Ce travail a été soutenu en partie par des fonds de démarrage de l&#39;Université du Nebraska Medical Center et l&#39;Institut national de la santé (numéro de subvention 1R15 AR063901-01).

1. Préparation de la solution <ol><li> Préparer une solution de poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) (Mw = 80 000 g / mol) à une concentration approximative de 100 mg / ml. Dissoudre PCL dans un mélange de dichlorométhane (DCM) et de N, N-dimethlyformamide (DMF) dans un rapport de 4: 1 (v / v) à une concentration de 10% (p / v). </li><li> Placer la solution dans un tube en verre de 20 ml pour le mélange. Placez le tube de verre dans nettoyeur à ultrasons pendant 30 minutes, ou jusqu&#39;à ce que la solution est translucide. </li></ol> 2. Appareil Préparation <ol><li> Ajouter la solution PCL préparé dans une seringue de 5 ml avec une aiguille émoussée de calibre 21 fixée. </li><li> Passer pompe de seringue dans une position verticale d&#39;électrofilage, selon la figure 1. </li><li> Utilisez un collecteur en acier inoxydable avec espace un espace ouvert de 2 cm x 5 cm pour le substrat de fibres alignées. Placez le collecteur 12 cm de la pointe de l&#39;aiguille. </li><li> Branchez le courant continu (CC) haute tension alimentation duaiguille et la terre le collecteur. Assurez-vous que le collecteur est relié à la terre individuellement avec aucun contact à l&#39;autre équipement de laboratoire. </li></ol> 3. Électrofilage <ol><li> Set pompe seringue à 1,50 ml / h, jusqu&#39;à ce que les gouttelettes formant à la pointe de l&#39;aiguille sont immédiatement remplacés lorsqu&#39;ils sont retirés. Ensuite, définissez le débit à 0,50 ml / h. </li><li> Tourner l&#39;opérateur de tension à 12 kV. </li><li> Electrospin jusqu&#39;à ce que les fibres uniaxialement alignés couvrir complètement le fossé sur le collecteur. </li><li> Appliquer la colle sur les bords d&#39;une plaquette de verre et transférer les fibres à partir du collecteur de l&#39;écart de la plaque de verre. Placer la plaque de verre sur le dessus d&#39;un morceau de feuille d&#39;aluminium qui a la même taille que la plaque de verre et est mis à la terre. </li><li> Placer le second capteur de seringue selon la figure 3. </li><li> Fixez le masque en plastique à la deuxième pompe de la seringue et le positionner 2 mm au-dessus du collecteur. </li><li> Ajouter Coumarine 6 à 1% (p / p) à la solution PCL-si nanoencapsulation est desired- et mélanger jusqu&#39;à ce que la solution est translucide. </li><li> Chargez le PCL ou PCL / coumarine 6 solution dans une aiguille de 5 ml avec une aiguille de calibre 21 émoussée. Réglez pompe verticale à 0,50 ml / h et horizontale pour tirer à 9 ml / h ou à une vitesse approximative de 1 mm / min. </li><li> Electrospin jusqu&#39;à ce que le masque est déplacé presque complètement hors du collecteur, mais avec la zone de bordure encore sous le masque. </li></ol> 4. Caractérisation de la fibre <ol><li> Placer les échantillons avec du ruban adhésif double-face conductrice à la tige métallique et couche de platine pendant 40 secondes en utilisant une coucheuse par pulvérisation à 40 mA. <ol><li> Examiner les fibres à travers un microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) après nos études antérieures 17,18. </li><li> Recueillir des images à une tension d&#39;accélération de 15 kV. </li></ol></li><li> Effectuer transformée de Fourier (FFT) une analyse rapide sur un échantillon de fibre distincte pour mesurer l&#39;alignement des fibres. Les informations détaillées sur l&#39;alignement des fibres de mesure par FFT peut se référer to études antérieures 19,20. </li></ol> 5. Les cellules souches semis. <ol><li> Stériliser les échantillons de fibres par immersion dans une solution d&#39;éthanol à 70% pendant 2 heures. Puis laver les fibres avec de l&#39;eau distillée pour enlever les contaminants. </li><li> Obtenir ADSCs humaines et des cellules en culture dans un 2 flacon de 25 cm à 37 ° C dans une atmosphère de 95% d&#39;air / 5% de CO 2. Changer le milieu de culture de cellules tous les deux jours 10. </li><li> Trypsiniser les cellules et de compter le nombre de cellules. Plus précisément, enlever tout milieu de culture à partir de la fiole de culture de cellules et laver les cellules avec une solution saline tamponnée phosphate (PBS) deux fois. Ensuite, ajouter 1 m l d&#39;une solution à 0,25% de trypsine-EDTA (pré-chaud dans un bain d&#39;eau à 37 ° C) pour couvrir la monocouche cellulaire et on incube le flacon dans l&#39;incubateur de culture cellulaire pendant 2-3 minutes. Ajouter 4 ml de milieu de culture et laver toutes les cellules de la surface par pipetage du milieu sur toute la surface. E Centrifuger la suspension cellulaire et re-disperséee culot cellulaire dans le milieu de culture. Compter les cellules via hématimètre. Seed environ 1 × 10 4 cellules à l&#39;échafaud de nanofibres placé dans une boîte de -culture 35 mm et incuber pendant 3 et 7 jours. </li><li> cellules tache en utilisant diacétate de fluorescéine (5 mg / ml dans l&#39;acétone) (FDA), puis l&#39;image les échantillons en utilisant un microscope à fluorescence. Plus précisément, ajouter 100 ul de solution de la FDA pour la boîte de culture et incuber pendant 30 min. Laver les cellules avec PBS trois fois avant de l&#39;imagerie de fluorescence. Analyser l&#39;orientation de la cellule par un programme mat-lab personnalisée basée sur nos études précédentes 10. </li></ol>

