., Gonzales, N. M., Hirschi, K. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+neonatal+intravascular+injections:+modeling+newborn+disease.">Murine neonatal intravascular injections: modeling newborn disease.</a> Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS. 46, 50-54 (2007).</li><li>Glascock, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delivery+of+therapeutic+agents+through+intracerebroventricular+(ICV)+and+intravenous+(IV)+injection+in+mice.">Delivery of therapeutic agents through intracerebroventricular (ICV) and intravenous (IV) injection in mice.</a> J. vis. Exp. (56), (2011).</li><li>Sands, M. S., Barker, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Percutaneous+intravenous+injection+in+neonatal+mice.">Percutaneous intravenous injection in neonatal mice.</a> Laboratory animal science. 49, 328-330 (1999).</li><li>Bevan, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+heart+failure+in+the+SMNDelta7+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy+and+correction+by+postnatal+scAAV9-SMN+delivery.">Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery.</a> Human molecular genetics. 19, 3895-3905 (2010).</li><li>Valori, C. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+delivery+of+scAAV9+expressing+SMN+prolongs+survival+in+a+model+of+spinal+muscular+atrophy.">Systemic delivery of scAAV9 expressing SMN prolongs survival in a model of spinal muscular atrophy.</a> Science translational medicine. 2, (2010).</li><li>Foust, K. D., Poirier, A., Pacak, C. A., Mandel, R. J., Flotte, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neonatal+intraperitoneal+or+intravenous+injections+of+recombinant+adeno-associated+virus+type+8+transduce+dorsal+root+ganglia+and+lower+motor+neurons.">Neonatal intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of recombinant adeno-associated virus type 8 transduce dorsal root ganglia and lower motor neurons.</a> Hum Gene Ther. 19, 61-70 (2008).</li><li>Guggenbuhl, P., Grosbois, B., Chales, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaucher+disease.">Gaucher disease.</a> Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme. 75, 116-124 (2008).</li><li>Daly, T. M., Vogler, C., Levy, B., Haskins, M. E., Sands, M. 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Les auteurs ont rien à divulguer.

Livraison intravasculaire de produits à la CSN ou dans tout le corps est difficile dans les modèles murins de la maladie néonatale. Le protocole décrit est un moyen rapide, relativement non invasive à administrer par voie intraveineuse à des souris nouveau-né solutions avec les besoins en équipement minimum. Bien que le visage veine temporale peut être vu par l&#39;œil nu, les injections peuvent avoir une plus grande précision à l&#39;aide du microscope et la source lumineuse à fibre optique, en particulier...

