Name: do's and don'ts in the preparation of muscle cryosections for histological analysis
Uploaded: 2015-05-15T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 10 min 27 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Alex Miller for manuscript revisions. This work was supported with the research grants awarded to M.G. from Cure CMD, Struggle Against Muscular Dystrophy (SAM) and Muscular Dystrophy Association (218938).

1. Tissue récolte et de congélation des tissus musculaires <ol><li> Euthanasier la souris avec une dose excessive de l&#39;isoflurane (2-chloro-2- (difluorométhoxy) -1,1,1-trifluoro-éthane). Effectuez cette étape dans une hotte et utiliser une méthode de confinement secondaire comme un dessiccateur ou une cloche de verre contenant un coton-tige imbibé d&#39;isoflurane. </li><li> Confirmer la mort en serrant fermement coussinet plantaire. Utilisez une méthode secondaire de l&#39;euthanasie telle que la dislocation cervicale. </li><li> Mouiller la fourrure avec 70% d&#39;alcool pour réduire le collage des mèches de cheveux en vrac sur les muscles. Peler la peau du membre en utilisant une pince fine tels que # 5. </li><li> Séparez délicatement le muscle d&#39;intérêt (jambier antérieur (TA) dans ce cas) à partir des os en dessous, à partir du tendon et à enlever. </li><li> Exciser le muscle, le couvrir dans l&#39;OCT (coupe optimale du composé Température), et posez-le à plat sur un moule de congélation jetable marqué. Assurez-vous que le muscle est à son orientation physiologique normal (tête tail) sans étirement. Alternativement, geler le muscle sur des petits carrés de mousse de polystyrène et l&#39;épingler en utilisant des épingles insectes pour assurer la bonne longueur des muscles. </li><li> Réfrigérer 2-méthylbutane (isopentane) dans un bêcher en acier avec de l&#39;azote liquide. Cela prend en moyenne de 3 - 5 min. Gardez en remuant de façon intermittente jusqu&#39;à précipités blancs commencent à se former sur le fond et les parois du bécher. REMARQUE: Lorsque cela se produit, l&#39;isopentane a atteint la température de congélation optimale (-150 ° C) </li><li> Trempez les moules contenant muscles dans le réfrigérée 2-méthylbutane. Congeler petits muscles comme le muscle long extenseur des orteils diaphragme et (EDL) pour les 6 - 12 sec et gros muscles comme le soléaire gastrocnémien (GS) et les triceps pour 15 - 20 sec. Ne pas congeler les muscles trop longtemps car cela pourrait conduire à la fissuration. </li><li> Transférer les tissus congelés sur de la glace sèche et laissez évaporer isopentane (à noter que ce processus prend en moyenne environ 15 - 20 min). Envelopper les tissus dans du papier aluminium et les stocker à ultra basse température (-70 ° C à -80 ° C) jusqu&#39;à ce que le sectionnement. </li></ol> 2. Intégrer les tissus dans PTOM Préparer bloc de tissu <ol><li> tissus de transport sur la glace sèche pour cyrostat pour éviter la décongélation. tissu Transfert à cryostat chambre (mis à -20 à -24 ° C pour éviter la décongélation complète des tissus) et les laisser équilibrer pendant 30 min. </li><li> Tournez la baie de refroidissement Peltier sur. Si le cryostat ne possède pas ce refroidissement, utiliser un aérosol de refroidissement pour congeler rapidement les PTOM. Ne laissez pas le dégel musculaire à tout moment au cours de l&#39;incorporation car cela peut entraîner des dommages dus au gel. </li><li> Ajouter une couche mince et uniforme de l&#39;OCT sur le disque de l&#39;échantillon et le laisser refroidir. Lorsque la plupart des PTOM est gelé sur le fond tout en liquide sur le dessus, insérez le tissu à l&#39;orientation correcte (perpendiculaire PTOM pour les sections transversales et parallèles PTOM pour les sections longitudinales). Utilisez un aérosol de refroidissement pour congeler rapidement octobre Touchez la partie unembeded du tissu avec poste de chaleurractor et attendre 45 sec. </li><li> Ajoutez une autre couche mince de l&#39;OCT autour du muscle, vaporiser avec un aérosol de refroidissement et d&#39;extraire la chaleur comme dans l&#39;étape précédente. </li><li> Continuez à ajouter des PTOM petits incréments et rapidement geler les PTOM en utilisant une combinaison d&#39;aérosol et d&#39;un extracteur de chaleur de refroidissement jusqu&#39;à ce que le muscle entier est couvert. </li><li> Mettre l&#39;extracteur de chaleur sur le dessus du bloc de tissu et attendre 5 min. </li></ol> 3. Préparer Sections et identifier les sections à partir de mi-ventre Région des Muscles <ol><li> Placer le spécimen sur la tête de l&#39;objet. Serrez la molette pour fixer le disque. Assurez-vous que la platine est en bon contact avec la tête de l&#39;objet. </li><li> Réglez la température de la chambre à entre -21 et -24 ° C et attendre jusqu&#39;à ce que la température de consigne est atteint. </li><li> Réglez les paramètres d&#39;épaisseur (7 pm); couper le bloc en avançant ou en rétractant le bloc en utilisant les réglages grossiers et fins. </li><li> Recueillir les sectionspréchauffée sur des lames de microscope chargées positivement en appuyant sur la partie supérieure de la glissière sur les sections, en utilisant l&#39;attraction entre les charges opposées pour faciliter l&#39;adhérence des sections de coupe de la lame. </li><li> Identifier les sections à mi-ventre par mesure de surface en coupe transversale (CSA) des sections. Pour ce faire, le logiciel d&#39;imagerie à l&#39;aide de l&#39;ordinateur qui est connecté au microscope. REMARQUE: des images à contraste de phase sont prises et la circonférence de l&#39;ensemble du muscle est mesurée via une fonction de traçage sur le logiciel. Cela donnera à la fois la CSA ainsi que diamètre minimum de furet (mesure des fibres taille transversale qui est exprimé comme la plus petite distance entre deux tangentes parallèles sur les côtés opposés d&#39;une particule) mesures. Remarque: Lors de la CSA et de diamètre de furet minimum mesures commencent à plateau, mi ventre a été atteint. </li><li> Inventaire et archiver les diapositives à -80 ° C pour la coloration avenir. REMARQUE: octobre n&#39;a pas besoin d&#39;être enlevé avant staininprocédures de g. Lorsque les lames sont sous une lamelle, ils sont prêts à être colorées immédiatement. </li></ol> 4. Coloration REMARQUE: Bien que les procédures détaillées étape par étape peuvent être trouvés sur la feuille de données du produit et doivent être suivies pour les procédures de coloration, l&#39;optimisation personnelle peut être nécessaire pour obtenir une coloration optimale. <ol><li> Parce que les médias de montage (voir tableau) est non miscible à l&#39;eau, déshydrater diapositives en augmentant les qualités d&#39;alcool (2 min chacun à 70%, 95% et 100% d&#39;éthanol) et les effacer avec du xylène (100% pendant 5 min) pour assurer diapositives ne deviennent pas opaque au fil du temps. </li><li> Lamelle sections et les laisser sécher. Image avec microscope équipé d&#39;un logiciel d&#39;imagerie. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bonnemann, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+approach+to+the+congenital+muscular+dystrophies.">Diagnostic approach to the congenital muscular dystrophies.</a> Neuromuscular disorders : NMD. 24, 289-311 (2014).</li><li>Caughey, J. E., Pachomov, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diaphragm+in+dystrophia+myotonica.">The diaphragm in dystrophia myotonica.</a> J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 22, 311-313 (1959).</li><li>Fetterman, G. H., Wratney, M. J., Donaldson, J. S., Danowski, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscular+dystrophy.+I.+History,+clinical+status,+muscle+strength,+and+biopsy+findings.">Muscular dystrophy. I. History, clinical status, muscle strength, and biopsy findings.</a> AMA J Dis Child. 91, 326-338 (1956).</li><li>Platzer, A. C., Chase, W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histologic+Alterations+in+Preclinical+Mouse+Muscular+Dystrophy.">Histologic Alterations in Preclinical Mouse Muscular Dystrophy.</a> The American journal of pathology. 44, 931-946 (1964).</li><li>Mercuri, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle+magnetic+resonance+imaging+involvement+in+muscular+dystrophies+with+rigidity+of+the+spine.">Muscle magnetic resonance imaging involvement in muscular dystrophies with rigidity of the spine.</a> Ann Neurol. 67, 201-208 (2010).</li><li>Tasca, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+molecular+signatures+in+magnetic+resonance+imaging-staged+facioscapulohumeral+muscular+dystrophy+muscles.">Different molecular signatures in magnetic resonance imaging-staged facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy muscles.</a> PloS one. 7, e38779 (2012).</li><li>Girgenrath, M., Dominov, J. A., Kostek, C. A., Miller, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+apoptosis+improves+outcome+in+a+model+of+congenital+muscular+dystrophy.">Inhibition of apoptosis improves outcome in a model of congenital muscular dystrophy.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 114, 1635-1639 (2004).</li><li>Kumar, A., Yamauchi, J., Girgenrath, T., Girgenrath, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Muscle-specific+expression+of+insulin-like+growth+factor+1+improves+outcome+in+Lama2Dy-w+mice,+a+model+for+congenital+muscular+dystrophy+type+1A.">Muscle-specific expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 improves outcome in Lama2Dy-w mice, a model for congenital muscular dystrophy type 1A.</a> Human molecular genetics. 20, 2333-2343 (2011).</li><li>Mehuron, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dysregulation+of+matricellular+proteins+is+an+early+signature+of+pathology+in+laminin-deficient+muscular+dystrophy.">Dysregulation of matricellular proteins is an early signature of pathology in laminin-deficient muscular dystrophy.</a> Skeletal muscle. 4, 14 (2014).</li><li>Yamauchi, J., Kumar, A., Duarte, L., Mehuron, T., Girgenrath, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triggering+regeneration+and+tackling+apoptosis:+a+combinatorial+approach+to+treating+congenital+muscular+dystrophy+type+1+A.">Triggering regeneration and tackling apoptosis: a combinatorial approach to treating congenital muscular dystrophy type 1 A.</a> Human molecular genetics. 22, 4306-4317 (2013).</li><li>Sheriffs, I. N., Rampling, D., Smith, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Paraffin+wax+embedded+muscle+is+suitable+for+the+diagnosis+of+muscular+dystrophy.">Paraffin wax embedded muscle is suitable for the diagnosis of muscular dystrophy.</a> Journal of clinical pathology. 54, 517-520 (2001).</li><li>Fox, C. H., Johnson, F. B., Whiting, J., Roller, P. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+fixation.">Formaldehyde fixation.</a> Journal of Histochemistry &amp; Cytochemistry. 33, 845-853 (1985).</li><li>Maccarty, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Diagnostic+Reliability+of+Frozen+Sections.">The Diagnostic Reliability of Frozen Sections.</a> The American journal of pathology. 5, 377-380 (1929).</li><li>Shi, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+value+of+frozen+tissue+section+used+as+'gold+standard'+for+immunohistochemistry.">Evaluation of the value of frozen tissue section used as 'gold standard' for immunohistochemistry.</a> Am J Clin Pathol. 129, 358-366 (2008).</li><li>Turan, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+frozen+sections+for+intraoperative+diagnosis+of+complex+atypical+endometrial+hyperplasia.">Accuracy of frozen sections for intraoperative diagnosis of complex atypical endometrial hyperplasia.</a> Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 13, 1953-1956 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Histologie et immunohistochimie ont été utilisés comme outils essentiels à la compréhension de la manifestation et l&#39;évolution de la pathologie dans divers troubles neuromusculaires. Classiquement, les biopsies musculaires ont d&#39;abord été fixés dans du formol puis intégrés avec de la cire de paraffine. Le formaldéhyde fixation préserve l&#39;architecture des tissus et permet le stockage de tissus et de transport à température ambiante, il inactive également des enzymes et protéines reticulations...