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E., Xia, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurite+outgrowth+on+nanofiber+scaffolds+with+different+orders,+structures,+and+surface+properties.">Neurite outgrowth on nanofiber scaffolds with different orders, structures, and surface properties.</a> ACS Nano. 3 (5), 1151-1159 (2009).</li><li>Ayres, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+anisotropy+in+electrospun+tissue+engineering+scaffolds:+analysis+of+fiber+alignment+by+the+fast+Fourier+transform.">Modulation of anisotropy in electrospun tissue engineering scaffolds: analysis of fiber alignment by the fast Fourier transform.</a> Biomaterials. 27 (32), 5524-5534 (2006).</li><li>Ayres, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+fiber+alignment+in+electrospun+scaffolds:+a+user&#8217;s+guide+to+the+2D+fast+Fourier+transform+approach.">Measuring fiber alignment in electrospun scaffolds: a user&#8217;s guide to the 2D fast Fourier transform approach.</a> J. 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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The most critical part of the protocol is generation of the gradient scaffold. It is imperative that the mask covering the collector moves at a constant velocity so there is a gradual change within the fiber scaffold. The correct preparation of PCL solution is also important to ensure electrospinning success. Checking the fiber morphology prior to electrospinning is recommendable, especially after the encapsulation of Coumarin-6, which may require a higher voltage to electrospin correctly. 
Fu...