Livraison de médicaments pour le système nerveux central (SNC) dans des modèles murins de la maladie pédiatrique reste un défi. Les souris qui modèle états pathologiques nouveau-nés sont trop petits et des troubles de développement, et donc peut être difficile à injecter directement dans des structures appropriées au sein du CNS. Injection intravasculaire de produits thérapeutiques est une méthode bien toléré le non-invasive de produire des cellules, des médicaments ou des vecteurs viraux pour l&#39;ensemble du corps, y compris le système nerveux central et de la rétine 1-5 3,5-9. Publications antérieures décrivent injection visage de veine temporale en utilisant un transilluminateur 10,11, sans un microscope de dissection 11,12, ou nécessitant deux personnes à injecter 10. La technique d&#39;injection décrite dans le présent protocole est avantageuse car une seule personne peut injecter chiots, et la source de lumière pour voir la veine temporale ne touche pas le chiot, éliminant le besoin de ruban adhésif chirurgical ou la fixation d&#39;un chiot à une surface fixecomme un transilluminateur 11. Livraison de adéno-associé de sérotype 9 vecteur viral (AAV9) chez la souris produit une expression robuste dans les neurones et les astrocytes dans le cerveau et la moelle épinière (Figure 1). Livraison intravasculaire de vecteurs viraux dans la veine temporale superficielle du visage a été utilisé de manière fiable dans diverses études chez la souris néonatale pour traiter le trouble neuromusculaire pédiatrique amyotrophie spinale (SMA) 2,4,13,14 et finalement augmenté la durée de vie des souris traitées. L&#39;injection intravasculaire de souris néonatales vise aussi efficacement le système nerveux périphérique et les organes périphériques (Figure 2). Après l&#39;injection de l&#39;AAV, la transduction des ganglions de la racine dorsale, le foie, le cœur, le muscle squelettique, du poumon et du plexus myentérique de l&#39;intestin a été observé 1,3,6,7,15. Transduction généralisée du SNC et la périphérie rend cette méthode d&#39;idéal d&#39;injection pour les maladies nécessitant une expression globale deun transgène, comme la maladie et 16 autres lysosomales les maladies de Gaucher 17,18, la maladie de Batten et ceroid lipofuscinoses neuronales connexes, 19 et syndrome de Bardet-Biedl, une maladie génétique multisystémique avec apparition des symptômes qui se produisent dans la petite enfance 20. L&#39;injection intravasculaire dans des souris nouveau-né doit également être considérée comme une nouvelle méthode de maladies pédiatriques de l&#39;ensemble du système de modélisation. Cette technique a été traduit en plus grands modèles animaux 5,21 et injection intravasculaire existe déjà comme une méthode cliniquement acceptable de fournir des traitements. Le protocole actuel décrit une méthode simple, efficace d&#39;agents à des souris néonatales fournir par le superficiel visage temporelle veine plus tard postnatal jour 2. Injection peut être complété par un seul individu pratiqué et est bien toléré par les deux petits et des barrages. Les chiots de détresse est minime et se rétablissent rapidement. ImportanTLY, injection réussie se traduira par la livraison globale de l&#39;agent administré. Ce protocole est approprié pour la livraison de vecteurs viraux, les agents pharmaceutiques ou des cellules à des souris nouveau-nés.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Thinpro Insulin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Terumo</td>
			<td>SS30M3009</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">3/10cc, 3/8&#34; needle, 30G, 1 per mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Evans Blue Dye</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E2129</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Dilute to 1% with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Cotton Tipped Applicators</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">23-400-101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Fiber Optic Light Source&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Fisher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12-562-36</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:103px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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</table>

intravenous injections in neonatal mice

L&#39;injection intraveineuse est une manière cliniquement applicable à délivrer thérapeutique. Pour les rongeurs adultes et les grands animaux, des injections intraveineuses sont techniquement réalisables et routine. Toutefois, certains modèles de souris peuvent avoir l&#39;apparition précoce de la maladie avec une progression rapide qui rend l&#39;administration de thérapies potentielles difficile. La veine temporale (ou faciale) est juste en avant de l&#39;oreille bourgeon chez la souris et est clairement visible pour les deux premiers jours après la naissance de chaque côté de la tête à l&#39;aide d&#39;un microscope à dissection. Au cours de cette fenêtre, la veine temporale peut être injecté avec des volumes allant jusqu&#39;à 50 ul. L&#39;injection est sûr et bien toléré par les deux petits et des barrages. Une procédure typique d&#39;injection est achevé dans les 1-2 min, après quoi le chiot est renvoyée à la cage d&#39;accueil. Le troisième jour après la naissance de la veine est difficile de visualiser et de la procédure d&#39;injection devient techniquement fiables. Cette technique a été utilisée pour la livraison d&#39;un virus adéno-associé (AAV) vectRUP, qui à son tour peut fournir, l&#39;expression du transgène stable presque corps à l&#39;échelle de la vie de l&#39;animal en fonction du sérotype viral choisi.

Lors d&#39;une injection correcte, la veine doit momentanément tourner clair, ou blanchir. Si l&#39;injection de colorant l&#39;ensemble du chiot doit virer au bleu en quelques secondes. Si une injection incorrecte a eu lieu, il ya souvent un bolus sous-cutané concentré dans la tête ou du cou et injectant peut fuir du site d&#39;injection. Injections inappropriées peuvent également entraîner l&#39;apparition d&#39;ecchymoses autour de la gorge. Les chiots qui reçoivent des injections sous-cutanées (par exem...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice at JoVE.com

Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Les modèles animaux de la maladie pédiatrique peuvent éprouver précoce et la progression de la maladie agressive. Cliniquement l&#39;administration du traitement pertinent de jeunes modèles de souris peut être techniquement difficile. Ce protocole décrit une méthode d&#39;injection intraveineuse non-invasive pour les souris nouveau-nés dans les deux premiers jours après la naissance de la vie.

