Name: retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy
Uploaded: 2022-05-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy at JoVE.com

No funding was obtained for this research.

This study has been submitted to the local ethics committee of Ghent University Hospital and institutional approval has been granted (EC UZG 2019/1506). The study has been registered in the Belgian study registry under reference B670201941650. All patients provided written informed consent.
1. Patient preparation and positioning
<ol>
	<li>Preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Follow contemporary internationally accepted guidelines to diagnose prostate cancer and to set the indication for ...

<ol>
	<li>Mottet, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG+Guidelines+on+Prostate+Cancer-2020+Update.+Part+1:+Screening,+Diagnosis,+and+Local+Treatment+with+Curative+Intent.">EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer-2020 Update. Part 1: Screening, Diagnosis, and Local Treatment with Curative Intent.</a> European Urology. 79 (2), 243-262 (2021).</li><li>Ilic, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+and+robotic-assisted+versus+open+radical+prostatectomy+for+the+treatment+of+localised+prostate+cancer.">Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted versus open radical prostatectomy for the treatment of localised prostate cancer.</a> The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 9 (9), (2017).</li><li>Ab del Raheem, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retzius-sparing+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy+versus+open+retropubic+radical+prostatectomy:+a+prospective+comparative+study+with+19-month+follow-up.">Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy versus open retropubic radical prostatectomy: a prospective comparative study with 19-month follow-up.</a> Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica: The Italian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 72 (5), 586-594 (2020).</li><li>Gandaglia, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+effectiveness+of+robot-assisted+and+open+radical+prostatectomy+in+the+postdissemination+era.">Comparative effectiveness of robot-assisted and open radical prostatectomy in the postdissemination era.</a> Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 32 (14), 1419-1426 (2014).</li><li>Ficarra, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+studies+reporting+urinary+continence+recovery+after+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy.">Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.</a> European Urology. 62 (3), 405-417 (2012).</li><li>Martini, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contemporary+techniques+of+prostate+dissection+for+robot-assisted+prostatectomy.">Contemporary techniques of prostate dissection for robot-assisted prostatectomy.</a> European Urology. 78 (4), 583-591 (2020).</li><li>Galfano, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+anatomic+approach+for+robot-assisted+laparoscopic+prostatectomy:+a+feasibility+study+for+completely+intrafascial+surgery.">A new anatomic approach for robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: a feasibility study for completely intrafascial surgery.</a> European Urology. 58 (3), 457-461 (2010).</li><li>Checcucci, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retzius-sparing+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy+vs+the+standard+approach:+a+systematic+review+and+analysis+of+comparative+outcomes.">Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy vs the standard approach: a systematic review and analysis of comparative outcomes.</a> BJU International. 125 (1), 8-16 (2020).</li><li>Montorsi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Best+practices+in+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy:+recommendations+of+the+Pasadena+Consensus+Panel.">Best practices in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: recommendations of the Pasadena Consensus Panel.</a> European Urology. 62 (3), 368-381 (2012).</li><li>Stabile, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiparametric+MRI+for+prostate+cancer+diagnosis:+current+status+and+future+directions.">Multiparametric MRI for prostate cancer diagnosis: current status and future directions.</a> Nature Reviews. Urology. 17 (1), 41-61 (2020).</li><li>Dindo, D., Demartines, N., Clavien, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+of+surgical+complications:+a+new+proposal+with+evaluation+in+a+cohort+of+6336+patients+and+results+of+a+survey.">Classification of surgical complications: a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey.</a> Annals of Surgery. 240 (2), 205-213 (2004).</li><li>Xylinas, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+combined+oncological+and+functional+outcomes+after+radical+prostatectomy:+trifecta+rate+of+achieving+continence,+potency+and+cancer+control--a+literature+review.">Evaluation of combined oncological and functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy: trifecta rate of achieving continence, potency and cancer control--a literature review.</a> Urology. 76 (5), 1194-1198 (2010).</li><li>Walz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+analysis+of+the+current+knowledge+of+surgical+anatomy+related+to+optimization+of+cancer+control+and+preservation+of+continence+and+erection+in+candidates+for+radical+prostatectomy.">A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy related to optimization of cancer control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy.</a> European Urology. 57 (2), 179-192 (2010).</li><li>Walz, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+critical+analysis+of+the+current+knowledge+of+surgical+anatomy+of+the+prostate+related+to+optimisation+of+cancer+control+and+preservation+of+continence+and+erection+in+candidates+for+radical+prostatectomy:+An+update.">A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy of the prostate related to optimisation of cancer control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy: An update.</a> European Urology. 70 (2), 301-311 (2016).