Name: a modified surgical model of hind limb ischemia in apoe-/- mice using a miniature incision
Uploaded: 2021-05-13T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Surgical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in ApoE-/- Mice using a Miniature Incision at JoVE.com

Authors thank Viktoria Skude, Alexander Schlund, and Felix H&#246;rner for the excellent technical support.

NOTE: All experimental procedures were performed according to the EC guideline EC 2010/63/EU and have been approved by the local German legislation (35-9185.81/G[1]239/18). Ten male ApoE-/- mice with the C57BL/6J background, weighing 29.6-38.0 g, were housed on a 12 h light/dark cycle and fed a western diet (1.25% cholesterol and 21% fat) and water ad libitum for 12 weeks from the age of 8 weeks. HLI was performed on 20-week-old mice as described below.
1. Induction of HLI in...

This study reports a modified, simplified, and surgically efficient approach to establish an HLI model in ApoE-/- mice using double ligation in the proximal and distal regions of the FA through a 3-4 mm incision without any required laboratory upgrades. The main characteristic of this method is the smaller size of the incision compared to previously reported studies describing mouse HLI models8,9,10,<sup cl...

There is an unmet need for preclinical animal models for research in vascular diseases such as peripheral artery disease (PAD). Despite the advanced developments in diagnosis and treatment, there were more than 200 million patients with PAD in 20181, and their number is constantly increasing. Although several novel therapeutic approaches2,3,4,5,6,7 have been described, successful translation of these therapeutic modalities into clinical application remains a daunting task. Therefore, reliable and relevant in vivo experimental models simulating the human disease condition are required to investigate the potential mechanism and efficiency of these new therapeutic approaches to treat PAD6,7.
Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis (AS) are the main risk factors for the development of PAD. ApoE-/- mice (on a high-fat diet) display abnormal fat metabolism and hyperlipidemia and subsequently develop atherosclerotic plaques rendering ApoE-/- mice as the best choice to simulate the clinically relevant PAD. Preclinical HLI animal models are generated through double ligation of the femoral artery (DLFA), which is the most widely used approach in laboratories all over the world8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 to simulate acute-on-chronic ischemia. However, this approach usually requires a relatively large and invasive incision. Furthermore, it inevitably leads to the animals (especially mice) suffering from increased pain injury and inflammation, which also influences the subsequent experimental results5,6,16,17. This paper describes an acute-on-chronic HLI model in APOE-/- mice by using a very small incision.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >10x Phosphate buffer saline</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >9143.1</td>
			<td >Used for haematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >30% H2O2</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >9681.2</td>
			<td>Used for immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >6-0 absorbable sutures</td>
			<td>PROLENE</td>
			<td>8776H</td>
			<td>Used for stitching the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >6-0 absroable suture</td>
			<td >PROLENE</td>
			<td >EP8706</td>
			<td>Used in Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >7-0 absorbable sutures</td>
			<td>PROLENE</td>
			<td >EH8021E</td>
			<td>Used for ligating the artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >7-0 absroable suture</td>
			<td >PROLENE</td>
			<td >EP8755</td>
			<td>Used in Surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Acetic acid</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td>6755.1</td>
			<td>Used for haematoxylin and eosin stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Albumin Fraktion V</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >8076.2</td>
			<td>Used for immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Autoclave</td>
			<td >Systec GmbH</td>
			<td >Systec VX-150</td>
			<td>Used for the sterilisation of the surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Axio vert A1 microscope</td>
			<td >Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td >ZEISS Axio Vert.A1</td>
			<td>Used for viewing and taking the pictures from haematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Bruker BioSpec 94/20 AVIII</td>
			<td >Bruker Biospin MRI GmbH</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td>Scan the femoral artery blockage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Buprenovet Sine 0,3mg/ml</td>
			<td >Bayer AG</td>
			<td >2542 (WDT)</td>
			<td>Used in post operative pain-management. Dose - 0.1 mg/kg body weight every 8 hours for 48 h after operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >CD31 antibody</td>