L&#39;examen de l&#39;histologie des muscles joue un rôle critique dans la compréhension des différents types de troubles neuromusculaires 4.1. Lorsqu&#39;il est combiné avec d&#39;autres techniques, il permet aux chercheurs d&#39;obtenir une meilleure idée de la manifestation et de la progression de la pathologie et peuvent aussi être essentiel pour évaluer l&#39;efficacité d&#39;une intervention thérapeutique 5-10. Toutefois, pour être précis, les tissus doivent être préservées de la manière appropriée afin de préserver immédiatement l&#39;état physiologique avant l&#39;excision. Cela exige un grand soin lors de l&#39;enlèvement, de la préservation, de sectionnement et coloration. Les tissus peuvent être préparés de deux façons différentes pour étude au microscope optique. La première méthode, fixés au formol (FFPE) paraffine sections, embarqué nécessite tissus à fixer dans les 10% de formaldéhyde tamponnée naturelle avant d&#39;être intégré avec la cire de paraffine 11,12. L&#39;étape de fixation permet de préserver la morphologie mieux, mais aussi des liens croisés pr endogèneoteins nécessitant ainsi des procédures de récupération d&#39;antigène complexe pour un marquage et d&#39;éliminer la possibilité de coloration enzymatique sur ces articles 12. Coupes congelées, d&#39;autre part, ne doivent pas être pré-fixe ou traitées; par conséquent, les protéines sont capables de retenir des conformations natives 13,14 biologiques. En outre, des coupes congelées permettent également un gain de temps, ce qui est parfois nécessaire, par exemple dans le diagnostic peropératoire de sarcomes et autres biopsies chirurgicales 15. Toutefois, si ne pas fait correctement, cette méthode est sujette à des dommages par congélation, qui apporte des modifications à l&#39;architecture musculaire rendant les sections impropres à l&#39;examen histologique. Ce document décrit la méthode la plus efficace pour préparer des biopsies musculaires afin de parvenir à coloration optimale pour examen approprié.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cryostat</td><td>Leica CM 1850</td><td>Leica Microsystems Inc.</td><td>Buffalo Grove, IL 60089 U.S.A., office phone 1-800-248-0123&lt;br /&gt;Alternative: Richard Allen Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Microscope</td><td>Nikon Eclipse 50i</td><td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td><td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064 U.S.A., Phone: 1-631-547-8500&lt;br /&gt;Alternative: Olympus</td></tr><tr><td>Image analysis software</td><td>Nikon Imaging Software Basic Research</td><td>Nikon Instruments Inc.</td><td>1300 Walt Whitman Road, Melville, N.Y. 11747-3064, U.S.A., Phone: 1-631-547-8500&lt;br /&gt;Alternatives: Image J, Metamorph</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>14043-220-05</td><td>JD Medical Dist. Co., Inc.</td><td>1923 West Peoria Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85029 U.S.A.</td></tr><tr><td>OCT</td><td>4583</td><td>Sakura Inc.</td><td>Torrence, CA 90501 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: Leica Microsystem</td></tr><tr><td>Freeze It</td><td>23-022524</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA, 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Disposable tissue mold</td><td>22-363-554</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Colorfrost plus slides</td><td>9991001</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>650501-4L</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>3050 Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO 63103 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Ethyl alcohol</td><td>HC-1300-1GL</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>2-methyl butane</td><td>M 32631-SL</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>3050 Spruce Street, St. Louis, MO 63103 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Xylene</td><td>HC-7001GA</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Cytoseal 280</td><td>8311-4</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin Gill #3</td><td>CS402-1D</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr><tr><td>Eosin</td><td>6766007</td><td>Thermofisher</td><td>790 Memorial Dr, Cambridge, MA 02139 U.S.A.&lt;br /&gt;Alternative source: VWR Scientific</td></tr></tbody></table>

