Name: primary human nasal epithelial cells: biobanking in the context of precision medicine
Uploaded: 2022-04-22T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Biobanking in the Context of Precision Medicine at JoVE.com

We warmly thank all patients and their families for participation in the study. This work was supported by grants from French Association Vaincre la Mucoviscidose; French Association ABCF 2 and Vertex Pharmaceuticals Innovation Awards.

All experiments were performed following the guidelines and regulations described by the Declaration of Helsinki and the Huriet-Serusclat law on human research ethics.
1. Preparation of flasks and different media
<ol>
	<li>Prepare amplification, air-liquid, and freezing medium as described in Table 1.</li>
	<li>Prepare a stock solution of human collagen IV by dissolving 50 mg of collagen in 100 mL of 0.2% glacial acetic acid. Mix on a magnetic stirrer for at...

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lumacaftor-Ivacaftor+in+patients+with+cystic+fibrosis+homozygous+for+Phe508del+CFTR.">Lumacaftor-Ivacaftor in patients with cystic fibrosis homozygous for Phe508del CFTR.</a> The New England Journal of Medicine. 373 (3), 220-231 (2015).</li><li>Griese, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+efficacy+of+elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor+for+24+weeks+or+longer+in+people+with+cystic+fibrosis+and+one+or+more+F508del+alleles:+Interim+results+of+an+open-label+phase+3+clinical+trial.">Safety and efficacy of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor for 24 weeks or longer in people with cystic fibrosis and one or more F508del alleles: Interim results of an open-label phase 3 clinical trial.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 203 (3), 381-385 (2021).</li><li>Horani, A., Nath, A., Wasserman, M. G., Huang, T., Brody, S. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correction+of+CFTR+function+in+nasal+epithelial+cells+from+cystic+fibrosis+patients+predicts+improvement+of+respiratory+function+by+CFTR+modulators.">Correction of CFTR function in nasal epithelial cells from cystic fibrosis patients predicts improvement of respiratory function by CFTR modulators.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 7375 (2017).</li><li>Noel, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlating+genotype+with+phenotype+using+CFTR-mediated+whole-cell+Cl&#8722;+currents+in+human+nasal+epithelial+cells.">Correlating genotype with phenotype using CFTR-mediated whole-cell Cl&#8722; currents in human nasal epithelial cells.</a> The Journal of Physiology. , (2021).</li><li>Brewington, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brushed+nasal+epithelial+cells+are+a+surrogate+for+bronchial+epithelial+CFTR+studies.">Brushed nasal epithelial cells are a surrogate for bronchial epithelial CFTR studies.</a> JCI Insight. 3 (13), 99385 (2018).</li><li>Pranke, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Might+brushed+nasal+cells+be+a+surrogate+for+cftr+modulator+clinical+response.">Might brushed nasal cells be a surrogate for cftr modulator clinical response.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 199 (1), 123-126 (2019).</li><li>de Courcey, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+primary+human+nasal+epithelial+cell+cultures+for+the+study+of+cystic+fibrosis+pathophysiology.">Development of primary human nasal epithelial cell cultures for the study of cystic fibrosis pathophysiology.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 303 (11), 1173-1179 (2012).</li><li>Devalia, J. L., Sapsford, R. J., Wells, C. W., Richman, P., Davies, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culture+and+comparison+of+human+bronchial+and+nasal+epithelial+cells+in+vitro.">Culture and comparison of human bronchial and nasal epithelial cells in vitro.</a> Respiratory Medicine. 84 (4), 303-312 (1990).</li><li>McDougall, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nasal+epithelial+cells+as+surrogates+for+bronchial+epithelial+cells+in+airway+inflammation+studies.">Nasal epithelial cells as surrogates for bronchial epithelial cells in airway inflammation studies.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 39 (5), 560-568 (2008).</li><li>Mosler, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Feasibility+of+nasal+epithelial+brushing+for+the+study+of+airway+epithelial+functions+in+CF+infants.">Feasibility of nasal epithelial brushing for the study of airway epithelial functions in CF infants.</a> Journal of Cystic Fibrosis: Official Journal of the European Cystic Fibrosis Society. 7 (1), 44-53 (2008).</li><li>Tosoni, K., Cassidy, D., Kerr, B., Land, S. C., Mehta, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+drugs+to+probe+the+variability+of+trans-epithelial+airway+resistance.">Using drugs to probe the variability of trans-epithelial airway resistance.</a> PLOS One. 11 (2), 0149550 (2016).</li><li>Sch&#246;gler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+pediatric+cystic+fibrosis+airway+epithelial+cell+cultures+at+the+air-liquid+interface+obtained+by+non-invasive+nasal+cytology+brush+sampling.">Characterization of pediatric cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cell cultures at the air-liquid interface obtained by non-invasive nasal cytology brush sampling.</a> Respiratory Research. 18 (1), 215 (2017).