Les nanofibres sont un utilitaire populaire pour l&#39;ingénierie tissulaire en raison de leur capacité à imiter la matrice extracellulaire dans sa structure et une taille relative. Cependant, certaines interfaces tissulaires natives, telles que le site d&#39;insertion du tendon-os, contiennent des fibres de collagène, qui présentent une structure organisationnelle variable qui augmente en direction de l&#39;alignement des tendons et diminue au niveau du site de l&#39;os 2-5. Ainsi, pour la régénération tissulaire effective, il est nécessaire de fabriquer un échafaudage qui pourrait effectivement mimer la structure de ce gradient. Auparavant, il a été effectué des recherches sur des changements graduels dans la composition des fibres, en particulier, la teneur en minéraux 6. Cependant, recréant la composante structurelle des tissus conjonctifs reste largement inexploré. Une étude antérieure a examiné gradients morphologiques en étudiant l&#39;effet de la densité des particules de silice de surface sur la prolifération des ostéoblastes de la voûte crânienne du rat et ont trouvé une inverSE relation entre la densité de particules de silice et la prolifération des cellules 7. Mais les changements morphologiques médiation prolifération cellulaire dans des travaux antérieurs étaient principalement liés à la rugosité de surface manque la capacité en imitant fibres changements organisationnels 7,8. Une étude récente a tenté de fabriquer un échafaudage qui imitait les orientations uniques de fibres de collagène en utilisant un roman collecteur pour électrofilage neuf. Bien que cette étude a réussi à produire un échafaudage avec des fibres à la fois alignés et aléatoires, il n&#39;a pas réussi à imiter les changements graduels exposées dans les tissus natifs. Aussi, dans la production de composants séparés, avec un changement immédiat de alignée sur l&#39;orientation aléatoire, les propriétés biomécaniques de cette échafaudage diminué de manière significative. Aucun travail précédente a été en mesure de produire des échafaudages de nanofibres applicables avec des gradations continus dans des orientations de fibres de alignés et aléatoire. Notre étude récente a montré loisirs succès des échafaudages de nanofibresavec des gradations dans l&#39;organisation de fibres qui peuvent potentiellement imiter l&#39;organisation de collagène natif au tendon-os insertion 10. Ce travail vise à présenter les protocoles utilisés pour la production d&#39;échafaudages de nanofibres avec une structure qui ressemble étroitement à celui de l&#39;organisation de la fibre dans l&#39;interface native tendon-os tissus. Structures de nanofibres gradient ont potentiellement des applications dans une variété de domaines de grande envergure. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les applications à l&#39;ingénierie tissulaire du site d&#39;insertion du tendon-os en combinant nos échafaudages avec des cellules souches du tissu adipeux (ADSCs) qui sont déjà utilisés pour la régénération tissulaire sur divers substrats 11-14. En outre, ADSCs sont très similaires dans la nature à des cellules souches de moelle osseuse en termes de ressources et de leur multipotence est abondante qui peut être récolté en utilisant un simple 15,16 procédure de liposuccion. Ensemencement ces cellules aux échafaudages de nanofibres dégradés améliore encore leur tispoursuivre applications d&#39;ingénierie en permettant la distribution contrôlée des cellules qui peuvent potentiellement se différencier en divers tissus. En plus de l&#39;ensemencement des cellules souches, des nanofibres peuvent être encapsulés avec des molécules de signalisation pour la régulation de la réponse cellulaire. Couplage nanoencapsulation avec le gradient d&#39;organisation de ces échafaudages permet l&#39;étude du comportement cellulaire ou dessins et revêtements implants possibles. L&#39;encapsulation des molécules fonctionnelles telles que la protéine morphogénétique osseuse 2 (BMP2), qui a été montré pour induire la différenciation ostéoblastique 15,16, permettrait d&#39;améliorer encore les applications d&#39;ingénierie tissulaire de ces échafaudages 10.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycaprolactone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>440744</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethlyformamide</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>D-119-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Fisher Chemical</td>
			<td>AC61093-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coumarin 6</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>546283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adipose Derived Stem Cells</td>
			<td>Cellular engineering Technologies</td>
			<td>HMSC.AD-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>26140-111</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein Diacetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F7378</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-Modified Eagle&#39;s Medium</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>a10490-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>s25120a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Slides</td>
			<td>VWR international, LLC</td>
			<td>101412-842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-831-200</td>
			<td>Single syringe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic Cleaner</td>
			<td>Branson</td>
			<td>1510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Voltage DC Power Supply</td>
			<td>Gamma High Voltage Research</td>
			<td>ES30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scanning Electron Microscope</td>
			<td>FEI</td>
			<td>Nova 2300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axio Imager 2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electrospun nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible applications in controlling cell morphology/orientation. Nanofiber organization is controlled with a new fabrication apparatus that enables the gradual decrease of fiber organization in a scaffold. Changing the alignment of fibers is achieved through decreasing deposition time of random electrospun fibers on a uniaxially aligned fiber mat. By covering the collector with a moving barrier/mask, along the same axis as fiber deposition, the organizational structure is easily controlled. For tissue engineering purposes, adipose-derived stem cells can be seeded to these scaffolds. Stem cells undergo morphological changes as a result of their position on the varied organizational structure, and can potentially differentiate into different cell types depending on their locations. Additionally, the graded organization of fibers enhances the biomimicry of nanofiber scaffolds so they more closely resemble the natural orientations of collagen nanofibers at tendon-to-bone insertion site compared to traditional scaffolds. Through nanoencapsulation, the gradated fibers also afford the possibility to construct chemical gradients in fiber scaffolds, and thereby further strengthen their potential applications in fast screening of cell-materials interaction and interfacial tissue regeneration. This technique enables the production of continuous gradient scaffolds, but it also can potentially produce fibers in discrete steps by controlling the movement of the moving barrier/mask in a discrete fashion.