do's and don'ts in the preparation of muscle cryosections for histological analysis

Examen histologique des biopsies musculaires a servi comme un outil indispensable dans la compréhension du développement et la progression de la pathologie des troubles neuromusculaires. Toutefois, afin de le faire, des soins appropriés doivent être prises lorsque l&#39;excision et la préservation de tissus pour obtenir une coloration optimale. Une méthode de préservation des tissus consiste à fixer les tissus en formaldéhyde, puis les incorporer à la cire de paraffine. Cette méthode préserve la morphologie bien et permet le stockage à long terme à température ambiante, mais est lourde et nécessite une manipulation de produits chimiques toxiques. En outre, des résultats formaldéhyde de fixation à l&#39;antigène reticulation, ce qui nécessite des protocoles d&#39;extraction d&#39;antigène efficace pour immunocoloration. Au contraire, le sectionnement congelé ne nécessite pas de fixation et conserve ainsi biologique antigène conformation. Cette méthode fournit également un avantage distinct à son tour rapide autour du temps, ce qui rend particulièrement utile dans les situations nécessitant une évaluation histologique rapide comme intraoperative biopsies chirurgicales. Ici, nous décrivons la méthode la plus efficace de préparer des biopsies musculaires pour la visualisation avec différents colorants histologiques et immunologiques.