</li><li>Albisinni, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+review+comparing+Anterior+vs+Retzius-sparing+robotic+assisted+radical+prostatectomy:+can+the+approach+really+make+a+difference.">Systematic review comparing Anterior vs Retzius-sparing robotic assisted radical prostatectomy: can the approach really make a difference.</a> Minerva Urology and Nephrology. , (2021).</li><li>Menon, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+recovery,+oncologic+outcomes+and+postoperative+complications+after+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy:+An+evidence-based+analysis+comparing+the+Retzius+sparing+and+standard+approaches.">Functional recovery, oncologic outcomes and postoperative complications after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: An evidence-based analysis comparing the Retzius sparing and standard approaches.</a> The Journal of Urology. 199 (5), 1210-1217 (2018).</li><li>Olivero, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retzius-sparing+robotic+radical+prostatectomy+for+surgeons+in+the+learning+curve:+A+propensity+score-matching+analysis.">Retzius-sparing robotic radical prostatectomy for surgeons in the learning curve: A propensity score-matching analysis.</a> European Urology Focus. 7 (4), 772-778 (2021).</li><li>Galfano, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retzius-sparing+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy:+early+learning+curve+experience+in+three+continents.">Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: early learning curve experience in three continents.</a> BJU International. 127 (4), 412-417 (2021).</li><li>Galfano, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+the+learning+curve+of+the+Retzius-sparing+approach+for+robot-assisted+laparoscopic+radical+prostatectomy:+oncologic+and+functional+results+of+the+first+200+patients+with+&gt;/=+1+year+of+follow-up.">Beyond the learning curve of the Retzius-sparing approach for robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: oncologic and functional results of the first 200 patients with &gt;/= 1 year of follow-up.</a> European Urology. 64 (6), 974-980 (2013).</li><li>Hoffman, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patient-reported+outcomes+through+5+years+for+active+surveillance,+surgery,+brachytherapy,+or+external+beam+radiation+with+or+without+androgen+deprivation+therapy+for+localized+prostate+cancer.">Patient-reported outcomes through 5 years for active surveillance, surgery, brachytherapy, or external beam radiation with or without androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer.</a> JAMA. 323 (2), 149-163 (2020).</li><li>Dalela, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+pragmatic+randomized+controlled+trial+examining+the+impact+of+the+Retzius-sparing+approach+on+early+urinary+continence+recovery+after+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy.">A pragmatic randomized controlled trial examining the impact of the Retzius-sparing approach on early urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.</a> European Urology. 72 (5), 677-685 (2017).</li><li>Yossepowitch, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positive+surgical+margins+after+radical+prostatectomy:+a+systematic+review+and+contemporary+update.">Positive surgical margins after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review and contemporary update.</a> European Urology. 65 (2), 303-313 (2014).</li><li>Vale, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adjuvant+or+early+salvage+radiotherapy+for+the+treatment+of+localised+and+locally+advanced+prostate+cancer:+a+prospectively+planned+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+aggregate+data.">Adjuvant or early salvage radiotherapy for the treatment of localised and locally advanced prostate cancer: a prospectively planned systematic review and meta-analysis of aggregate data.</a> Lancet. 396 (10260), 1422-1431 (2020).</li><li>Lumen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safe+introduction+of+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy+after+a+training+program+in+a+high-volume+robotic+centre.">Safe introduction of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy after a training program in a high-volume robotic centre.</a> Urologia Internationalis. 91 (2), 145-152 (2013).</li><li>Galfano, A., Secco, S., Bocciardi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mottrie+A.+Retzius-sparing+robot-assisted+laparoscopic+radical+prostatectomy:+An+international+survey+on+surgical+details+and+worldwide+diffusion.">Mottrie A. Retzius-sparing robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: An international survey on surgical details and worldwide diffusion.</a> European Urology Focus. 6 (5), 1021-1023 (2020).</li><li>Checcucci, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precision+prostate+cancer+surgery:+an+overview+of+new+technologies+and+techniques.">Precision prostate cancer surgery: an overview of new technologies and techniques.</a> Minerva Urologica e Nefrologica: The Italian Journal of Urology and Nephrology. 71 (5), 487-501 (2019).</li><li>Grasso, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Posterior+musculofascial+reconstruction+after+radical+prostatectomy:+an+updated+systematic+review+and+a+meta-analysis.">Posterior musculofascial reconstruction after radical prostatectomy: an updated systematic review and a meta-analysis.</a> BJU International. 118 (1), 20-34 (2016).</li><li>Manfredi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+anatomical+reconstruction+during+robot-assisted+radical+prostatectomy:+focus+on+urinary+continence+recovery+and+related+complications+after+1000+procedures.">Total anatomical reconstruction during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: focus on urinary continence recovery and related complications after 1000 procedures.</a> BJU international. 124 (3), 477-486 (2019).</li></ol>

During RS-RARP, the whole procedure is performed by approaching the bladder through the posterior end. Consequently, the main difference with SA-RARP is the preservation of the Retzius&#39; space. Preservation of Retzius&#39; space has several anatomical advantages7: First, the bladder is not detached from the abdominal wall and the umbilical ligaments are not transected. Therefore, the bladder remains in its anatomical position. Second, the anterior detrusor apron and puboprostatic ligaments are ...