En utilisant ce protocole, un tapis de fibre à gradient d&#39;organisation a été formé. La figure 3 montre les images MEB prises à divers endroits sur l&#39;échafaud de nanofibres. Sur le plan qualitatif, on peut déterminer qu&#39;il existe une progression des fibres alignées de manière uniaxiale à 0 mm (figure 3A) à un assortiment aléatoire des fibres à 6 mm (figure 3D). La FFT donne une valeur quantitative à l&#39;alignement des fibres, des détails sur ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization at JoVE.com

Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

Ici, nous présentons un protocole pour fabriquer des échafaudages électrofilé de nanofibres avec l&#39;organisation graduée de fibres et d&#39;explorer leurs applications dans la régulation de la morphologie des cellules / orientation. Dégradés en ce qui concerne les propriétés physiques et chimiques des échafaudages de nanofibres offrent une grande variété d&#39;applications dans le domaine biomédical.

Électrofilées nanofibres échafaudages avec des gradations dans l&#39;organisation fibre

The goal of this protocol is to report a simple method for generating nanofiber scaffolds with gradations in fiber organization and test their possible ...

electrospun-nanofiber-scaffolds-with-gradations-in-fiber-organization

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Bioengineering

9.7K vues.  University of Nebraska Medical Center.  Ici, nous présentons un protocole pour fabriquer des échafaudages électrofilé de nanofibres avec l'organisation graduée de fibres et d'explorer leurs applications dans la régulation de la morphologie des cellules / orientation. Dégradés en ce qui concerne les propriétés physiques et chimiques des échafaudages de nanofibres offrent une grande variété d'applications dans le domaine biomédical. 

Vidéo: Electrospun Nanofiber Scaffolds with Gradations in Fiber Organization

Elastomeric PGS Scaffolds in Arterial Tissue Engineering

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and increasing obesity1. Currently, bypass surgery using autologous vessels, allografts, and synthetic grafts are known as a commonly used for arterial substitutes2. However, these grafts have limited applications when an inner diameter of arteries is less than 6 mm due to low availability, thrombotic complications, compliance mismatch, and late intimal hyperplasia3,4. To overcome these limitations, tissue engineering has been successfully applied as a promising alternative to develop small-diameter arterial constructs that are nonthrombogenic, robust, and compliant. Several previous studies have developed small-diameter arterial constructs with tri-lamellar structure, excellent mechanical properties and burst pressure comparable to native arteries5,6. While high tensile strength and burst pressure by increasing collagen production from a rigid material or cell sheet scaffold, these constructs still had low elastin production and compliance, which is a major problem to cause graft failure after implantation. Considering these issues, we hypothesized that an elastometric biomaterial combined with mechanical conditioning would provide elasticity and conduct mechanical signals more efficiently to vascular cells, which increase extracellular matrix production and support cellular orientation.
The objective of this report is to introduce a fabrication technique of porous tubular scaffolds and a dynamic mechanical conditioning for applying them to arterial tissue engineering. We used a biodegradable elastomer, poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS)7 for fabricating porous tubular scaffolds from the salt fusion method. Adult primary baboon smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were seeded on the lumen of scaffolds, which cultured in our designed pulsatile flow bioreactor for 3 weeks. PGS scaffolds had consistent thickness and randomly distributed macro- and micro-pores. Mechanical conditioning from pulsatile flow bioreactor supported SMC orientation and enhanced ECM production in scaffolds. These results suggest that elastomeric scaffolds and mechanical conditioning of bioreactor culture may be a promising method for arterial tissue engineering.