</li><li>M&#252;ller, L., Brighton, L. E., Carson, J. L., Fischer, W. A., Jaspers, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culturing+of+human+nasal+epithelial+cells+at+the+air+liquid+interface.">Culturing of human nasal epithelial cells at the air liquid interface.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (80), e50646 (2013).</li><li>Awatade, N. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurements+of+functional+responses+in+human+primary+lung+cells+as+a+basis+for+personalized+therapy+for+cystic+fibrosis.">Measurements of functional responses in human primary lung cells as a basis for personalized therapy for cystic fibrosis.</a> EBioMedicine. 2 (2), 147-153 (2014).</li><li>Brewington, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+nasal+epithelial+cell+spheroids+for+individualized+cystic+fibrosis+transmembrane+conductance+regulator+study.">Generation of human nasal epithelial cell spheroids for individualized cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator study.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE. (134), e57492 (2018).</li><li>Wiszniewski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+cultures+of+polarized+airway+epithelial+cells+from+patients+with+cystic+fibrosis.">Long-term cultures of polarized airway epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 34 (1), 39-48 (2006).</li><li>Reynolds, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Airway+progenitor+clone+formation+is+enhanced+by+Y-27632-dependent+changes+in+the+transcriptome.">Airway progenitor clone formation is enhanced by Y-27632-dependent changes in the transcriptome.</a> American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology. 55 (3), 323-336 (2016).</li><li>Suprynowicz, F. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditionally+reprogrammed+cells+represent+a+stem-like+state+of+adult+epithelial+cells.">Conditionally reprogrammed cells represent a stem-like state of adult epithelial cells.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (49), 20035-20040 (2012).</li><li>Awatade, N. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Significant+functional+differences+in+differentiated+Conditionally+Reprogrammed+(CRC)-+and+Feeder-free+Dual+SMAD+inhibited-expanded+human+nasal+epithelial+cells.">Significant functional differences in differentiated Conditionally Reprogrammed (CRC)- and Feeder-free Dual SMAD inhibited-expanded human nasal epithelial cells.</a> Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 20 (2), 364-371 (2021).</li><li>Veit, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Allosteric+folding+correction+of+F508del+and+rare+CFTR+mutants+by+elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor+(Trikafta)+combination.">Allosteric folding correction of F508del and rare CFTR mutants by elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor (Trikafta) combination.</a> JCI Insight. 5 (18), 139983 (2020).</li><li>Dale, T. P., Borg D'anastasi, E., Haris, M., Forsyth, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rock+Inhibitor+Y-27632+enables+feeder-free,+unlimited+expansion+of+Sus+scrofa+domesticus+swine+airway+stem+cells+to+facilitate+respiratory+research.">Rock Inhibitor Y-27632 enables feeder-free, unlimited expansion of Sus scrofa domesticus swine airway stem cells to facilitate respiratory research.</a> Stem Cells International. 2019, 1-15 (2019).</li><li>Laselva, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+multiple+class+II+CFTR+mutations+by+elexacaftor+tezacaftor+ivacaftor+mediated+in+part+by+the+dual+activities+of+elexacaftor+as+both+corrector+and+potentiator.">Rescue of multiple class II CFTR mutations by elexacaftor+tezacaftor+ivacaftor mediated in part by the dual activities of elexacaftor as both corrector and potentiator.</a> The European Respiratory Journal. 57 (6), 2002774 (2021).</li><li>Li, X., Krawetz, R., Liu, S., Meng, G., Rancourt, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ROCK+inhibitor+improves+survival+of+cryopreserved+serum/feeder-free+single+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">ROCK inhibitor improves survival of cryopreserved serum/feeder-free single human embryonic stem cells.</a> Human Reproduction. 24 (3), 580-589 (2008).</li><li>Neuberger, T., Burton, B., Clark, H., Van Goor, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+primary+cultures+of+human+bronchial+epithelial+cells+isolated+from+cystic+fibrosis+patients+for+the+pre-clinical+testing+of+CFTR+modulators.">Use of primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells isolated from cystic fibrosis patients for the pre-clinical testing of CFTR modulators.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 741, 39-54 (2011).</li><li>Laselva, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emerging+pre-clinical+modulators+developed+for+F508del-CFTR+have+the+potential+to+be+effective+for+ORKAMBI+resistant+processing+mutants.">Emerging pre-clinical modulators developed for F508del-CFTR have the potential to be effective for ORKAMBI resistant processing mutants.</a> Journal of Cystic Fibrosis. 20 (1), 106-119 (2021).</li></ol>

The use of patient-derived nasal epithelial cells as surrogates for human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells to measure CFTR activity in the context of personalized medicine has been proposed as HNE reproduce cells&#39; properties in culture9,11. The strong advantage of HNE over HBE cell cultures is that they are easily and non-invasively sampled. Short-circuit current measurements in HNE cell cultures enable assessment of CFTR-dependent Cl- transport ac...