To cure localized and selected cases of locally advanced prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy is one of the recommended treatment options1. Minimal invasive techniques (conventional laparoscopy and robot-assisted laparoscopy) have the advantage to lower blood loss, postoperative pain, and duration of hospitalization as compared to open radical prostatectomy2,3. Among the minimal invasive techniques, robot-assisted surgery combines the advantages of minimal invasive surgery with increased dexterity and freedom of movement of the surgical instruments and with 3-dimensional perioperative vision. In well-resourced countries, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) has become the predominant mode to perform radical prostatectomy4.
Urinary incontinence, temporary or definitive, is a common side effect of radical prostatectomy, irrespective of the mode by which it has been performed5. With open (abdominal), laparoscopic, and &#34;standard&#34; anterior RARP (SA-RARP), radical prostatectomy is performed by an anterior approach in which the retropubic (Retzius&#39;) space is opened6. Thanks to the increased dexterity associated with RARP, an alternative anatomic approach is possible in which the prostate is resected through the rectovesical pouch or Douglas&#39; pouch as first described by Galfano et al.7. This posterior approach leaves the Retzius&#39; space intact (&#34;Retzius-sparing RARP&#34;; RS-RARP). The main advantage of RS-RARP appears to be a higher and faster recovery of urinary continence8. This study aims to describe in detail (as suggested by the Pasadena consensus panel9) the steps of RS-RARP supported by audiovisual material and to report on the early functional and oncological outcomes of the first cases in a single center.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>adhesive tape</td>
			<td>BSNmedical</td>
			<td>15200028</td>
			<td>Tensoplast</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>assistant trocar 5mm</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>EKO17R</td>
			<td>reusable trocar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>assistant trocar 12mm</td>
			<td>Conmed</td>
			<td>iAS12-120LPi</td>
			<td>AirSeal trocar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>barbed wire</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>VLOCM0024</td>
			<td>for vesico-urethral anastomosis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cadiere forceps</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470049</td>
			<td>robotic instrument, grasper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>camera 30&#176;</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470027</td>
			<td>endoscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cefazolin</td>
			<td>Sandoz</td>
			<td>BE217296</td>
			<td>Belgian farmaceutical registration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2-insufflator</td>
			<td>Conmed</td>
			<td>AS-iFS2</td>
			<td>AirSeal insufflator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Da Vinci Xi system</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>600062</td>
			<td>robotic system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>endobag</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>173050G</td>
			<td>Endo Catch 10mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>endoscopic hem-o-lok applier</td>
			<td>Teleflex</td>
			<td>544995T</td>
			<td>to apply the locking clips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fenestrated bipolar forceps</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470205</td>
			<td>robotic instrument, bipolar forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hasson cone 8mm trocar</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470398</td>
			<td>only at the camera trocar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heparin, low molecular weight (enoxaparin)</td>
			<td>Sanofi</td>
			<td>BE144347</td>
			<td>Belgian farmaceutical registration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hydrogel coated latex transurethral catheter</td>
			<td>Bard</td>
			<td>D226416</td>
			<td>Biocath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>insufflation cable</td>
			<td>Conmed</td>
			<td>ASM-EVAC1</td>
			<td>AirSeal Tri-lumen filtered tube set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>laparoscopic grasper</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>PO235R</td>
			<td>Atraumatic wave grasper, double action</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>large needle driver</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470006</td>
			<td>roboic instrument, needle driver</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>locking clip</td>
			<td>Grena</td>
			<td>5-13mm</td>
			<td>Click&#39;aVplus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>metallic clips 5mm</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>PL453SU</td>
			<td>for vessel ligation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>monopolar curved scissor</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470179</td>
			<td>robotic instrument, hot shears</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>mosquito clamp</td>
			<td>Innovia Medical</td>
			<td>MQC2025-D</td>
			<td>to secure bladder suspension stitch</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>natriumlaurylsulfoacetate-sorbitol-natriumcitratedihydrate clysma</td>
			<td>Johnson &#38; Johnson Consumer BV</td>
			<td>RVG 05069</td>
			<td>Belgian farmaceutical registration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyglactin 3.0 suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>V442H</td>
			<td>stay suture bladder neck, subcutaneous sutures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyglactin 1 suture</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>D9708</td>
			<td>stay suture fascia and fascia closurie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>povidone-iodine alcoholic solution</td>
			<td>Mylan</td>
			<td>BE230736</td>
			<td>Belgian farmaceutical registration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>robotic trocar 8mm</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470002</td>
			<td>standard length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Skin stapler</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>8886803712</td>
			<td>skin closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile drapes robotic arms</td>
			<td>Intuitive</td>
			<td>470015</td>
			<td>draping system robotic arms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suction-irrigation device</td>
			<td>Geyi</td>
			<td>GYSL-5X330</td>
			<td>laparoscopic use by assitant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>suspension sutures</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>628H</td>
			<td>Ethilon 2-0 nylon suture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thrombo-embolus deterrent stockings</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>7203</td>
			<td>T.E.D. stockings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>warming blanket device</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>54200</td>
			<td>Bear Hugger</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