Elastomeric PGS scaffolds with vascular smooth muscle cells cultured in a pulsatile flow bioreactor may lead to promising small-diameter arterial constructs with native ECM production in a relatively short culture period.

PGS élastomère échafaudages en génie tissulaire artérielle

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading cause of mortality in the US and especially, coronary artery disease increases with an aging population and ...

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Bio-ingénierie

Postproduction Processing of Electrospun Fibres for Tissue Engineering

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo undergo biaxial distension to varying extents such as skin, bladder, pelvic floor and even the hard palate as children grow. In producing scaffolds for these purposes there is a need to develop scaffolds of appropriate biomechanical properties (whether achieved without or with cells) and which are sterile for clinical use. The focus of this paper is not how to establish basic electrospinning parameters (as there is extensive literature on electrospinning) but on how to modify spun scaffolds post production to make them fit for tissue engineering purposes - here thickness, mechanical properties and sterilisation (required for clinical use) are considered and we also describe how cells can be cultured on scaffolds and subjected to biaxial strain to condition them for specific applications.
Electrospinning tends to produce thin sheets; as the electrospinning collector becomes coated with insulating fibres it becomes a poor conductor such that fibres no longer deposit on it. Hence we describe approaches to produce thicker structures by heat or vapour annealing increasing the strength of scaffolds but not necessarily the elasticity. Sequential spinning of scaffolds of different polymers to achieve complex scaffolds is also described. Sterilisation methodologies can adversely affect strength and elasticity of scaffolds. We compare three methods for their effects on the biomechanical properties on electrospun scaffolds of poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA).
Imaging of cells on scaffolds and assessment of production of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cells on scaffolds is described. Culturing cells on scaffolds in vitro can improve scaffold strength and elasticity but the tissue engineering literature shows that cells often fail to produce appropriate ECM when cultured under static conditions. There are few commercial systems available that allow one to culture cells on scaffolds under dynamic conditioning regimes - one example is the Bose Electroforce 3100 which can be used to exert a conditioning programme on cells in scaffolds held using mechanical grips within a media filled chamber.4 An approach to a budget cell culture bioreactor for controlled distortion in 2 dimensions is described. We show that cells can be induced to produce elastin under these conditions. Finally assessment of the biomechanical properties of processed scaffolds cultured with or without cells is described.

Electrospun scaffolds can be processed post production for tissue engineering applications. Here we describe methods for spinning complex scaffolds (by consecutive spinning), for making thicker scaffolds (by multi-layering using heat or vapour annealing), for achieving sterility (aseptic production or sterilisation post production) and for achieving appropriate biomechanical properties.

Traitement post-production des fibres électrofilées de génie tissulaire

Electrospinning is a commonly used and versatile method to produce  scaffolds (often biodegradable) for 3D tissue engineering.1, 2, 3 Many tissues in vivo ...

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Poly(glycerol-dodecanedioate) for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among the various fabrication methods, electrospinning is the most attractive one due to its simplicity and versatility. Additionally, electrospun nanofibers mimic the size of natural extracellular matrix ensuring additional support for cell survival and growth. This study showed the viability of the fabrication of long fibers spanning a larger deposit area for a novel biodegradable and biocompatible polymer named&#160;poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD)1 by using a newly designed collector for electrospinning. PGD exhibits unique elastic properties with similar mechanical properties to nerve tissues, thus it is suitable for neural tissue engineering applications. The synthesis and fabrication set-up for making fibrous scaffolding materials was simple, highly reproducible, and inexpensive. In biocompatibility testing, cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells could adhere to and grow on the electrospun PGD fibers. In summary, this protocol provided a versatile fabrication method for making PGD electrospun fibers to support the growth of mouse embryonic stem cell derived neural lineage cells.