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from mutations in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene leading to the absence or dysfunction of the CFTR protein, an anion channel located at the apical surface of epithelia1,2. Recent advances in CFTR therapy have improved the prognosis of the disease, and the last approved drugs combining CFTR correctors and CFTR potentiators led to major improvements in lung function and quality of life for CF patients carrying the most frequent mutation p.Phe508del mutation (F508del)3,4. Despite this promising therapeutic progress, around 10% of CF patients are ineligible as they carry mutations that are unrescuable by these CFTR modulators. For these patients, there is a need to test other drugs or drug combinations to find the most efficient combination for specific mutations, highlighting the importance of personalized therapies.
Human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells are easy to collect by simple, non-invasive nasal brushing and allow quantification of cyclic AMP-mediated Chloride (Cl&#8722;) transport as an index of CFTR function. HNE cells yield an accurate model of human airway, but their lifespan is limited in culture. Thanks to the optimization of culture techniques, patient-derived primary HNE cells can be conditionally reprogrammed with Rho-associated kinase inhibitor (ROCKi), amplified, and differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium in air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions on microporous filters5,6. Numerous culture protocols for HNE culture exist (commercially available, serum-free, &#34;homemade&#34;, co-culture with feeder-cells, etc.), and choice of media and culture conditions have been described to impact growth, cell population differentiation and epithelial function7,8. The protocol here presents a simplified, feeder-free, ROCKi amplification method that allows to successfully obtain a large number of HNE cells that are then differentiated at ALI for CFTR function assays.
We have demonstrated that, in differentiated HNE cells, a 48 h treatment with CFTR modulators is sufficient to induce electrophysiological correction of CFTR dependent Cl- current and that the correction observed in vitro may be correlated with the patient&#39;s clinical improvement9. HNE cells, therefore, represent an appropriate model not only for fundamental CF research but for pre-clinical studies with patient-specific CFTR modulator testing. In this context of personalized therapy, the goal of the protocol was to validate that cryopreserved HNE cells from CF patients, grown in our conditions, were an appropriate model for CFTR correction studies, and similar results could be expected when comparing CFTR dependent Cl- transport from fresh and frozen-thawed cells. The study also assessed different CFTR modulators&#39; efficacy when using dual and triple therapies.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ABBV-2222</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S8535</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABBV-974</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S8698</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>12634010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa 488 goat secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa 594 goat secondary antibody</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15290026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-alpha-tubulin antibody</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab80779</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CFTR monoclonal antibody (24-1)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB25031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-cytokeratin 8 antibody</td>
			<td>Progen</td>
			<td>61038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Muc5AC antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-20118</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-ZO-1 antibody</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-10804</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ciprofloxacin</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>provided by Necker Hospital Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colimycin</td>
			<td>Sanofi</td>
			<td>provided by Necker Hospital Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagen type IV</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>C-7521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cytology brush</td>
			<td>Laboratory GYNEAS</td>
			<td>02.104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>PHG0311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>E4375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12-Nutrient Mixture</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11765054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10270106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ferticult</td>
			<td>Fertipro NV</td>
			<td>FLUSH020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flasks 25</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>156.367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flasks 75</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>156.499</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glacial acetic acid</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>20104.298</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrocortisone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>SLCJ0893</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>I0516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mg2+ and Ca2+-free DPBS</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15140130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tazocillin</td>
			<td>Mylan</td>
			<td>provided by Necker Hospital Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transwell Filters</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>CLS3470-48EA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton-X100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Merck</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0,25%</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield mounting medium with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VX-445</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S8851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VX-661</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S7059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VX-770</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S1144</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VX-809</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S1565</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylocaine naphazoline 5%</td>
			<td>Aspen France</td>
			<td>provided by Necker Hospital Pharmacy</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y-27632</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S1049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primary human nasal epithelial cells: biobanking in the context of precision medicine

Human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells are easy to collect by simple, non-invasive nasal brushing. Patient-derived primary HNE cells can be amplified and differentiated into a pseudo-stratified epithelium in air-liquid interface conditions to quantify cyclic AMP-mediated Chloride (Cl-) transport as an index of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) function. If critical steps such as quality of nasal brushing and cell density upon cryopreservation are performed efficiently, HNE cells can be successfully biobanked. Moreover, short-circuit current studies demonstrate that freeze-thawing does not significantly modify HNE cells&#39; electrophysiological properties and response to CFTR modulators. In the culture conditions used in this study, when less than 2 x 106 cells are frozen per cryovial, the failure rate is very high. We recommend freezing at least 3 x 106 cells per cryovial. We show that dual therapies combining a CFTR corrector with a CFTR potentiator have a comparable correction efficacy for CFTR activity in F508del-homozygous HNE cells. Triple therapy VX-445 + VX-661 + VX-770 significantly increased correction of CFTR activity compared to dual therapy VX-809 + VX-770. The measure of CFTR activity in HNE cells is a promising pre-clinical biomarker useful to guide CFTR modulator therapy.