La mise en place pour la récolte et la congélation des tissus peut être vu sur la figure 1. Tissus excisés doivent être stockés sur une gaze trempée dans du PBS afin d&#39;éviter le séchage (figure 1A). Lorsque les tissus sont sélectionnés pour être utilisé pour l&#39;analyse histologique, ils devraient être trempés dans de l&#39;OCT et disposés sur cryo moule dans le bon sens et que près de la longueur physiologique que possible pour assurer la morphologie précise <st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis at JoVE.com

Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

À faire et à ne pas faire dans la préparation de Muscle cryosections pour l&#39;analyse histologique

Histological evaluation of muscle biopsies has served as an indispensable tool in the understanding of the development and progression of pathology of ...

do-s-don-ts-preparation-muscle-cryosections-for-histological

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

31.8K vues.  Boston University. Here we demonstrate the most efficient methods for freezing, embedding, cryosectioning, and staining of muscle biopsies to avoid freezing artifacts.

Vidéo: Do's and Don'ts in the Preparation of Muscle Cryosections for Histological Analysis

Induction of Acute Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Cardiotoxin Injection

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a physiological process that occurs in adult skeletal muscles in response to injury or disease. Acute injury-induced skeletal muscle regeneration is a widely used, powerful model system to study the events involved in muscle regeneration as well as the mechanisms and different players. Indeed, a detailed knowledge of this process is essential for a better understanding of the pathological conditions that lead to skeletal muscle degeneration, and it aids in identifying new targeted therapeutic strategies. The present work describes a detailed and reproducible protocol to induce acute skeletal muscle regeneration in mice through a single intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin (CTX). CTX belongs to the family of snake venom toxins and causes myolysis of myofibers, which eventually triggers the regeneration events. The dynamics of skeletal muscle regeneration is evaluated by histological analysis of muscle sections. The protocol also illustrates the experimental procedures for dissecting, freezing, and cutting the Tibialis Anterior muscle, as well as the routine Hematoxylin &#38; Eosin staining that is widely used for subsequent morphological and morphometric analysis.

This manuscript describes a detailed protocol to induce acute skeletal muscle regeneration in adult mice and subsequent manipulations of the muscles, such as dissection, freezing, cutting, routine staining, and myofiber cross-sectional area analysis.

Induction de aiguë Skeletal Muscle Régénération par cardiotoxine Injection

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a physiological process that occurs in adult skeletal muscles in response to injury or disease. Acute injury-induced ...

Recherche

Biologie du développement

Preparation of the Rat Vocal Fold for Neuromuscular Analyses

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures for rat laryngeal dissection, flash-freezing, and cryosectioning of the vocal folds. This study describes how to cryosection vocal folds in both longitudinal and cross-sectional planes. A novelty of this protocol is the laryngeal tracking during cryosectioning that ensures accurate identification of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles and reduces the chance of tissue loss. Figures demonstrate the progressive cryosectioning in both planes. Twenty-nine rat hemi-larynges were cryosectioned and tracked from the emergence of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the first section that included the full vocal fold. The full vocal fold was visualized for all animals in both planes. There was high variability in the distance from the appearance of the thyroid cartilage to the appearance of the full vocal fold in both planes. Weight was not correlated to depth of laryngeal landmarks, suggesting individual variability and other factors related to tissue preparation may be responsible for the high variability in the appearance of landmarks during sectioning. This study details a methodology and presents morphological data for preparing the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular investigation. Due to high individual variability, laryngeal landmarks should be closely tracked during cryosectioning to prevent oversectioning tissue and tissue loss. The use of a consistent methodology, including adequate tissue preparation and awareness of landmarks within the rat larynx, will assist with consistent results across studies and aid new researchers interested in using the rat vocal fold as a model to investigate laryngeal neuromuscular mechanisms.

This protocol describes methods used to prepare rat vocal folds for histochemical neuromuscular study.

Préparation du pli vocal du rat pour les analyses neuromusculaires

The purpose of this tutorial is to describe the preparation of the rat vocal fold for histochemical neuromuscular study. This protocol outlines procedures ...