Electrospun Fibrous Scaffolds of Polyglycerol-dodecanedioate for Engineering Neural Tissues From Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Synthesis and fabrication of electrospun long fibers spanning a larger deposit area via a newly designed collector from a novel biodegradable polymer named poly(glycerol-dodecanoate) (PGD) was reported. The fibers were able to support the growth of cells derived from mouse pluripotent stem cells.

Électrofilé Fort échafaudages de poly (glycérol-dodécanedioate) pour l&#39;ingénierie des tissus neuronaux De Souris cellules souches embryonnaires

For tissue engineering applications, the preparation of biodegradable and biocompatible scaffolds is the most desirable but challenging task. &#160;Among ...

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell number. While researchers commonly reference their seeding density this does not necessarily indicate the actual number of cells that have adhered to the material in question. This is particularly the case for materials, or scaffolds, that do not cover the base of standard cell culture well plates. This study investigates the initial attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells seeded at a known number onto electrospun poly(&#949;-caprolactone) yarn after 4 hr in culture. Electrospun yarns were held within several different set-ups, including bioreactor vessels rotating at 9 rpm, cell culture inserts positioned in low binding well plates and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) troughs placed within petri dishes. The latter two were subjected to either static conditions or positioned on a shaker plate (30 rpm). After 4 hr incubation at 37&#160;oC, 5% CO2, the location of seeded cells was determined by cell DNA assay. Scaffolds were removed from their containers and placed in lysis buffer. The media fraction was similarly removed and centrifuged &#8211; the supernatant discarded and pellet broken up with lysis buffer. Lysis buffer was added to each receptacle, or well, and scraped to free any cells that may be present. The cell DNA assay determined the percentage of cells present within the scaffold, media and well fractions. Cell attachment was low for all experimental set-ups, with greatest attachment (30%) for yarns held within cell culture inserts and subjected to shaking motion. This study raises awareness to the actual number of cells attaching to scaffolds irrespective of the stated cell seeding density.

Optimizing Attachment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Electrospun Yarns

This article describes a range of set-ups for seeding human mesenchymal stem cells onto materials, in this case electrospun yarns, that do not cover the base of standard culture well plates in order to maximize and quantify the number of cells that initially attach compared to the known seeding density.

Optimisation Fixation des mésenchymateuses humaines cellules souches sur Poly (ε-caprolactone) électrofilées Yarns

Research into biomaterials and tissue engineering often includes cell-based in vitro investigations, which require initial knowledge of the starting cell ...

Epithelial Cell Repopulation and Preparation of Rodent Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds for Renal Tissue Development

This protocol details the generation of acellular, yet biofunctional, renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds that are useful as small-scale model substrates for organ-scale tissue development. Sprague Dawley rat kidneys are cannulated by inserting a catheter into the renal artery and perfused with a series of low-concentration detergents (Triton X-100 and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) over 26 hr to derive intact, whole-kidney scaffolds with intact perfusable vasculature, glomeruli, and renal tubules. Following decellularization, the renal scaffold is placed inside a custom-designed perfusion bioreactor vessel, and the catheterized renal artery is connected to a perfusion circuit consisting of: a peristaltic pump; tubing; and optional probes for pH, dissolved oxygen, and pressure. After sterilizing the scaffold with peracetic acid and ethanol, and balancing the pH (7.4), the kidney scaffold is prepared for seeding via perfusion of culture medium within a large-capacity incubator maintained at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Forty million renal cortical tubular epithelial (RCTE) cells are injected through the renal artery, and rapidly perfused through the scaffold under high flow (25 ml/min) and pressure (~230 mmHg) for 15 min before reducing the flow to a physiological rate (4 ml/min). RCTE cells primarily populate the tubular ECM niche within the renal cortex, proliferate, and form tubular epithelial structures over seven days of perfusion culture. A 44 &#181;M resazurin solution in culture medium is perfused through the kidney for 1 hr during medium exchanges to provide a fluorometric, redox-based metabolic assessment of cell viability and proliferation during tubulogenesis. The kidney perfusion bioreactor permits non-invasive sampling of medium for biochemical assessment, and multiple inlet ports allow alternative retrograde seeding through the renal vein or ureter. These protocols can be used to recellularize kidney scaffolds with a variety of cell types, including vascular endothelial, tubular epithelial, and stromal fibroblasts, for rapid evaluation within this system.