Fresh HNE cells cultured at the air-liquid interface display typical features of the polarized and differentiated respiratory epithelium as assessed by immunostaining (Figure 1). HNE cells re-differentiate into a heterogeneous layer of epithelial cells (positive keratin 8 immunostaining) that mimic the in vivo situation of a pseudo-stratified respiratory epithelium composed of ciliated (positive alpha-tubulin staining) and non-ciliated mucus-producing goblet cells (positive Muc5Ac i...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Biobanking in the Context of Precision Medicine at JoVE.com

Primary Human Nasal Epithelial Cells: Biobanking in the Context of Precision Medicine

Here we describe the isolation, amplification, and differentiation of primary human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells at the air-liquid interface and a biobanking protocol allowing to successfully freeze and then thaw amplified HNE. The protocol analyzes electrophysiological properties of differentiated HNE cells and CFTR-related chloride secretion correction upon different modulator treatments.

Human nasal epithelial (HNE) cells are easy to collect by simple, non-invasive nasal brushing. Patient-derived primary HNE cells can be amplified and ...

This protocol highlights the key steps for amplifying, differentiating, and cryopreserving primary nasal epithelial cells. In our culture conditions, primary nasal epithelial cells mimic the lung epithelium. This allows patient derived cultures and personalized medicine studies from fresh or biobanked cells.The patient-derived nasal epithelial cultures can be used to evaluate CFTR activity and help with cystic fibrosis therapy by evaluating the patient's individual response to new therapies. Demonstrating the procedure will be Aurelie Hatton, an engineer from my laboratory. To begin, grow nasal epithelial or HNE cells, in 10 milliliters of amplification medium.Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in a 75 square centimeter collagen coated flask until it reaches 80 to 90%confluency. Change the medium every 48 to 72 hours. Later, wash the cells with 10 milliliters of magnesium and calcium free DPBS.Aspirate and discard the saline. Before adding two milliliters of 0.25%trypsin and returning the flask to the incubator for eight to 12 minutes. Later, tap the flask firmly with a palm to help cell detachment.Add 10 milliliters of the amplification medium to stop the enzymatic reaction. Vigorously rinse the flask using a 10 milliliter pipette to draw up and expel the amplification medium over the flask surface to rinse and detach cells and collect the cells in a 15 milliliter tube. Centrifuge the cell suspension at 500 times G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius and discard the supernatant.Re-suspend the pellet in five to 10 milliliters of amplification medium. Then count the cells on a hemocytometer. After cell counting, centrifuge the cells at 500 times G for five minutes at four degrees Celsius and discard the supernatant.Then re-suspend the pellet in the enriched freezing medium to obtain three to five times 10 to the six cells per milliliter and place in a cryo vial. Slowly freeze the cells by reducing the temperature by approximately one degree Celsius per minute in an appropriate cryofreezing container at minus 80 degree Celsius. The next day, move the preserved sample to a nitrogen storage container for longterm storage.Warm the freshly prepared amplification medium in a water bath set to 37 degrees Celsius. Remove cryo vials from the nitrogen storage tank and rapidly place them in the water bath, taking care not to submerge the whole vial in water. Remove the cryo vials from the water bath when only a small frozen droplet remains.Wipe the vials with 70%alcohol and place them under the hood. Using a one milliliter pipette, transfer the thawed cells to a 15 milliliter tube. Then add one milliliter of warm amplification medium in a drop-wise manner.After one minute, add another one milliliter of amplification medium and wait for a minute. Add 10 milliliters of amplification medium and centrifuge at 500 times G for two minutes at four degrees Celsius. Aspirate and discard the supernatant.Re-suspend the pellet in a volume of amplification medium required to achieve a cell density of one times 10 to the six cells per milliliter. After seeding the cells onto a 25 square centimeter collagen coated flask, containing amplification medium, incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Visually observe cell expansion over two to three days before performing cell amplification as demonstrated earlier.Seed the cells at a density of 3.3 times 10 to the fifth cells per filter on 0.33 square centimeter collagen coated porous filters, supplemented with 300 microliters of amplification medium at the apical side and 900 microliters of air liquid medium at the basolateral side. After three days, aspirate the apical medium and culture the cells at the air-liquid interface for three to four weeks in the air-liquid medium to establish a differentiated epithelium. Change the basal medium every 48 to 72 hours.Fresh HNE cells cultured at the air-liquid interface displayed a typical features of the polarized and differentiated respiratory epithelium. In the 78 HNE cell samples, success rates were compared in nasal brushing seeded immediately and after one to seven days of transport in a flushing medium. The initial mean percentage of successful cultures was 82%and reached 87%in samples seeded between zero to five days.83%of the samples that differentiated successfully in fresh conditions also were successful in cryopreserved samples. Similarly, in samples that failed to differentiate in fresh conditions, 71%were also unsuccessful in freeze-thaw conditions. Moreover, 50%of samples frozen between two to three times 10 to the six cells per cryo vial failed to grow when thawed, reaching 80%for below two times 10 to the six cells.For short circuit current change in response to forskolin and short circuit current change in response to CFTR inhibitor 172 in DMSO treated HNE cells, no significant difference was observed between fresh or frozen thawed HNE. Upon treatment, both cell types displayed significant correction with an increase in short circuit current change in response to forskolin and a decrease in short circuit current change in response to CFTR inhibitor 172. the corrective response of CFTR function dual therapies were assessed as compared to DMSO treated HNE cells short circuit current change in response to forskolin and in response to CFTR inhibitor 172 were significantly improved by both VX-809 plus VX-770, and VX-661 plus VX-770.Three different CFTR modulator therapies in HNE from six F508del homozygous patients were compared. When used in combination with a CFTR corrector and potentiator, both vertex and a CFTR modulators, corrected short circuit current change in response to forskolin and short circuit current change in response to CFTR inhibitor 172 to a similar extent. When freezing HNE cells, it is important to have at least 3 million cells per cryo vial to increase the chances of a good outcome upon thawing.CFTR activity in HNE cells has been shown to be a good predictive model to evaluate and adjust personalized therapies in cystic fibrosis.