			<td >Abcam</td>
			<td >ab28364</td>
			<td>Used for immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Eosin Y solution 0.5 % in water</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >X883.1</td>
			<td>Used for haematoxylin and eosin stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Epitope Retrieval Solution pH 6</td>
			<td >Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td >6046945</td>
			<td>Used for immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ethanol &#8805; 99,5 %</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >5054.1</td>
			<td>Used for haematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fentanyl</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td >437-38-7</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fine point forceps</td>
			<td >Medixplus</td>
			<td >93-4505S</td>
			<td>Used for separating the artery from nerve and vein</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Glass bead sterilisator</td>
			<td >Simon Keller</td>
			<td >Type 250</td>
			<td>Used for sterilisation of the surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Graefe iris forceps curved</td>
			<td >VUBU</td>
			<td >VUBU-02-72207</td>
			<td>Used for blunt separation of skin and subcutaneous tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hair Remover cream, Veet (with aloe vera)</td>
			<td >Reckitt Benckiser</td>
			<td >108972</td>
			<td>Remove hair from mice hind limbs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Heating plate</td>
			<td >ST&#214;RK-TRONIC</td>
			<td >7042092</td>
			<td>Keep the satble temperature of mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Hematoxylin</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >T865.2</td>
			<td>Used for haematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Leica surgical microscope</td>
			<td >Leica</td>
			<td >M651</td>
			<td>Enlarge the field of view to facilitate the operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Liquid DAB+Substrate Chromogen System</td>
			<td >Dako</td>
			<td >K3468</td>
			<td>Used for immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Male ApoE-/- mice</td>
			<td >Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td >N/A</td>
			<td>Used for establish the Peripheral artery disease mice model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Medetomidine</td>
			<td>Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td>128366-50-7</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micro Needle Holder</td>
			<td >Black &#38; Black Surgical</td>
			<td >B3B-18-8</td>
			<td>Holding the needle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Micro suture tying forceps</td>
			<td >Life Saver Surgical Industries</td>
			<td >PS-MSF-145</td>
			<td>Used to assist in knotting during surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Microtome</td>
			<td >Biobase</td>
			<td >Bk-Mt268m</td>
			<td>Used for tissue sectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Midazolam</td>
			<td>Ratiopharm</td>
			<td>44856.01.00</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MR-compatible Small Animal Monitoring and Gating System Model 1025</td>
			<td>SA Instruments</td>
			<td>N/a</td>
			<td>monitoring vital signs of animal during MRI scan</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Octeniderm farblos</td>
			<td >Sch&#252;lke &#38; Mayr GmbH</td>
			<td >180212</td>
			<td>used for disinfection of the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Ointment for the eyes and nose</td>
			<td >Bayer AG</td>
			<td >1578675</td>
			<td>Keep the eyes wet under the anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >0335.1</td>
			<td>Used for fixation of the tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Pentobarbital</td>
			<td>Nembutal</td>
			<td >76-74-4</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Saline</td>
			<td>DeltaSelect</td>
			<td >1299.99.99</td>
			<td>Used for anesthesia</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Spring handle scissors with fine, sharp tips</td>
			<td >Black &#38; Black Surgical</td>
			<td >B66167</td>
			<td>Used for cutting the artery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >SuperCut Scissors</td>
			<td >Black &#38; Black Surgical</td>
			<td >B55992</td>
			<td>Used for cutting the skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Triton X-100</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >9002-93-1</td>
			<td>Used for immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Western diet, 1.25% Cholesterol</td>
			<td >ssniff Spezialdi&#228;ten GmbH</td>
			<td >E15723-34</td>
			<td>Diet for the mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Xylene</td>
			<td >Roth</td>
			<td >4436.3</td>
			<td>Used for haematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemistry stain</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a modified surgical model of hind limb ischemia in apoe-/- mice using a miniature incision