The technique of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) and initial experience with it at a single center are provided. The technique is described step-by-step and further illustrated by a video to enhance reproducibility. Early oncological and functional results were evaluated. In total, 77 patients were included with a median follow-up of 11 months (range: 3-21 months). Fifty-one percent of patients had local high-risk or locally advanced prostate cancer. There were no intra-operative complications, and all high-grade complications (2.6%) were related to pelvic lymph node dissection performed concomitant with RS-RARP. Median operation time was 160 min (range: 122-265 min) and median hospital stay was 3 (range: 3-8) days. A positive surgical margin was reported in 42.9%. One-year biochemical recurrence-free survival was 90.1%. After 6 months, all patients were socially continent and after 1 year, 94.3% were fully continent. Of sexually active patients who underwent at least unilateral nerve-sparing, 43.3% were able to have sexual intercourse. This series underlines the surgical safety of performing RS-RARP by a standardized technique and confirms the beneficial effect on the early return of continence. The patient needs to be informed about the risk of a positive surgical margin.

All patients with local or locally advanced prostate cancer with a life expectancy &#62;10 years and with no anesthesiologic contra-indications were offered RS-RARP as one of the treatment options for their disease. Patients undergoing cytoreductive radical prostatectomy for metastatic prostate cancer in the context of a clinical trial or salvage radical prostatectomy were not offered RS-RARP, and patients with anterior tumors were preferably offered SA-RARP. Patients with a follow-up of fewer than 3 months were excluded...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy at JoVE.com

Retzius-Sparing Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy

Robot-assisted Retzius-sparing radical prostatectomy is a technique that enables to preserve urinary continence or facilitates recovery of urinary continence in the majority of patients. Patients must be informed about the risk of a positive surgical margin.

The technique of Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RS-RARP) and initial experience with it at a single center are provided. The ...