Les injections intraveineuses de souriceaux nouveau-nés

Intravenous injection is a clinically applicable manner to deliver therapeutics. For adult rodents and larger animals, intravenous injections are ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

57.8K vues.  Ohio State University.  Les modèles animaux de la maladie pédiatrique peuvent éprouver précoce et la progression de la maladie agressive. Cliniquement l'administration du traitement pertinent de jeunes modèles de souris peut être techniquement difficile. Ce protocole décrit une méthode d'injection intraveineuse non-invasive pour les souris nouveau-nés dans les deux premiers jours après la naissance de la vie. 

Vidéo: Intravenous Injections in Neonatal Mice

Heterotopic Heart Transplantation in Mice

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable for studying rejection and immune response now that newer transgenic and gene knockout mice are available, and a large number of immunologic reagents have been developed. The heart transplant model is less stringent than the skin transplant models, although technically more challenging. We have developed a modified technique and have completed over 1000 successful cases of heterotopic heart transplantation in mice. When making anastomosis of the ascending aorta and abdominal aorta, two stay sutures are placed at the proximal and distal apexes of recipient abdominal aorta with the donor s ascending aorta, then using 11-0 suture for anastomosis on both side of aorta with continuing sutures. The stay sutures make the anastomosis easier and 11-0 is an ideal suture size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.
When making anastomosis of pulmonary artery and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s pulmonary artery. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s pulmonary artery is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s pulmonary artery are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis. In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation model has been proven by many investigators to be an important method for studying mechanisms of rejection and immune response. However, the techniques involved are still challenging. By modifying standard techniques we have had success with more than 1000 transplants.

Transplantation cardiaque hétérotopique chez la souris

The mouse heterotopic heart transplantation has been used widely since it was introduced by Drs. Corry and Russell in 1973. It is particularly valuable ...

Recherche

Biologie

Small Bowel Transplantation In Mice

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive medications, infection prophylaxis, and suitable patient selection helped improve actuarial graft and patient survival rates for all types of intestine transplantation. Patients with irreversible intestinal failure and complications of parenteral nutrition should now be routinely considered for small intestine transplantation. However, Survival rates for small intestinal transplantation have been slow to improve compares increasingly favorably with renal, liver, heart and lung. The small bowel transplantation is still unsatisfactory compared with other organs. Further progress may depend on better understanding of immunology and physiology of the graft and can be greatly facilitated by animal models. A wider use of mouse small bowel transplantation model is needed in the study of immunology and physiology of the transplantation gut as well as efficient methods in diagnosing early rejection. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenging. We have developed a modified technique. When making anastomosis of portal vein and inferior vena cava, two stay sutures are made at the proximal apex and distal apex of the recipient s inferior vena cava with the donor s portal vein. The left wall of the inferior vena cava and donor s portal vein is closed with continuing sutures in the inside of the inferior vena cava after, after one knot with the proximal apex stay suture the right wall of the inferior vena cava and the donor s portal vein are closed with continuing sutures outside the inferior vena cave with 10-0 sutures. This method is easier to perform because anastomosis is made just on the one side of the inferior vena cava and 10-0 sutures is the right size to avoid bleeding and thrombosis.  In this article, we provide details of the technique to supplement the video.

The mouse small bowel transplantation model has been recognized as an important tool to study mechanismes of immune rejection and screen new immunosuppressive drugs. However, this model is limited to use because the techniques involved is an extremely technically challenge. Now we introduce the modified technique.

Transplantation de l&#39;intestin chez les souris

Since 1990, the development of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression and improved surgical techniques, the increased array of potent immunosuppressive ...

Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.1 TAC initially leads to compensated hypertrophy of the heart, which often is associated with a temporary enhancement of cardiac contractility. Over time, however, the response to the chronic hemodynamic overload becomes maladaptive, resulting in cardiac dilatation and heart failure.2 The murine TAC model was first validated by Rockman et al.1, and has since been extensively used as a valuable tool to mimic human cardiovascular diseases and elucidate fundamental signaling processes involved in the cardiac hypertrophic response and heart failure development. When compared to other experimental models of heart failure, such as complete occlusion of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, TAC provides a more reproducible model of cardiac hypertrophy and a more gradual time course in the development of heart failure. Here, we describe a step-by-step procedure to perform surgical TAC in mice. To determine the level of pressure overload produced by the aortic ligation, a high frequency Doppler probe is used to measure the ratio between blood flow velocities in the right and left carotid arteries.3, 4 With surgical survival rates of 80-90%, transverse aortic banding is an effective technique of inducing left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure in mice.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model to study mechanisms underlying cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure development. Here, we describe procedures to constrict the aorta to create a reproducible degree of cardiac hypertrophy in mice.