primary-human-nasal-epithelial-cells-biobanking-context-precision

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Grown from Explants

Human bronchial epithelial cells are needed for cell models of disease and to investigate the effect of excipients and pharmacologic agents on the function and structure of human epithelial cells. Here we describe in detail the method of growing bronchial epithelial cells from bronchial airway tissue that is harvested by the surgeon at the times of lung surgery (e.g. lung cancer or lung volume reduction surgery). With ethics approval and informed consent, the surgeon takes what is needed for pathology and provides us with a bronchial portion that is remote from the diseased areas. The tissue is then used as a source of explants that can be used for growing primary bronchial epithelial cells in culture. Bronchial segments about 0.5-1cm long and &le;1cm in diameter are rinsed with cold EBSS and excess parenchymal tissue is removed. Segments are cut open and minced into 2-3mm3 pieces of tissue. The pieces are used as a source of primary cells. After coating 100mm culture plates for 1-2 hr with a combination of collagen (30 &mu;g/ml), fibronectin (10 &mu;g/ml), and BSA (10 &mu;g/ml), the plates are scratched in 4-5 areas and tissue pieces are placed in the scratched areas, then culture medium (DMEM/Ham F-12 with additives) suitable for epithelial cell growth is added and plates are placed in an incubator at 37&deg;C in 5% CO2 humidified air. The culture medium is changed every 3-4 days. The epithelial cells grow from the pieces forming about 1.5 cm diameter rings in 3-4 weeks. Explants can be re-used up to 6 times by moving them into new pre-coated plates. Cells are lifted using trypsin/EDTA, pooled, counted, and re-plated in T75 Cell Bind flasks to increase their numbers. T75 flasks seeded with 2-3 million cells grow to 80% confluence in 4 weeks. Expanded primary human epithelial cells can be cultured and allowed to differentiate on air-liquid interface. Methods described here provide an abundant source of human bronchial epithelial cells from freshly isolated tissues and allow for studying these cells as models of disease and for pharmacology and toxicology screening.

Here we describe a detailed method for growing primary human bronchial epithelial cells from explants of human bronchial airway tissue including differentiated growth on an air-liquid interface. This method provides an abundant source of primary cells for investigating the role of the airway epithelium in human lung health and disease.