The Retzius-sparing robot-assisted approach improves functional outcomes in patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy. The Retzius-sparing robot-assisted approach improves early return of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. To begin, place the patient in a supine position, securing the arms and legs.Then, to enable trocar insertion, make a 2 to 2.5-centimeter skin incision longitudinally, about one centimeter above the umbilicus. Insert an eight-millimeter robotic camera trocar with Hasson cone on the peritoneal cavity, and attach the clamps of the cones to the stay sutures at the fascia. Bring the patient to a 30 to 35 degrees Trendelenburg position to free the minor pelvis from the small bowel.Then, horizontally to the camera trocar, place two eight-millimeter trocars for the robotic instruments on the left of the camera trocar, and one on the right, keeping a six to eight centimeter distance between trocars. Move the patient cart to the right hand side of the patient, until the third arm is connected to the camera trocar. Connect the three other eight-millimeter trocars with at least 10-centimeter distance between the arms to avoid collision during operative movements.To access the seminal vesicles, incise the peritoneum above the vas deferens on both sides, and continue medially until these incisions reach each other. At the lateral edge of the incision, dissect the vas deferens in a circumferential fashion and transect it. Then, dissect the vas deferens medially, until the tip of the seminal vesicle is reached.If there's no evidence of seminal vesicle invasion, peel off the Denonvilliers'fascia, medially from the vast deferens. After dissection, secure the vessels at the tip and lateral surface of the seminal vesicle by bipolar hemostasis, and transect them. For lateral dissection of the prostate, retract the seminal vesicle medially using Cadiere forceps for the right side, and an assistant laparoscopic grasper for the left side.To facilitate access to the prostate and bladder neck, place a straight needle with a non-resorbable suture through the upper part of the peritoneal incision, two to three centimeters above the pubic bone, just medially from the medial umbilical ligament. Perforate the upper part of the peritoneal incision and the underlying fatty tissue with the straight needle. For handling of erectile nerves with the bilateral nerve sparing approach, create a plane by blunt dissection between the prostatic fascia and the Denonvilliers'fascia, up to the apex of the prostate and laterally until the prostatic vessels are encountered.For the non-nerve sparing approach, as in this case, incise the Denonvilliers'fascia one to two milliliters below the prostate base. Then, dissect the anterior surface of the rectum and more laterally, in the perirectal fatty tissue. For the unilateral nerve sparing approach, first, perform the bilateral nerve sparing method at the side of nerve sparing, and the non-nerve sparing method at the side of non-nerve sparing.Then, incise the Denonvilliers'fascia at the midline, above the rectal wall. Next, bring the prostatic pedicle under tension and make a window with the monopolar scissors. Secure the part of the pedicle using a large polymer locking clip, applied through the 12-millimeter assistant trocars.Then, transect at the prostatic side of the clip. Peel off the neurovascular bundle from the prostatic fascia by blunt dissection, and by keeping the bundle under slight tension using a progressive medial and upward retraction with the Cadiere forceps. For the dissection of the bladder neck, grasp the seminal vesicles by Cadiere forceps and retract them downward to create tension between the bladder neck and prostate base.Then, make a one-centimeter incision of the mucosa at the posterior aspect of the bladder neck to inspect the urethral catheter. Place an absorbable polyglactin 3/0 suture at the posterior aspect of the bladder neck. Then, grasp the stay suture with the fenestrated bipolar forceps, and move upward until the anterior part of the bladder neck becomes visible.Incise the mucosa further, to release the bladder neck from the base of the prostate. Then, place a second stay suture at the anterior aspect of the bladder neck, before completely releasing the bladder neck. For anterior dissection, follow the anterior surface of the prostate using a combination of blunt dissection and monopolar incision, sparing the Santorini's plexus, the puboprostatic ligaments, and the Retzius space.For the prostatic apex dissection, make a one to two-millimeter incision of the circular fibers of the urethra, caudally toward the apex of the prostate. Then, push the circular fibers toward the apex of the prostate to expose the inner longitudinal layer of the urethra. Transect the inner layer as close to the prostate as possible to preserve the sphincter.Insert an endo bag through the 12-millimeter assistant trocar to put in the prostate and seminal vesicles. To identify the bladder neck and mucosa of the bladder. pull the anterior stay suture.Then, place the first suture of the first absorbable barbed wire outside in, just the lateral to the right of the 12 o'clock position on the bladder neck. Identify the urethra by moving the tip of the urethral catheter into the membranous urethra, before placing the suture on the urethra inside out and slightly lateral to the right of the 12 o'clock position. Then, place the first suture of the second absorbable barbed wire outside in, lateral to the left of the 12 o'clock position on the bladder neck, and inside out on the urethra at the same position.Repeat the suturing with the second barbed wire outside in on the bladder neck, and inside out on the urethra twice, until the nine o'clock position is reached. Perform suturing on the right side with the first barbed wire outside in on the bladder neck, and inside out on the urethra until the six o'clock position is reached. Then, continue the anastomosis on the left side, going from the nine o'clock to the six o'clock position.Once done, grasp the tip of the catheter to place in the bladder and insufflate the balloon. Then, tighten the last sutures on the left and right sides, until the bladder and urethral mucosa are approximated. Check the water tightness of the anastomosis by instilling 120 milliliters of water in the bladder.Using remains of the barbed wires, close the peritoneal incision from medial to lateral on both sides. To extract the prostate, incise the supraumbilical skin and fascia incision. Then, close all skin incisions with skin staplers.In this study, 77 patients were treated with Retzius-sparing robot-assisted radial prostatectomy. The median patient age was 65, with a serum prostate-specific antigen of 7.7 nanograms per milliliter. The preoperative tumor characteristics of patients are summarized in the table.The median operation time was 160 minutes, and the median hospital stay was three days. Nine patients developed grade one complications due to prolonged urinary catheter stay. Two patients suffered a high grade complication consisting of an infected lymphocele, requiring percutaneous drainage.One patient was treated with antibiotics for an infected lymphocele. 37 patients had either extra capsule or extension, or seminal vesicle invasion on final pathological examination. The other 40 patients were classified with PT2 disease.Furthermore, a positive surgical margin was reported in 33 patients. After a follow up of 11 months, seven patients suffered a biochemical recurrence. In postoperative continent status, after three months, 71 patients were socially continent.After six months, all evaluable patients were socially continent. Full continence was achieved in 43 patients after three months. Full continence gradually increased, and after 12 months, 94.3%of a evaluable patients were fully continent.The detailed information on the potency status of sexually active patients with at least one year follow up is shown here. During anterior dissection, sparing of the Santorini's plexus, the puboprostatic ligaments, and the Retzius space, are crucial to improve the functional outcome of this approach. The procedure can also be performed by the classic robot anterior approach, or even the open approach.The question remains, whether these approaches yield the same oncological and functional outcomes.

retzius-sparing-robot-assisted-radical-prostatectomy

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Generating a Murine Orthotopic Metastatic Breast Cancer Model and Performing Murine Radical Mastectomy

In vivo mouse models to assess breast cancer progression are essential for cancer research, including preclinical drug developments. However, the majority of the practical and technical details are commonly omitted in published manuscripts which, therefore, makes it challenging to reproduce the models, particularly when it involves surgical techniques. Bioluminescence technology allows for the evaluation of small amounts of cancer cells even when a tumor is not palpable. Utilizing luciferase-expressing cancer cells, we establish a breast cancer orthotopic inoculation technique with a high tumorigenesis rate. Lung metastasis is assessed utilizing an ex vivo technique. We, then, establish a mastectomy model with a low local recurrence rate to assess the metastatic tumor burden. Herein, we describe, in detail, the surgical techniques of orthotopic implantation and mastectomy for breast cancer with a high tumorigenesis rate and low local recurrence rates, respectively, to improve breast cancer model efficiency.