Neurosciences

Tissue Triage and Freezing for Models of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal results from functional, cellular, molecular, and pathological evaluations. Due to the subtlety of some pathological abnormalities seen in congenital muscle disorders and the potential for fixation to interfere with the recognition of these features, pathological evaluation of frozen muscle is preferable to fixed muscle when evaluating skeletal muscle for congenital muscle disease. Additionally, the potential to produce severe freezing artifacts in muscle requires specific precautions when freezing skeletal muscle for histological examination that are not commonly used when freezing other tissues. This manuscript describes a protocol for rapid freezing of skeletal muscle using isopentane (2-methylbutane) cooled with liquid nitrogen to preserve optimal skeletal muscle morphology. This procedure is also effective for freezing tissue intended for genetic or protein expression studies. Furthermore, we have integrated our freezing protocol into a broader procedure that also describes preferred methods for the short term triage of tissue for (1) single fiber functional studies and (2) myoblast cell culture, with a focus on the minimum effort necessary to collect tissue and transport it to specialized research or reference labs to complete these studies. Overall, this manuscript provides an outline of how fresh tissue can be effectively distributed for a variety of phenotypic studies and thereby provides standard operating procedures (SOPs) for pathological studies related to congenital muscle disease.

The analysis of skeletal muscle tissues to determine structural, functional, and biochemical properties is greatly facilitated by appropriate preparation. This protocol describes appropriate methods to prepare skeletal muscle tissue for a broad range of phenotyping studies.

Triage de tissus et de congélation pour les modèles de la maladie de muscle squelettique

Skeletal muscle is a unique tissue because of its structure and function, which requires specific protocols for tissue collection to obtain optimal ...

Biologie

Cryosectioning Method for Microdissection of Murine Colonic Mucosa

The colonic mucosal tissue provides a vital barrier to luminal antigens. This barrier is composed of a monolayer of simple columnar epithelial cells. The colonic epithelium is dynamically turned over and epithelial cells are generated in the stem cell containing crypts of Lieberk&#252;hn. Progenitor cells produced in the crypt-bases migrate toward the luminal surface, undergoing a process of cellular differentiation before being shed into the gut lumen. In order to study these processes at the molecular level, we have developed a simple method for the microdissection of two spatially distinct regions of the colonic mucosa; the proliferative crypt zone, and the differentiated surface epithelial cells. Our objective is to isolate specific crypt and surface epithelial cell populations from mouse colonic mucosa for the isolation of RNA and protein.

Here we describe a simple method for the isolation of spatially distinct murine colonic epithelial surface cells from the underlying crypt-base cells.

Cryosectioning Méthode de microdissection de murin côlon Muqueuse

The colonic mucosal tissue provides a vital barrier to luminal antigens. This barrier is composed of a monolayer of simple columnar epithelial cells. The ...

Fiber Type and Subcellular-Specific Analysis of Lipid Droplet Content in Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle lipid infiltration, known as myosteatosis, increases with obesity and ageing. Myosteatosis has also recently been discovered as a negative prognostic factor for several other disorders such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Excessive lipid infiltration decreases muscle mass and strength. It also results in lipotoxicity and insulin resistance depending on total intramyocellular lipid content, lipid droplet (LD) morphology, and subcellular distribution. Fiber type (oxidative vs glycolytic) is also important, since oxidative fibers have a greater capacity to utilize lipids. Because of their crucial implications in pathophysiology, in-depth studies on LD dynamics and function in a fiber type-specific manner are warranted.
Herein, a complete protocol is presented for the quantification of intramyocellular lipid content and analysis of LD morphology and subcellular distribution in a fiber type-specific manner. To this end, serial muscle cryosections were stained with the fluorescent dye Bodipy and antibodies against myosin heavy chain isoforms. This protocol enables the simultaneous processing of different muscles, saving time and avoiding possible artifacts and, thanks to a personalized macro created in Fiji, the automatization of LD analysis is also possible.

Increasing evidence indicates that excessive infiltration of lipids inside skeletal muscle results in lipotoxicity and diabetes. Here, we present a complete protocol, including tissue processing, staining with Bodipy, image acquisition, and analysis, to quantify the size, density, and subcellular distribution of lipid droplets in a fiber-type specific manner.

Analyse du type de fibre et de la teneur en gouttelettes lipidiques dans le muscle squelettique

Skeletal muscle lipid infiltration, known as myosteatosis, increases with obesity and ageing. Myosteatosis has also recently been discovered as a negative ...