Human bronchial epithelial cells are needed for cell models of disease and to investigate the effect of excipients and pharmacologic agents on the ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and uterine carcinomas, where death rates have fallen in recent years, ovarian cancer cure rates have remained relatively unchanged over the past two decades 1. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate screening tools for detection of early stage disease where surgery and chemotherapy are most effective 2, 3. As a result, most patients present with advanced stage disease and diffuse abdominal involvement. This is further complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple histologic subtypes 4, 5. Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the most common and aggressive subtype and the form most often associated with mutations in the BRCA genes. Current experimental models in this field involve the use of cancer cell lines and mouse models to better understand the initiating genetic events and pathogenesis of disease 6, 7. Recently, the fallopian tube has emerged as a novel site for the origin of SOC, with the fallopian tube (FT) secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) as the proposed cell of origin 8, 9. There are currently no cell lines or culture systems available to study the FT epithelium or the FTSEC. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system where primary human FT epithelial cells are cultured in a manner that preserves their architecture, polarity, immunophenotype, and response to physiologic and genotoxic stressors. This ex vivo model provides a useful tool for the study of SOC, allowing a better understanding of how tumors can arise from this tissue, and the mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

The fallopian tube (FT) is emerging as an alternative site of origin for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). This protocol describes a novel method for the isolation and ex vivo culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells. This system recapitulates the in vivo epithelium and allows the study of SOC pathogenesis.

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and ...

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental gene expression 1,2,3,4,5,6,7. The recent discovery of thousands of lncRNAs in association with specific chromatin modification complexes, such as Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), suggests broad roles for numerous lncRNAs in managing chromatin states in a gene-specific fashion 8,9. While some lncRNAs are thought to work in cis on neighboring genes, other lncRNAs work in trans to regulate distantly located genes. For instance, Drosophila lncRNAs roX1 and roX2 bind numerous regions on the X chromosome of male cells, and are critical for dosage compensation 10,11. However, the exact locations of their binding sites are not known at high resolution. Similarly, human lncRNA HOTAIR can affect PRC2 occupancy on hundreds of genes genome-wide 3,12,13, but how specificity is achieved is unclear. LncRNAs can also serve as modular scaffolds to recruit the assembly of multiple protein complexes. The classic trans-acting RNA scaffold is the TERC RNA that serves as the template and scaffold for the telomerase complex 14; HOTAIR can also serve as a scaffold for PRC2 and a H3K4 demethylase complex 13.
Prior studies mapping RNA occupancy at chromatin have revealed substantial insights 15,16, but only at a single gene locus at a time. The occupancy sites of most lncRNAs are not known, and the roles of lncRNAs in chromatin regulation have been mostly inferred from the indirect effects of lncRNA perturbation. Just as chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray or deep sequencing (ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq, respectively) has greatly improved our understanding of protein-DNA interactions on a genomic scale, here we illustrate a recently published strategy to map long RNA occupancy genome-wide at high resolution 17. This method, Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP) (Figure 1), is based on affinity capture of target lncRNA:chromatin complex by tiling antisense-oligos, which then generates a map of genomic binding sites at a resolution of several hundred bases with high sensitivity and low background. ChIRP is applicable to many lncRNAs because the design of affinity-probes is straightforward given the RNA sequence and requires no knowledge of the RNA's structure or functional domains.

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP

ChIRP is a novel and rapid technique to map genomic binding sites of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). The method takes advantage of the specificity of anti-sense tiling oligonucleotides to allow the enumeration of lncRNA-bound genomic sites.

Long noncoding RNAs are key regulators of chromatin states for important biological processes such as dosage compensation, imprinting, and developmental ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Rat Hepatic Cells

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology and other related subjects. The method based on two-step collagenase perfusion for isolation of intact hepatocytes was first introduced by Berry and Friend in 1969 1 and, since then, has undergone many modifications. The most commonly used technique was described by Seglenin 1976 2. Essentially, hepatocytes are dissociated from anesthetized adult rats by a non-recirculating collagenase perfusion through the portal vein. The isolated cells are then filtered through a 100 &mu;m pore size mesh nylon filter, and cultured onto plates. After 4-hour culture, the medium is replaced with serum-containing or serum-free medium, e.g. HepatoZYME-SFM, for additional time to culture. These procedures require surgical and sterile culture steps that can be better demonstrated by video than by text. Here, we document the detailed steps for these procedures by both video and written protocol, which allow consistently in the generation of viable hepatocytes in large numbers.

Primary hepatocytes provide a valuable tool to evaluate biochemical, molecular, and metabolic functions in a physiologically relevant experimental system. We describe a reliable protocol for rat in situ liver perfusion, which consistently generates viable hepatocytes up to 1.0 &times; 108 cells per preparation with cell viability between 88 ~ 96%.

Primary hepatocyte culture is a valuable tool that has been extensively used in basic research of liver function, disease, pathophysiology, pharmacology ...