We introduce a murine orthotopic breast cancer model and radical mastectomy model with bioluminescence technology to quantify the tumor burden to mimic human breast cancer progression.

In vivo mouse models to assess breast cancer progression are essential for cancer research, including preclinical drug developments. However, the majority ...

Isolation of Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells for the Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction Following Radical Prostatectomy

Stem cells are used in many research areas within regenerative medicine in part because these treatments can be curative rather than symptomatic. Stem cells can be obtained from different tissues and several methods for isolation have been described. The presented method for the isolation of adipose-derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) can be used within many therapeutic areas because the method is a general procedure and, therefore, not limited to erectile dysfunction (ED) therapy. ED is a common and serious side effect to radical prostatectomy (RP) since ED often is not well treated with conventional therapy. Using ADRC&#8217;s as treatment for ED has attracted great interest due to the initial positive results after a single injection of cells into the corpora cavernosum. The method used for the isolation of ADRC&#8217;s is a simple, automated process, that is reproducible and ensures a uniform product. Furthermore, the sterility of the isolated product is ensured because the entire process takes place in a closed system. It is important to minimize the risk of contamination and infection since the stem cells are used for injection in humans. The whole procedure can be done within 2.5-3.5 hours and does not require a classified laboratory which eliminates the need for shipping tissue to an off-site. However, the procedure has some limitations since the minimum amount of drained lipoaspirate for the isolation device to function is 100 g.

Precise disclosure of methods and protocols is crucial for large scale uptake of stem cell therapies. Here, we present a protocol to isolate adipose-derived regenerative cells, used for a single intracavernous injection as treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) following radical prostatectomy (RP).

Stem cells are used in many research areas within regenerative medicine in part because these treatments can be curative rather than symptomatic. Stem ...

Technical Detail for Robot Assisted Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic platform, including three-dimensional vision, wristed instruments, and improved ergonomics, allow the surgeon to recapitulate the principles of open pancreatoduodenectomy allowing safe oncologic dissection, hemostasis, and meticulous reconstruction. Over the course of the past decade, significant strides have been achieved in outlining the safety, feasibility, and learning curve of the robotic Whipple. When performed by high volume pancreatic surgeons experienced in RPD, recent comparative effectiveness studies show potential advantages compared to the open technique, including reductions in hospital stay and morbidity. National data also show reductions in conversion rates compared to its laparoscopic counterpart. Although long-term oncologic data are still needed, short-term oncologic surrogates of margin resection and lymph node harvest suggest no compromise in oncologic outcomes. As pancreatic surgeons increasingly integrate robotics into their practice, proficiency-based training and credentialing will be necessary for the safe application and dissemination of RPD. Here, we provide the detailed steps of a robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.&#160;

The following manuscript details a stepwise approach to the robot-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy performed at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.

Since its first report in 2003, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy (RPD) has gained popularity among pancreatic surgeons. Inherent advantages of the robotic ...

Laparoscopic Radical Left Pancreatectomy for Pancreatic Cancer: Surgical Strategy and Technique Video

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological resection of left-sided pancreatic cancer. Several surgical techniques have been described in recent years, but few were specifically designed for minimally invasive approaches. This study describes and demonstrates a standardized and reproducible technique for an adequate oncological resection of pancreatic cancer: laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP).
A 61-year-old woman presented with an incidental finding of a 3 cm mass in the left pancreas suspect for malignancy. Imaging did not reveal distant metastases, central vascular involvement, or morbid obesity, hence the patient was suitable for LRLP. This study describes the main steps of LRLP for pancreatic cancer. First, the lesser sac is opened by transecting the gastrocolic ligament. The splenic flexure of the colon is mobilized and the inferior border of the pancreas including Gerota&#39;s fascia is dissected down to the inferior border of the spleen. The pancreas is tunneled and hung, including Gerota&#8217;s fascia with a vessel loop. At the pancreatic neck, a tunnel is created between the pancreas and the portal vein, likewise a vessel loop is passed. The pancreas is then transected using the graded compression technique with an endostapler. Both the splenic vein and artery are transected before completing the resection. The entire specimen is extracted in a retrieval bag via a small Pfannenstiel incision.
Duration of the surgery was 210 min with 250 mL blood loss. Pathology revealed a R0-resection (&#62;1 mm) of a well-to-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma originating from an intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. A total of 15 tumor-negative lymph nodes were resected. This is a detailed description of LRLP for left-sided pancreatic cancer as is currently being used within the international, multicenter randomized DIPLOMA (Distal Pancreatectomy Minimally Invasive or Open for PDAC) trial.