Médecine

High-Throughput, Multi-Image Cryohistology of Mineralized Tissues

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious projects to disrupt every gene in the mouse genome. The research community needs rapid and inexpensive means to phenotype tissues via histology. Histological analyses of skeletal tissues are often time consuming and semi-quantitative at best, regularly requiring subjective interpretation of slides from trained individuals. Here, we present a cryohistological paradigm for efficient and inexpensive phenotyping of mineralized tissues. First, we present a novel method of tape-stabilized cryosectioning that preserves the morphology of mineralized tissues. These sections are then adhered rigidly to glass slides and imaged repeatedly over several rounds of staining. The resultant images are then aligned either manually or via computer software to yield composite stacks of several layered images. The protocol allows for co-localization of numerous molecular signals to specific cells within a given section. In addition, these fluorescent signals can be quantified objectively via computer software. This protocol overcomes many of the shortcomings associated with histology of mineralized tissues and can serve as a platform for high-throughput, high-content phenotyping of musculoskeletal tissues moving forward.

In this manuscript, we present a high-throughput, semi-automated cryohistology platform to produce aligned composite images of multiple response measures from several rounds of fluorescent imaging on frozen sections of mineralized tissues.

À haut débit, multi-images Cryohistology de minéralisés Tissues

There is an increasing need for efficient phenotyping and histopathology of a variety of tissues. This phenotyping need is evident with the ambitious ...

Cryosectioning of Contiguous Regions of a Single Mouse Skeletal Muscle for Gene Expression and Histological Analyses

With this method, consecutive cryosections are collected to enable both microscopy applications for tissue histology and enrichment of RNA for gene expression using adjacent regions from a single mouse skeletal muscle. Typically, it is challenging to achieve adequate homogenization of small skeletal muscle samples because buffer volumes may be too low for efficient grinding applications, yet without sufficient mechanical disruption, the dense tissue architecture of muscle limits penetration of buffer reagents, ultimately causing low RNA yield. By following the protocol reported here, 30 &#956;m sections are collected and pooled allowing cryosectioning and subsequent needle homogenization to mechanically disrupt the muscle, increasing the surface area exposed for buffer penetration. The primary limitations of the technique are that it requires a cryostat, and it is relatively low throughput. However, high-quality RNA can be obtained from small samples of pooled muscle cryosections, making this method accessible for many different skeletal muscles and other tissues. Furthermore, this technique enables matched analyses (e.g., tissue histopathology and gene expression) from adjacent regions of a single skeletal muscle so that measurements can be directly compared across applications to reduce experimental uncertainty and to reduce replicative animal experiments necessary to source a small tissue for multiple applications.

Consecutive cryo-sections are collected to enable histological applications and enrichment of RNA for gene expression measurements using adjacent regions from a single mouse skeletal muscle. High-quality RNA is obtained from 20 - 30 mg of pooled cryosections and measurements are directly compared across applications.

Cryosectioning de contigües Les régions d&#39;un muscle squelettique de souris unique pour l&#39;expression génique et analyses histologiques

With this method, consecutive cryosections are collected to enable both microscopy applications for tissue histology and enrichment of RNA for gene ...

A Multi-hole Cryovial Eliminates Freezing Artifacts when Muscle Tissues are Directly Immersed in Liquid Nitrogen

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible cytoplasmic compartments. Another hurdle is the tight apposition of myofibers to the surrounding tissues. Because the process of tissue fixation and paraffin embedding leads to the shrinkage of muscle fibers, freezing is an optimal means of hardening muscle tissue for sectioning. However, a commonly encountered issue, the formation of ice crystals, occurs during the preparation of frozen sections because of the high water content of muscle. The protocol presented here first describes a simple and efficient method for properly freezing muscle tissues by immersing them in liquid nitrogen. The problem with using liquid nitrogen alone is that it causes the formation of a nitrogen gas barrier next to the tissue, which acts as an insulator and inhibits the cooling of the tissues. To avoid this "vapor blanket" effect, a new cryovial was designed to increase the speed of liquid flow around the tissue surface. This was achieved by punching a total of 14 inlet holes in the wall of the vial. According to bubble dynamics, a higher rate of liquid flow results in smaller bubbles and fewer chances to form a gas barrier. When liquid nitrogen flows into the cryovial through the inlet holes, the flow velocity around the tissue is fast enough to eliminate the gas barrier. Compared to the method of freezing muscle tissues using pre-chilled isopentane, this protocol is simpler and more efficient and can be used to freeze muscle in a throughput manner. Furthermore, this method is optimal for institutions that do not have access to isopentane, which is extremely flammable at room temperature.