The purpose of this study is to introduce and evaluate a modified surgical approach to induce acute ischemia in mice that can be implemented in most animal laboratories.&#160;Contrary to the conventional approach for double ligation of the femoral artery (DLFA), a smaller incision on the right inguinal region was made to expose the proximal femoral artery (FA) to perform DLFA. Then, using a 7-0 suture, the incision was dragged to the knee region to expose the distal FA. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on bilateral hind limbs was used to detect FA occlusion after the surgery. At 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after the surgery, functional recovery of the hind limbs was visually assessed and graded using the Tarlov scale. Histologic evaluation was performed after euthanizing the animals 7 days after DLFA. The procedures were successfully performed on the right leg in ten ApoE-/- mice, and no mice died during subsequent observation. The incision sizes in all 10 mice were less than 5 mm (4.2 &#177; 0.63 mm). MRI results showed that FA blood flow in the ischemic side was clearly blocked. The Tarlov scale results demonstrated that hind limb function significantly decreased after the procedure and slowly recovered over the following 7 days. Histologic evaluation showed a significant inflammatory response on the ischemic side and reduced microvascular density in the ischemic hind limb. In conclusion, this study introduces a modified technique using a miniature incision to perform hind limb ischemia (HLI) using DLFA.

Characteristics of ApoE-/- mice 
DLFA surgeries were successfully performed on 10 mice to establish the HLI model, and none of the mice died after the procedure. To follow changes in body weight, mice were weighed before the DLFA procedure (Pre-DLFA) and 7 days after the DLFA surgery (Post-DLFA). Pre-DLFA weights ranged from 29.6 to 38.0 g (mean 34.74 &#177; 2.47 g), and post-DLFA weights ranged from 26.5 to 34.1 g (mean 30.77 &#177; 2.15 g), which were s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Modified Surgical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in ApoE-/- Mice using a Miniature Incision at JoVE.com

A Modified Surgical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in ApoE-/- Mice using a Miniature Incision

This article demonstrates an efficient surgical approach to establish acute ischemia in mice with a small incision. This approach can be applied by most research groups without any laboratory upgrades.

A Modified Surgical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in ApoE-/- Mice using a Miniature Incision

The purpose of this study is to introduce and evaluate a modified surgical approach to induce acute ischemia in mice that can be implemented in most ...

What we introduced today is a simplified modified and surgically efficient method, to establish hind limb Ischemia in ApoE mice. This method can be implemented in any animal facility. The main advantage of synovial method is a low invasiveness, using an incision of less than five millimeters.The method has a learning hof. We therefore, advise to practice on microsurgical models before working on the animals, which are going to be included in the final analysis. The method will be demonstrated by Kaixuan Yan, a doctor of medicine and the student from my lab.Begin by preparing the required equipment and tools for the surgery. After administering the anesthesia to the mouse, apply that ointment on the eyes to prevent dryness. Then place the mouse on a heating pad to keep the core body temperature at approximately 37 degrees Celsius.Using a cotton swab and hair removal cream, carefully remove hair from the hind limb skin on the right side. Lay the mouse in the supine position on the heating pad under a dissecting microscope. Use alcohol to disinfect the skin and wipe with the cotton away from the plant side of incision.Using the pointed forceps and surgical scissors make an incision approximately three to four millimeters in the middle of the inguinal region. Carefully remove the subcutaneous fat tissue with the help of fine pointed forceps to expose the proximal femoral neurovascular bundle. Using a cotton swab moistened with saline, carefully move the femoral artery away from the femoral nerve and femoral vein.Then using the tip of a 7.0 suture, carefully pierce the membrane of the femoral sheath. Then pass to 7-0 absorbable sutures through the proximal femoral artery and make double knots using the springs scissors. Afterwards transect the femoral artery between the two ties.Pass the 6-0 absorbable suture through the lower edge of the incision and gently drag the incision to the region of the right side of the knee of the hind limb to expose the distal femoral artery. Carefully move the subcutaneous tissue aside to expose the neurovascular bundle. Dissect the femoral artery from the femoral vein and femoral nerve, and use cotton to protect the nerve.Then using the tip of a 7.0 suture, pierce the membrane of the femoral sheath. Pass two 7-0 absorbable sutures through the distal femoral artery and make double knots using the spring scissors to transect the femoral artery between two ties. Afterward, stitch the incision using the 6-0 absorbable sutures.Place the mouse on a heating pad in a clean cage and continue to monitor its vital parameters until recovery. Determine the success of double ligation of the femoral artery or DLFA on the next day via MRI. Before the DLFA procedure, weights of mice ranged from 29.6 to 38.0 grams.Seven days after the DLFA surgery, the weights ranged from 26.5 to 34.1 grams, significantly lower than the pre-DLFA weights. The proximal and distal regions of the right FA showed no perfusion. The Tarlov scale results were significantly decreased one day after the surgery.Although they slowly increased over the following days, they were still lower than baseline until day seven. The paws of the ischemic hind limbs in seven mice were unable to stretch naturally compared to the contralateral side. In addition, four of the mice exhibited slight discoloration of the paws compared to the contralateral side.H&E staining of the right GM muscle revealed myofibers that exhibited irregular ischemic necrosis, where proliferating satellite cells had replaced the necrotic myofibers and were distributed in a mass or with a regular dispersion. Myofibers exhibiting inflammatory infiltration by multinucleated macrophages had lost their normal morphological characteristics, with very few regenerated myofibers being present. Transverse sections of these regenerated myofibers were round.The cytoplasm was stained red and one small nucleus or multiple nuclei were located at the center. However, this kind of inflammatory pattern was not observed in the left GM.CD31 antibody staining performed to observe microvascular density, indicated that ischemic hind limbs exhibited significantly more microvascular density than the non ischemic side. The most important thing is dissection of femoral artery.The operator needs to be experienced in microsurgical techniques, as well as be familiar with mouse hindlimb anatomy. In principle, this method could also be used to study Ischemia-reperfusion injury in the leg. Hereby, artery can be occluded with a soft vessel clamp before allowing reperfusion.