Rapid Genetic Analysis of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Signaling During Hair Regeneration

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an attractive model system to study organ development and tissue-specific signaling. Although hair follicle development is genetically tractable, fast and reproducible analysis of factors essential for this process remains a challenge. Here we describe a procedure to generate targeted overexpression or shRNA-mediated knockdown of factors using lentivirus in a tissue-specific manner. Using a modified version of a hair regeneration model 5, 6, 11, we can achieve robust gain- or loss-of-function analysis in primary mouse keratinocytes or dermal cells to facilitate study of epithelial-mesenchymal signaling pathways that lead to hair follicle morphogenesis. We describe how to isolate fresh primary mouse keratinocytes and dermal cells, which contain dermal papilla cells and their precursors, deliver lentivirus containing either shRNA or cDNA to one of the cell populations, and combine the cells to generate fully formed hair follicles on the backs of nude mice. This approach allows analysis of tissue-specific factors required to generate hair follicles within three weeks and provides a fast and convenient companion to existing genetic models.

Tissue-specific analysis of a hair follicle regeneration model using lentivirus to mediate gain- or loss-of-function.

Hair follicle morphogenesis, a complex process requiring interaction between epithelia-derived keratinocytes and the underlying mesenchyme, is an ...

Culturing of Human Nasal Epithelial Cells at the Air Liquid Interface

In vitro models using human primary epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory epithelium in the context of microbial infections or inhaled agents. Direct comparisons of cells obtained from diseased populations allow us to characterize different phenotypes and dissect the underlying mechanisms mediating changes in epithelial cell function. Culturing epithelial cells from the human tracheobronchial region has been well documented, but is limited by the availability of human lung tissue or invasiveness associated with obtaining the bronchial brushes biopsies. Nasal epithelial cells are obtained through much less invasive superficial nasal scrape biopsies and subjects can be biopsied multiple times with no significant side effects. Additionally, the nose is the entry point to the respiratory system and therefore one of the first sites to be exposed to any kind of air-borne stressor, such as microbial agents, pollutants, or allergens. 
Briefly, nasal epithelial cells obtained from human volunteers are expanded on coated tissue culture plates, and then transferred onto cell culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells continue to be cultured at the air-liquid interface (ALI), for several weeks, which creates more physiologically relevant conditions. The ALI culture condition uses defined media leading to a differentiated epithelium that exhibits morphological and functional characteristics similar to the human nasal epithelium, with both ciliated and mucus producing cells. Tissue culture inserts with differentiated nasal epithelial cells can be manipulated in a variety of ways depending on the research questions (treatment with pharmacological agents, transduction with lentiviral vectors, exposure to gases, or infection with microbial agents) and analyzed for numerous different endpoints ranging from cellular and molecular pathways, functional changes, morphology, etc. 
In vitro models of differentiated human nasal epithelial cells will enable investigators to address novel and important research questions by using organotypic experimental models that largely mimic the nasal epithelium in vivo.

Nasal epithelial cells, obtained through superficial scrape biopsy of human volunteers, are expanded and transferred onto tissue culture inserts. Upon reaching confluency, cells are grown at air liquid interface, yielding cultures of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Differentiated nasal epithelial cell cultures provide viable experimental models for studying the respiratory mucosa.

In vitro models using human primary  epithelial cells are essential in understanding key functions of the respiratory  epithelium in the context of ...

Optimal Lentivirus Production and Cell Culture Conditions Necessary to Successfully Transduce Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of airway cell differentiation and function. In the past few years, the use of lentiviral vectors for transgene delivery became common practice. While there are reports of transduction of fully differentiated airway epithelial cells with certain non-HIV pseudo-typed lentiviruses, the overall transduction efficiency is usually less than 15%. The protocol presented here provides a reliable and efficient method to produce lentiviruses and to transduce primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Using undifferentiated bronchial epithelial cells, transduction in bronchial epithelial growth media, while the cells attach, with a multiplicity of infection factor of 4 provides efficiencies close to 100%. This protocol describes, step-by-step, the preparation and concentration of high-titer lentiviral vectors and the transduction process. It discusses the experiments that determined the optimal culture conditions to achieve highly efficient transductions of primary human bronchial epithelial cells.

Primary human bronchial epithelial cells are difficult to transduce. This protocol describes the production of lentiviruses and their concentration as well as the optimal culture conditions necessary to achieve highly efficient transductions in these cells throughout differentiation to a pseudostratified epithelium.

In vitro culture of primary human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells using air-liquid interface conditions provides a useful model to study the processes of ...