This protocol describes a procedure to freeze muscle tissues by plunging them directly into liquid nitrogen. This protocol also highlights a new cryovial that can avoid the &#34;blanket effect&#34; of nitrogen gas when liquid nitrogen contacts the tissue surface of a specimen.

Un multi-trous Cryovial Elimine congélation lorsque les artefacts sont les tissus musculaires directement Immergé dans l&#39;azote liquide

Studies on skeletal muscle physiology face the technical challenge of appropriately processing the specimens to obtain sections with clearly visible ...

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal muscle development and regeneration, and the autophagic process has been described in several muscular pathologies and age-related muscle disorders. A recently described block of the autophagic process that correlates with the functional exhaustion of satellite cells during muscle repair supports the notion that active autophagy is coupled with productive muscle regeneration. These data uncover the crucial role of autophagy in satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophies. Here, we provide a protocol to monitor the autophagic process in the adult Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) compartment during muscle regenerative conditions. This protocol describes the setup methodology to perform in situ immunofluorescence imaging of LC3, an autophagy marker, and MyoD, a myogenic lineage marker, in muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice. The methodology reported allows for monitoring the autophagic process in one specific cell compartment, the MuSC compartment, which plays a central role in orchestrating muscle regeneration.

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Active autophagy is associated with productive muscle regeneration, which is essential for Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) activation. Here, we provide a protocol for the in situ detection of LC3, an autophagy marker in MyoD-positive MuSCs of muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice.

Coloration immunofluorescente in situ de l&#39;autophagie dans les cellules souches musculaires

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal ...

Immunolabelling Myofiber Degeneration in Muscle Biopsies

The necrosis of muscle fibres (myonecrosis) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of several muscle conditions, including muscular dystrophies. Therapeutic options addressing the causes of muscular dystrophy pathogenesis are expected to alleviate muscle degeneration. Therefore, a method to assay and quantify the extent of cell death in muscle biopsies is needed. Conventional methods to observe myofiber degeneration in situ are either poorly quantitative or rely on the injection of vital dyes. In this article, an immunofluorescence protocol is described that stains necrotic myofibers by targeting immunoglobulin G (IgG) uptake by myofibers. The IgG uptake method is based on cell features characterizing the necrotic demise, including 1) the loss of plasma membrane integrity with the release of damage-associated molecular patterns and 2) the uptake of plasmatic proteins. In murine cross-sections, the co-immunolabelling of myofibers, extracellular matrix proteins, and mouse IgG allows clean and straightforward identification of myofibers with necrotic fate. This simple method is suitable for quantitative analysis and applicable to all species, including human samples, and does not require the injection of vital dye. The staining of necrotic myofibers by IgG uptake can also be paired with other co-immunolabelling.

Described here is a protocol for direct immunolabelling of necrotic myofibers in muscle cryosections. Necrotic cells are permeable to serum proteins, including immunoglobulin G (IgG). Revealing the uptake of IgG by myofibers allows the identification and quantification of myofibers that undergo necrosis regardless of muscle condition.

À faire et à ne pas faire dans la préparation de Muscle cryosections pour l'analyse histologique

Résumé

Explorer plus de vidéos

Chapitres dans cette vidéo

Induction de aiguë Skeletal Muscle Régénération par cardiotoxine Injection

Préparation du pli vocal du rat pour les analyses neuromusculaires

Triage de tissus et de congélation pour les modèles de la maladie de muscle squelettique

Cryosectioning Méthode de microdissection de murin côlon Muqueuse

Analyse du type de fibre et de la teneur en gouttelettes lipidiques dans le muscle squelettique

À haut débit, multi-images Cryohistology de minéralisés Tissues

Cryosectioning de contigües Les régions d'un muscle squelettique de souris unique pour l'expression génique et analyses histologiques

Un multi-trous Cryovial Elimine congélation lorsque les artefacts sont les tissus musculaires directement Immergé dans l'azote liquide

Coloration immunofluorescente in situ de l'autophagie dans les cellules souches musculaires

Immunolabelling Myofiber Dégénérescence dans les biopsies musculaires