This protocol describes decellularization of Sprague Dawley rat kidneys by antegrade perfusion of detergents through the vasculature, producing acellular renal extracellular matrices that serve as templates for repopulation with human renal epithelial cells. Recellularization and use of the resazurin perfusion assay to monitor growth is performed within specially-designed perfusion bioreactors.

Épithéliale repeuplement cellulaire et préparation des rongeurs matrice extracellulaire échafaudages pour le développement de tissu rénal

This protocol details the generation of acellular, yet biofunctional, renal extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffolds that are useful as small-scale model ...

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of these porous nanofibers is of great interest due to their unique physiochemical properties. Here we elaborate on the fabrication of keratin containing poly (&#949;-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers (i.e., PCL/keratin composite fiber). Water soluble keratin was first extracted from human hair and mixed with PCL in different ratios. The blended solution of PCL/keratin was transformed into nanofibrous membranes using a laboratory designed electrospinning set up. Fiber morphology and mechanical properties of the obtained nanofiber were observed and measured using scanning electron microscopy and tensile tester. Furthermore, degradability and chemical properties of the nanofiber were studied by FTIR. SEM images showed uniform surface morphology for PCL/keratin fibers of different compositions. These PCL/keratin fibers also showed excellent mechanical properties such as Young&#39;s modulus and failure point. Fibroblast cells were able to attach and proliferate thus proving good cell viability. Based on the characteristics discussed above, we can strongly argue that the blended nanofibers of natural and synthetic polymers can represent an excellent development of composite materials that can be used for different biomedical applications.

Electrospun nanofibers have a high surface area to weight ratio, excellent mechanical integrity, and support cell growth and proliferation. These nanofibers have a wide range of biomedical applications. Here we fabricate keratin/ PCL nanofibers, using the electrospinning technique, and characterize the fibers for possible applications in tissue engineering.

Synthèse de nanofibres à base de kératine de génie biomédical

Electrospinning, due to its versatility and potential for applications in various fields, is being frequently used to fabricate nanofibers. Production of ...

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate Poly(Lactic Acid) Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of this new field of biomaterials research is due to the necessity to develop implants capable of mimicking the complex functionality of the various tissues, including a continuous change from one structure or composition to another. In this latter context, one topic of main interest concerns the design of appropriate scaffolds for bone-cartilage interface tissue. In this study, three-layered scaffolds with graded pore size were achieved by melt mixing poly(lactic acid) (PLA), sodium chloride (NaCl) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Pore size distributions were controlled by NaCl granulometry and PEG solvation. Scaffolds were characterized from a morphological and mechanical point of view. A correlation between the preparation method, the pore architecture and compressive mechanical behavior was found. The interface adhesion strength was quantitatively evaluated by using a custom-designed interfacial strength test. Furthermore, in order to imitate the human physiology, mechanical tests were also performed in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution at 37 &#176;C. The method herein presented provides a high control of porosity, pore size distribution and mechanical performance, thus offering the possibility to fabricate three-layered scaffolds with tailored properties by following a simple and eco-friendly route.