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

A human alveolar cell coculture model is described here for simulation of the alveolar epithelial tissue barrier composed of alveolar epithelial type II cells and two types of immune cells (i.e., human monocyte-derived macrophages [MDMs] and dendritic cells [MDDCs]). A protocol for assembling the multicellular model is provided. Alveolar epithelial cells (A549 cell line) are grown and differentiated under submerged conditions on permeable inserts in two-chamber wells, then combined with differentiated MDMs and MDDCs. Finally, the cells are exposed to an air-liquid interface for several days. As human primary immune cells need to be isolated from human buffy coats, immune cells differentiated from either fresh or thawed monocytes are compared in order to tailor the method based on experimental needs. The three-dimensional models, composed of alveolar cells with either freshly isolated or thawed monocyte-derived immune cells, show a statistically significant increase in cytokine (interleukins 6 and 8) release upon exposure to proinflammatory stimuli (lipopolysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor &#945;) compared to untreated cells. On the other hand, there is no statistically significant difference between the cytokine release observed in the cocultures. This shows that the presented model is responsive to proinflammatory stimuli in the presence of MDMs and MDDCs differentiated from fresh or thawed peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs). Thus, it is a powerful tool for investigations of acute biological response to different substances, including aerosolized drugs or nanomaterials.

Presented here is a protocol for primary human blood monocyte isolation as well as their differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells and assembly with epithelial cells into a multicellular human lung model. Biological responses of cocultures composed of immune cells differentiated from either freshly isolated or thawed monocytes, upon exposure to proinflammatory stimuli, are compared.

A human alveolar cell coculture model is described here for simulation of the alveolar epithelial tissue barrier composed of alveolar epithelial type II ...

Isolation of Human Primary Valve Cells for In vitro Disease Modeling

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is present in nearly a third of the elderly population. Thickening, stiffening, and calcification of the aortic valve causes aortic stenosis and contributes to heart failure and stroke. Disease pathogenesis is multifactorial, and stresses such as inflammation, extracellular matrix remodeling, turbulent flow, and mechanical stress and strain contribute to the osteogenic differentiation of valve endothelial and valve interstitial cells. However, the precise initiating factors that drive the osteogenic transition of a healthy cell into a calcifying cell are not fully defined. Further, the only current therapy for CAVD-induced aortic stenosis is aortic valve replacement, whereby the native valve is removed (surgical aortic valve replacement, SAVR) or a fully collapsible replacement valve is inserted via a catheter (transcatheter aortic valve replacement, TAVR). These surgical procedures come at a high cost and with serious risks; thus, identifying novel therapeutic targets for drug discovery is imperative. To that end, the present study develops a workflow where surgically removed tissues from patients and donor cadaver tissues are used to create patient-specific primary lines of valvular cells for in vitro disease modeling. This protocol introduces the utilization of a cold storage solution, commonly utilized in organ transplant, to reduce the damage caused by the often-lengthy procurement time between tissue excision and laboratory processing with the benefit of greatly stabilizing cells of the excised tissue. The results of the present study demonstrate that isolated valve cells retain their proliferative capacity and endothelial and interstitial phenotypes in culture upwards of several days after valve removal from the donor. Using these materials allows for the collection of control and CAVD cells, from which both control and disease cell lines are established.

This protocol describes the collection of human aortic valves extracted during surgical aortic valve replacement procedures or from cadaveric tissue, and the subsequent isolation, expansion, and characterization of patient specific primary valve endothelial and interstitial cells. Included are important details regarding the processes needed to ensure cell viability and phenotype specificity.

Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is present in nearly a third of the elderly population. Thickening, stiffening, and calcification of the aortic valve ...

Determining the Toxicity of UV Radiation and Chemicals on Primary and Immortalized Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

This article describes the methods of measuring the toxicity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ocular toxins on primary (pHCEC) and immortalized (iHCEC) human corneal epithelial cell cultures. Cells were exposed to UV radiation and toxic doses of benzalkonium chloride (BAK), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Metabolic activity was measured using a metabolic assay. The release of inflammatory cytokines was measured using a multi-plex interleukin (IL)-1&#946;, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) assay, and cells were evaluated for viability using fluorescent dyes. 
The damaging effects of UV on cell metabolic activity and cytokine release occurred at 5 min of UV exposure for iHCEC and 20 min for pHCEC. Similar percent drops in metabolic activity of the iHCEC and pHCEC occurred after exposure to BAK, H2O2, or SDS, and the most significant changes in cytokine release occurred for IL-6 and IL-8. Microscopy of fluorescently stained iHCEC and pHCEC BAK-exposed cells showed cell death at 0.005% BAK exposure, although the degree of ethidium staining was greater in the iHCECs than pHCECs. Utilizing multiple methods of assessing toxic effects using microscopy, assessments of metabolic activity, and cytokine production, the toxicity of UV radiation and chemical toxins could be determined for both primary and immortalized cell lines.

This article describes the procedures used to evaluate the toxicity of UV radiation and chemical toxins on a primary and immortalized cell line.

This article describes the methods of measuring the toxicity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ocular toxins on primary (pHCEC) and immortalized (iHCEC) ...