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Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia 

In the United States, peripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects about 10 million individuals, and is also prevalent worldwide. Medical therapies for symptomatic relief are limited. Surgical or endovascular interventions are useful for some individuals, but long-term results are often disappointing. As a result, there is a need for developing new therapies to treat PAD. The murine hindlimb ischemia preparation is a model of PAD, and is useful for testing new therapies. When compared to other models of tissue ischemia such as coronary or cerebral artery ligation, femoral artery ligation provides for a simpler model of ischemic tissue. Other advantages of this model are the ease of access to the femoral artery and low mortality rate. 
In this video, we demonstrate the methodology for the murine model of unilateral hindimb ischemia. The specific materials and procedures for creating and evaluating the model will be described, including the assessment of limb perfusion by laser Doppler imaging. This protocol can also be utilized for the transplantation and non-invasive tracking of cells, which is demonstrated by Huang et al.1.

Murine Model of Hindlimb Ischemia

The surgical procedure for induction of unilateral hindlimb ischemia is demonstrated, with confirmation of ischemia by laser Doppler perfusion imaging.

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The method of mass spectrometry analysis presented here can be applied to human CENP-A protein with different tags and other centromere-kinetochore proteins. These combinatory methods consisting of several assays/analyses could be recommended for researchers who are interested in identifying functional roles of ubiquitylation.

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Ischemic heart disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Reperfusion causes additional injury beyond ischemia. Endothelial cells ...

Tail Vein Transection Bleeding Model in Fully Anesthetized Hemophilia A Mice

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) survival model has been preferred in many settings due to sensitivity to clinically relevant doses of FVIII, whereas other established models, such as the tail clip model, require higher levels of procoagulant compounds. To avoid using survival as an endpoint, we developed a TVT model establishing blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints and full anesthesia during the entire experiment. Briefly, anesthetized mice are positioned with the tail submerged in temperate saline (37&#176;C) and dosed with the test compound in the right lateral tail vein. After 5 min, the left lateral tail vein is transected using a template guide, the tail is returned to the saline, and all bleeding episodes are monitored and recorded for 40 min while collecting the blood. If no bleeding occurs at 10 min, 20 min, or 30 min post-injury, the clot is challenged gently by wiping the cut twice with a wet gauze swab. After 40 min, blood loss is quantified by the amount of hemoglobin bled into the saline. This fast and relatively simple procedure results in consistent and reproducible bleeds. Compared to the TVT survival model, it uses a more humane procedure without compromising sensitivity to pharmacological intervention. Furthermore, it is possible to use both genders, reducing the total number of animals that need to be bred, in adherence with the principles of 3R&#39;s. A potential limitation in bleeding models is the stochastic nature of hemostasis, which can reduce the reproducibility of the model. To counter this, manual clot disruption ensures that the clot is challenged during monitoring, preventing primary (platelet) hemostasis from stopping bleeding. This addition to the catalog of bleeding injury models provides an option to characterize procoagulant effects in a standardized and humane manner.