Oncologically safe left pancreatectomy requires radical resection (R0), Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia resection, and adequate lymph node dissection. This study describes the technical details of laparoscopic radical left pancreatectomy (LRLP), used in the first international multicenter randomized trial comparing minimally invasive with open left pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer, the DIPLOMA trial.

Radical resection margins, resection of Gerota&#8217;s (perirenal) fascia, and adequate lymph node dissection are crucial for an adequate oncological ...

Robot-Assisted Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy Including Resection and Reconstruction of the Spleno-Mesenteric Junction

This article shows the technique of robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy, including resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, for cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The patient is placed supine with the legs parted and a pneumoperitoneum is established and maintained at 10 mmHg. To use the surgical system, four 8 mm ports and one 12 mm port are required. The optic port is placed at the umbilicus. The other ports are placed, on either side, along the pararectal line and the anterior axillary line at the level of the umbilical line. The assistant port (12 mm) is placed along the right pararectal line. Dissection begins by detaching the gastrocolic ligament, thus opening the lesser sac, and by a wide mobilization of the splenic flexure of the colon. The superior mesenteric vein is identified along the inferior border of the pancreas. Lymph node number 8a is removed to permit clear visualization of the common hepatic artery. A tunnel is then created behind the neck of the pancreas. To permit safe resection and reconstruction of the spleno-mesenteric junction, further preemptive dissection is required before dividing the pancreatic neck to bring in clear view all relevant vascular pedicles. Next, the splenic artery is ligated and divided, and the pancreatic neck is divided, with selective ligature of the pancreatic duct. After vein resection and reconstruction, dissection proceeds to complete the clearance of peripancreatic arteries that are peeled off from all lympho-neural tissues. Both celiac ganglia are removed en-bloc with the specimen. The Gerota fascia covering the upper pole of the left kidney is also removed en-bloc with the specimen. Division of short gastric vessels and splenectomy complete the procedure. A drain is left near the pancreatic stump. The round ligament of the liver is mobilized to protect the vessels.

The robotic technique shown herein aims at faithfully reproducing the open procedure for radical treatment of cancer of the body-tail of the pancreas. The protocol also demonstrates the ability to master involvement of major peripancreatic vessels without conversion to open surgery.

This article shows the technique of robot-assisted radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy, including resection and reconstruction of the ...

Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed in the supine Trendelenburg position. Kidney allografts are provided by a living donor. Before vascular anastomosis, the kidney allograft is prepared by inserting a double-J stent in the ureter, and the temperature for the anastomosis is lowered by wrapping it in an ice-packed gauze. A 12 mm or 8 mm port for the robotic camera and three 8 mm ports for robotic arms are placed. A peritoneal pouch is created for the kidney allograft by raising the peritoneal flaps on both sides over the psoas muscle before dissecting the iliac vessels and bladder. A 6 cm Pfannenstiel incision is made to insert the kidney into the peritoneal pouch, lateral to the right iliac vessels. 
After clamping the external iliac vein with Bulldogs clamps, a venotomy is performed, and the graft renal vein is anastomosed to the external iliac vein in an end-to-side continuous manner with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture. After clamping the graft renal vein, the iliac vein is declamped. This is followed by clamping of the external iliac artery, arteriotomy, arterial anastomosis with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture, clamping of the graft renal artery, and declamping of the external iliac artery. Reperfusion is then carried out, and ureteroneocystostomy is performed using the Lich-Gregoir technique. The peritoneum is closed at a few locations with polymer locking clips, and a closed-suction drain is placed through one of the working ports. After deflating the pneumoperitoneum, all incisions are closed.

This paper provides technical details for robot-assisted kidney transplantation from a living donor.

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed ...

Robot-assisted Total Mesorectal Excision and Lateral Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Locally Advanced Middle-low Rectal Cancer

Since their approval for clinical use, da Vinci surgical robots have shown great advantages in gastrointestinal surgical operations, especially in complex procedures. The high-quality 3-D visual, multijoint arm and natural tremor filtration allow the surgeon to expose and dissect more accurately with minimal invasion. Total mesorectal excision is the standard surgical technique for the treatment of resectable rectal cancer. To reduce the lateral recurrence rate, lateral pelvic lymph node dissection can be performed, as it is a safe and feasible procedure for locally advanced middle-low rectal cancer with a high possibility of metastasis to the lateral lymph nodes. However, the complexity of the anatomic structures and the high postoperative complication rate limit its application. Recently, several surgeons have increasingly used robotic techniques for total mesorectal excision and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection. Compared with open and laparoscopic surgery, the robotic technique has several advantages, such as less blood loss, fewer blood transfusions, minimal trauma, shorter postoperative hospitalization, and quicker recovery. A robotic approach is generally regarded as a reasonable alternative for complicated procedures such as lateral pelvic lymph node dissection, although there are a limited number of high-quality prospective randomized controlled studies reporting direct evidence. Here, we provide the detailed steps of robot-assisted total mesorectal excision and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection performed at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#39;an Jiaotong University.