Constriction aortique transverse chez la souris

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the mouse is a commonly used experimental model for pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Ambulatory ECG Recording in Mice

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although the surface ECG is utilized for short-term measurements of waveform intervals, it is not practical for long-term studies of heart rate variability or the capture of rare episodes of arrhythmias. Implantable ECG telemeters offer the advantages of simple surgical implantation, long-term recording of electrograms in ambulatory mice, and scalability with simultaneous recordings of multiple animals. Here, we present a step-by-step guide to the implantation of telemeters for ambulatory ECG recording in mice. Careful adherence to aseptic technique is required for favorable survival results with the possibility of implantation and recording from weeks to months. Thus, implantable ECG telemetry is a valuable tool for detection of critical information on cardiac electrophysiology in ambulatory animal models such as the mouse. 

Telemetric ECG has emerged as an essential tool in evaluating animal models for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Here, we present a stepwise guide to telemetric ECG recordings for application in long-term ambulatory ECG monitoring in mice.

Ambulatoires enregistrement de l&#39;ECG chez des souris

Telemetric ECG recording in mice is essential to understanding the mechanisms behind arrhythmias, conduction disorders, and sudden cardiac death. Although ...

Intravenous Microinjections of Zebrafish Larvae to Study Acute Kidney Injury

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections on 2 dpf zebrafish. This technique represents an efficient and rapid method to deliver soluble substances into the bloodstream of zebrafish larvae, allowing for the injection of 15-20 fish per hour. In addition to AKI studies, this microinjection technique can also be used for other types of experimental studies such as angiography.  We provide a detailed protocol of the technique from equipment required to visual measures of decreased kidney function. In addition, we also demonstrate the process of fixation, whole mount immunohistochemistry with a kidney tubule marker, plastic embedding and sectioning of the larval zebrafish. We demonstrate that zebrafish larvae injected with gentamicin show morphological features consistent with AKI: edema, loss of cell polarity in proximal tubular epithelial cells, and morphological disruption of the tubule.

We describe a technique of microinjecting the aminoglycoside, gentamicin, into 2 days post-fetilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae to induce acute kidney injury (AKI). We also describe a method for whole mount immunohistochemistry, plastic embedding and sectioning of zebrafish larvae to visualize the AKI mediated damage.

Microinjections intraveineuse de larves de poisson zèbre pour étudier lésions rénales aiguës

In this video article we describe a zebrafish model of AKI using gentamicin as the nephrotoxicant.  The technique consists of intravenous microinjections ...

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

Isolement et culture de cellules endothéliales pulmonaires des souris néonatales

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Isolation and Culture of Neonatal Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow for easy investigation and manipulation of biochemical pathways, and their effect on the biomechanical properties of spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes.	
The following 2-day protocol describes the isolation and culture of neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes. We show how to easily dissect hearts from neonates, dissociate the cardiac tissue and enrich cardiomyocytes from the cardiac cell-population. We discuss the usage of different enzyme mixes for cell-dissociation, and their effects on cell-viability. The isolated cardiomyocytes can be subsequently used for a variety of morphological, electrophysiological, biochemical, cell-biological or biomechanical assays. We optimized the protocol for robustness and reproducibility, by using only commercially available solutions and enzyme mixes that show little lot-to-lot variability. We also address common problems associated with the isolation and culture of cardiomyocytes, and offer a variety of options for the optimization of isolation and culture conditions.

Primary mouse cardiomyocyte cultures are one of the pivotal tools for the investigation of myofibrillar organization and function. The following protocol describes the isolation and culture of primary cardiomyocytes from neonatal mouse hearts. The resulting cardiomyocyte cultures may be subsequently used for a variety of biomechanical, biochemical and cell-biological assays.

Isolement et culture de cardiomyocytes de souris néonatales

Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes have long been used to study  myofibrillogenesis and myofibrillar functions. Cultured cardiomyocytes allow  for easy ...