The refined tail vein transection (TVT) bleeding model in anesthetized mice is a sensitive in vivo method for the assessment of hemophilic bleeding. This optimized TVT bleeding model uses blood loss and bleeding time as endpoints, refining other models and avoiding death as an endpoint.

Tail bleeding models are important tools in hemophilia research, specifically for the assessment of procoagulant effects. The tail vein transection (TVT) ...

Generation of Hook Ischemia-Reperfusion Model using a Three-Day Developing Chick Embryo

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are a few of the leading causes of illness and death. Many in vitro and in vivo models are currently available for studying the I/R mechanism in disease or damaged tissues. However, to date, no in ovo I/R model has been reported, which would allow for a better understanding of I/R mechanisms and faster drug screening. This paper describes I/R modeling using a spinal needle customized hook in a 3-day chick embryo to understand I/R development and treatment mechanisms. Our model can be used to investigate anomalies at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels. This method is simple, quick, and inexpensive. The current model can be used independently or in conjunction with existing in vitro and in vivo I/R models.

This paper describes ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) modeling in a 3-day chick embryo using a spinal needle customized hook to better understand I/R development and treatment. This model is simple, quick, and inexpensive.

Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) disorders, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease, are a few of the leading causes of ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Running Wheel Model for Progressive Resistance Training in Mice

Previously developed rodent resistance-based exercise models, including synergistic ablation, electrical stimulation, weighted-ladder climbing, and most recently, weighted-sled pulling, are highly effective at providing a hypertrophic stimulus to induce skeletal muscle adaptations. While these models have proven invaluable for skeletal muscle research, they are either invasive or involuntary and labor-intensive. Fortunately, many rodent strains voluntarily run long distances when given access to a running wheel. Loaded wheel running (LWR) models in rodents are capable of inducing adaptations commonly observed with resistance training in humans, such as increased muscle mass and fiber hypertrophy, as well as stimulation of muscle protein synthesis. However, the addition of moderate wheel load either fails to deter mice from running great distances, which is more reflective of an endurance/resistance training model, or the mice discontinue running nearly entirely due to the method of load application. Therefore, a novel high-load wheel running model (HLWR) has been developed for mice where external resistance is applied and progressively increased, enabling mice to continue running with much higher loads than previously utilized. Preliminary results from this novel HLWR model suggest it provides sufficient stimulus to induce hypertrophic adaptations over the 9 week training protocol. Herein, the specific procedures to execute this simple yet inexpensive progressive resistance-based exercise training model in mice are described.

This procedure describes a translatable progressive loaded running wheel resistance training model in mice. The primary advantage of this resistance training model is that it is entirely voluntary, thus reducing stress for the animals and the burden on the researcher.

Previously developed rodent resistance-based exercise models, including synergistic ablation, electrical stimulation, weighted-ladder climbing, and most ...

A Modified Technique for Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a frequently used surgery in research regarding heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy based on the formation of pressure overload in mouse models. The main challenge of this procedure is to clearly visualize the transverse aortic arch and precisely band the target vessel. Classical approaches perform a partial thoracotomy to expose the transverse aortic arch. However, it is an open-chest model that causes a rather large surgical trauma and requires a ventilator during the surgery. To prevent unnecessary trauma and simplify the operating procedure, the aortic arch is approached via the proximal proportion of the sternum, reaching and binding the target vessel using a small self-made retractor that contains a snare. This procedure can be conducted without entering the pleura cavity and does not need a ventilator or microsurgical operation, which leaves the mice with physiological breathing patterns, simplifies the procedure, and significantly reduces operation time. Due to the less invasive approach and less operation time, mice can undergo fewer stress reactions and recover rapidly.

The present protocol describes a modified and simplified technique with a minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) procedure using a self-made retractor. This procedure can be conducted without a ventilator or microscope and introduces pressure overload, eventually leading to cardiac hypertrophy or heart failure.

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a frequently used surgery in research regarding heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy based on the formation of ...