The robotic technique described herein aims to detail a stepwise approach to robot-assisted total mesorectal excision and lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for locally advanced (T3/T4) rectal cancer located below the peritoneal reflection.

Since their approval for clinical use, da Vinci surgical robots have shown great advantages in gastrointestinal surgical operations, especially in complex ...

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who have had neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Here, we present a technique to perform laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) using the dorsal-caudal artery approach by making full use of the high-definition vision and operation modes of the laparoscope.
The innovation and optimization of this operation are provided in the protocol. Priority should be given to the dorsal resection plane, including the dorsal side of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), the dorsal side of the pancreatic head, the root of the celiac artery (CeA), the ventral side of the left renal vessels, and the renal hilum. On the condition that the operation for pancreatic neck-body cancer is feasible and safe, the second step is to perform tumor resection en bloc surrounding the SMA and CeA from the caudal to the cephalic side to increase the rate of R0 (radical zero) resection and further prognosis.

Laparoscopic Radical Antegrade Modular Pancreatosplenectomy via Dorsal-Caudal Artery Approach for Pancreatic Neck-Body Cancer

With advancements in laparoscopic techniques, laparoscopic radical antegrade modular pancreatosplenectomy (L-RAMPS) has been widely recognized. However, owing to several technical difficulties in this procedure, the artery-first approach in L-RAMPS still remains uncommon. Here, we developed the dorsal-caudal artery approach for L-RAMPS, which might be safe and beneficial for pancreatic neck tumors.

Laparoscopic radical resection of the pancreatic neck is one of the most complicated radical operations for pancreatic cancer, especially for patients who ...

Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture

Cannulated screw fixation is the main therapy for femoral neck fractures, especially in young patients. The traditional surgical procedure uses C-arm fluoroscopy to place the screw freehand and requires several guide wire adjustments, which increases the operation time and radiation exposure. Repeated drilling can also cause damage to the blood supply and bone quality of the femoral neck, which can be followed by complications such as screw loosening, nonunion, and femoral head necrosis. In order to make fixation more precise and reduce the incidence of complications, our team applied robot-assisted orthopedic surgery for screw placement using the femoral neck system to modify the traditional procedure. This protocol introduces how to import a patient's X-ray information into the system, how to perform screw path planning in software, and how the robotic arm assists in screw placement. Using this method, the surgeons can place the screw successfully the first time, improve the accuracy of the procedure, and avoid radiation exposure. The whole protocol includes the diagnosis of femoral neck fracture; the collection of intraoperative X-ray images; screw path planning in the software; precise placement of the screw under the assistance of the robotic arm by the surgeon; and verification of the implant placement.

This article introduces a method of robot-assisted orthopedic surgery for screw placement during the treatment of femoral neck fracture using the femoral neck system, which allows for more accurate screw placement, improved surgical efficiency, and fewer complications.

Cannulated screw fixation is the main therapy for femoral neck fractures, especially in young patients. The traditional surgical procedure uses C-arm ...

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Congenital cholesteatoma accounts for 25% of cholesteatoma cases in children. Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery (TEES) is ideal for these patients because it offers a wide endoscopic view of the middle ear and a minimally invasive approach. The two main limitations are the loss of one operative hand and a narrow external auditory canal in younger children. Here, we present the case of a 3-year-old patient with a Potsic stage III congenital cholesteatoma adherent to the incus and branches of the stapes. A robotic-assisted TEES procedure was performed, during which a robotic arm with 6 degrees of freedom held a 0&#176;, 2.9 mm wide endoscope, enabling the surgeon to work in a narrow environment with both hands. The procedure's duration was 2 h and 9 min, including 16 min for the installation and draping of the robotic arm. After a trans-canal approach, the cholesteatoma was dissected from the ossicles using both a needle (or sickle knife) and suction to stabilize the ossicles and limit the risk of hearing trauma. The cholesteatoma was debulked to reduce its size, allowing it to be pushed under the malleus anteriorly and then separated from other adherences before removal. A tragal cartilage graft was used to reinforce the tympanic membrane.

This protocol describes the removal of congenital cholesteatoma using minimally invasive transcanal endoscopic ear surgery with a two-handed approach and a robotic endoscope holder.

Congenital cholesteatoma accounts for 25% of cholesteatoma cases in children. Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery (TEES) is ideal for these patients because ...