Isolation of Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells from Neonatal Mice

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling pathways involved in vascular smooth muscle contraction in PASMC from fetal sheep. While sheep make an excellent model of term pulmonary hypertension, they are very expensive and lack the advantage of genetic manipulation found in mice. Conversely, the inability to isolate PASMC from mice was a significant limitation of that system. Here we described the isolation of primary cultures of mouse PASMC from P7, P14, and P21 mice using a variation of the previously described technique of Marshall et al.26 that was previously used to isolate rat PASMC. These murine PASMC represent a novel tool for the study of signaling pathways in the neonatal period. Briefly, a slurry of 0.5% (w/v) agarose + 0.5% iron particles in M199 media is infused into the pulmonary vascular bed via the right ventricle (RV). The iron particles are 0.2 &#956;M in diameter and cannot pass through the pulmonary capillary bed. Thus, the iron lodges in the small pulmonary arteries (PA). The lungs are inflated with agarose, removed and dissociated. The iron-containing vessels are pulled down with a magnet. After collagenase (80 U/ml) treatment and further dissociation, the vessels are put into a tissue culture dish in M199 media containing 20% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and antibiotics (M199 complete media) to allow cell migration onto the culture dish. This initial plate of cells is a 50-50 mixture of fibroblasts and PASMC. Thus, the pull down procedure is repeated multiple times to achieve a more pure PASMC population and remove any residual iron. Smooth muscle cell identity is confirmed by immunostaining for smooth muscle myosin and desmin.

We have developed a novel and reproducible technique to isolate primary cultures of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) from mice as young as P7, thereby allowing better study of the signaling pathways involved in neonatal smooth muscle cell contraction and relaxation.

Isolement de l&#39;artère pulmonaire cellules musculaires lisses de souris néonatales

Pulmonary hypertension is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants. Historically, there has been significant study of the signaling ...

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter implantation. The technical limitation of this surgical technique lies in the finesse of the hands. The injection is rapid, especially for a trained experimenter, and since tissue disruption with this technique is minimal, repeated injections are possible; moreover immune reaction to foreign tools (e.g. catheter) does not occur, thereby giving a better and more specific read out of spinal cord modulation. Since the application of the substance is largely limited to the target region of the spinal cord, drugs do not need to be applied in large dosages, and more importantly unwanted effects on other tissue, as observed with a systemic delivery, could be circumvented1,2. Moreover, we combine this technique with in vivo transfection of nucleic acid with the help of polyethylenimine (PEI) reagent3, which provides tremendous versatility for studying spinal functions via delivery of pharmacological agents as well as gene, RNA, and protein modulators.

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

This report describes a simple and rapid technique of intrathecal needle puncture for a localized transfection of siRNA in the lumbar spinal cord in mouse under short lasting light anesthesia.

In Vivo transfection de siRNA et Gene Knockdown dans la moelle épinière via rapide non invasive lombaire intrathécale injections chez des souris

This report describes a step-by-step guide to the technique of acute intrathecal needle injections in a noninvasive manner, i.e. independent of catheter ...

Isolation of Neonatal Extrahepatic Cholangiocytes

The intra and extrahepatic bile ducts of the liver are developmentally distinct, and may be differentially affected by certain diseases. However, differences between intra and extrahepatic cholangiocytes, and between neonatal and adult cells, are not well understood.
Methods for the isolation of cholangiocytes from intrahepatic bile ducts are well established1-4. Isolation of extrahepatic ductal cells, especially from the neonate, has not yet been described, although this would be of great benefit in understanding the differences between distinct cholangiocyte populations and in studying diseases such as biliary atresia that appear to target the extrahepatic ducts. Described here is an optimized technique to isolate both neonatal and adult mouse extrahepatic bile duct cells. This technique yields a pure cell population with minimal contamination from mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts.
This method is based on the removal of the extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder, followed by meticulous dissection and scraping to remove fat and fibroblast layers. Structures are embedded in thick layers of collagen and cultured for approximately 3 weeks to allow outgrowth of cholangiocytes in monolayers, which can then be trypsinized and re plated for experimental use.

A technique to isolate cholangiocytes from the extrahepatic bile ducts of neonatal mice is described. The ducts are meticulously dissected, and then cells are isolated by outgrowth in thick collagen gels. This method provides a useful tool for studying extrahepatic bile duct development and pathology.