A Facile and Eco-friendly Route to Fabricate PolyLactic Acid Scaffolds with Graded Pore Size

In this work, poly(lactic acid)/polyethylene glycol (PLA/PEG) scaffolds were prepared by using a combination of melt mixing and selective leaching. The method herein discussed permitted to develop three-layer scaffolds by highly controlling both porosity and pore size. The mechanical properties were also evaluated in a physiological environment.

A Facile et écologique Route pour fabriquer poly (acide lactique) Échafaudages avec Graded Pore Taille

Over the recent years, functionally graded scaffolds (FGS) gaineda crucial role for manufacturing of devices for tissue engineering. The importance of ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&amp;#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

Faire fondre électrofilage écrit d’échafaudages Poly(ε-caprolactone) en trois dimensions avec des Morphologies contrôlables pour les Applications de génie tissulaire

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Fabrication and Characterization of Griffithsin-modified Fiber Scaffolds for Prevention of Sexually Transmitted Infections

Electrospun fibers (EFs) have been widely used in a variety of therapeutic applications; however, they have only recently been applied as a technology to prevent and treat sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Moreover, many EF technologies focus on encapsulating the active agent, relative to utilizing the surface to impart biofunctionality. Here we describe a method to fabricate and surface-modify poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) electrospun fibers, with the potent antiviral lectin Griffithsin (GRFT). PLGA is an FDA-approved polymer that has been widely used in drug delivery due to its outstanding chemical and biocompatible properties. GRFT is a natural, potent, and safe lectin that possesses broad activity against numerous viruses including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). When combined, GRFT-modified fibers have demonstrated potent inactivation of HIV-1 in vitro. This manuscript describes the methods to fabricate and characterize GRFT-modified EFs. First, PLGA is electrospun to create a fiber scaffold. Fibers are subsequently surface-modified with GRFT using 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS)chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess the size and morphology of surface-modified formulations. Additionally, a gp120 or hemagglutinin (HA)-based ELISA may be used to quantify the amount of GRFT conjugated to, as well as GRFT desorption from the fiber surface. This protocol can be more widely applied to fabricate fibers that are surface-modified with a variety of different proteins.

This manuscript describes the procedure to fabricate and characterize Griffithsin-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) electrospun fibers that demonstrate potent adhesive and antiviral activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in vitro. Methods used to synthesize, surface-modify, and characterize the resulting morphology, conjugation, and desorption of Griffithsin from surface-modified fibers are described.

Fabrication et caractérisation des échafaudages de fibre Griffithsin modifiés pour la prévention des Infections sexuellement transmissibles

Electrospun fibers (EFs) have been widely used in a variety of therapeutic applications; however, they have only recently been applied as a technology to ...

Culturing Mammalian Cells in Three-dimensional Peptide Scaffolds

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an environment that closely mimics the structural features of non-polarized tissue. Furthermore, the particular intrinsic nanofiber structure of the scaffold makes it transparent to visual light, which allows for easy visualization of the sample under microscopy. This advantage was largely used to study cell migration, organization, proliferation, and differentiation and thus any development of their particular cellular function by staining with specific dyes or probes. Furthermore, in this work, we describe the good performance of this system to easily study the redifferentiation of expanded human articular chondrocytes into cartilaginous tissue. Cells were encapsulated into self-assembling peptide scaffolds and cultured under specific conditions to promote chondrogenesis. Three-dimensional cultures showed good viability during the 4 weeks of the experiment. As expected, samples cultured with chondrogenic inducers (compared to non-induced controls) stained strongly positive for toluidine blue (which stains glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) that are highly present in cartilage extracellular matrix) and expressed specific molecular markers, including collagen type I, II and X, according to Western Blot analysis. This protocol is easy to perform and can be used at research laboratories, industries and for educational purposes in laboratory courses.

Here, we present a protocol to obtain 3D-culture systems in self-assembling peptide scaffolds to promote the differentiation of dedifferentiated human articular chondrocytes into cartilage-like tissue.

Culture de cellules mammifères dans les échafaudages de Peptide en trois dimensions

A useful technique for culturing cells in a self-assembling nanofiber three-dimensional (3D) scaffold is described. This culture system recreates an ...